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Poetry in
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Selected French Poems of the 19th Century

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Translated by A. S. Kline (C) Copyright 2007, All Rights Reserved

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Contents

Victor Hugo (1802-1885)
Clair de Lune
Since I have touched my lips. . .
My Two Daughters
Her feet were bare. . .
Tomorrow, at Dawn
Ave, Dea; moriturus te salutat
June Nights
To Theophile Gautier
Gerard de Nerval (1808-1855)
Gothic Song
El Desdichado (The Disinherited)
Myrtho
Horus
Delfica
Artemis
Golden Lines
Alfred de Musset (1810-1857)
Song
Barbarina's Song
On a Dead Lady
Sonnet
Theophile Gautier (1811-1872)
Sonnet
The Hippopotamus
Carmen
Art
Leconte de Lisle (1818-1894)
The Jaguar's Dream
Stephane Mallarme (1844-1896)
Sigh
O so dear
Sonnet
Paul Verlaine (1844-1896)
The piano kissed. . .
In the Endless
Parsifal
The sky's above the roof. . . .
A Poor Young Shepherd
Poetic Art
Jules Laforgue (1860-1887)
Pierrots
Pierrot's Speech
Pierrot's Melancholy
Apothesosis
Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918)
Annie
Rhenish Night
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

Victor Hugo

'Victor Hugo'
Auguste Rodin, 1884, The Rijksmuseum

Clair de Lune

The moon was serene and played on the waves -

The window still open, free to the breeze,

The Sultana gazes, and the sea that heaves

Down there dark isles with silver laves.

The lute escapes from her vibrant fingers.

She listens. . . A soft sound strikes soft echoes.

A Turkish trader from Cos's waters,

Up from the isles of Greece on Tartar oars?

Or cormorants plunging one by one, cutting

The flood, pearls flying from their wings?

Or a Djinn above in a thin voice piping,

Hurling high towers in the sea as he spins?

Who stirs the waves by the women's seraglio?

Not the cormorant, cradled there on the sea,

Not stones from the walls, or the rhythmic beat

Of a trader's oars thrashing the waves below.

But heaving sacks, from which sobs break free.

See them, sounding the flood that floats them on,

Moving their sides like human forms. . .

The moon was serene and played on the sea.

Since I have touched my lips. . .

Since I have touched my lips to your brimming cup,

Since I have bowed my pale brow in your hands,

Since I have sometime breathed the sweet breath

Of your soul, a perfume buried in shadow lands;

Since it was granted to me to hear you utter

Words in which the mysterious heart sighs,

Since I have seen smiles, since I have seen tears

Your mouth on my mouth, your eyes on my eyes;

Since I have seen over my enraptured head

A light from your star shine, ah, ever veiled!

Since I have seen falling to my life's flood

The leaf of a rose snatched from out your days,

Now at last I can say to the fleeting years:

- Pass by! Pass by, forever! No more age!

Away with you and all your withered flowers,

I have a flower in my soul no one can take!

Your wings, brushing it, spill never a drop

From the glass I fill, from which my thirst I quench.

My soul possesses more fire than you have ashes!

My heart more love than your forgetfulness!

My Two Daughters

In pleasant evening's fresh-clear darkness,

One seems a swan, the other a dove,

Both joyous, both lovely, O sweetness!

See, the elder and younger move

At the garden's edge, and beside them

White carnations with long frail stems,

Stirred by the wind, in a marble urn,

Lean, watching them, live and motionless,

And, trembling with shade there, seem to be

Butterflies caught in flight, frozen ecstasy.

Her feet were bare. . .

Her feet were bare she'd undone her hair,

Sitting, fair, by the bowing reeds;

I who went by, thought a fairy was there,

And I said: Will you walk in the meads?

She looked at me with a haughty look

That beauty retains when we conquer,

And I said: Will you? It's the month of love,

Will a walk in the woods be your answer?

She dried her feet on the riverside grass;

She looked at me once again,

And the playful beauty then took thought.

Oh the birds that sang deep in the day!

The water caressed the shore so gently!

That joyous sweet girl, fearful and wild,

Among the green rushes she came to me,

Her hair in her eyes, and through it a smile.

Tomorrow, at Dawn

Tomorrow, at dawn, when the fields whiten

I'll set out. I know you are waiting for me.

I'll travel the forest; I'll travel the mountain,

I can't stay away any longer, you see.

I'll stride out with only my thought in sight,

Seeing nothing beyond, without hearing a sound,

Alone and unknown, back bowed, folded hands,

Sad, since daylight to me will seem night.

I'll not witness evening's golden cascade,

Nor the distant sails sinking down to Harfleur,

And when I arrive, I shall place on your grave,

A sprig of green holly, and heather in flower.

Ave, Dea; moriturus te salutat

(Hail, Goddess; he who is about to die salutes you)

To Judith Gautier

Death and beauty are two things profound,

So of dark and azure, that one might say that

They were two sisters terrible and fecund

Possessing the one enigma, the one secret.

O women, voices, gazes, black hair, blonde tresses,

Blaze out, I die! Own to light, love, attraction,

O pearls the sea mingles with its great masses,

O gleaming birds of the forest's sombre ocean!

Judith, our fates are closer to one another's

Than one might think, seeing my face and yours:

The whole divine abyss is present in your eyes,

And I feel the starry gulf within my soul;

We are both neighbours of the silent skies.

Madame, since you're beautiful, and I'm old.

June Nights

In summer, when day has fled, when covered with flowers

The distant plain sheds sweet intoxication;

Eyes closed, and ears half-open to muted hours,

We lie only half-asleep in transparent slumber.

The stars seem purer the shade is more delightful;

A hazy half-light colours the dome on high;

And dawn, pale and tender, awaiting her moment,

Seems to wander about all night in the deeps of the sky.

To Theophile Gautier

Friend, poet spirit, you have fled our night,

You left our noise, to penetrate the light;

Now your name will shine on pure summits.

I who knew you young and beautiful, I

Who loved you, I who in our great flights,

Distraught, took comfort from your loyal spirit.

I, white with the years that snow down on my head,

Remembering times past, I dream, instead,

Of those young days that saw our dawn,

The struggle, the loud arena, the storm,

The new art offered to the mob's screaming,

And hear, yes, that vast sublime blast fading.

Son of ancient Greece and the new France,

Fierce your respect for the dead, full of hope;

You never shut your eyes to the future.

Theban mage, druid by the dark menhir,

Flamen by Tiber, Brahmin by the Ganges,

Fitting angelic arrow to godlike bow,

Viewing the haunts of Roland, Achilles,

Powerful mysterious smith, you'd know

How to twine sun-rays to a single flame;

In your soul the sunset met the day;

Yesterday tomorrow in your fertile brain;

You crowned the old art father of the new;

You understood that when an unknown soul

Speaks to a nation, lightning in the clouds,

We must open our hearts, accept, love aloud;

Calm you scorned the vile attempts of those

Who dribbled Shakespeare, drooled Aeschylus;

You knew this age had its own air to breathe,

That art progresses by self-transformation,

Beauty's adorned by melding with greatness.

And you were heard to utter cries of joy,

When Drama gripped Paris in its teeth,

When spring chased ancient winter away,

When the wondrous star of new ideals,

Suddenly glittered in the burning sky,

And the Hippogriff stole Pegasus' place.

On the tomb's severe sill I greet you,

You knew the beautiful, go find the true.

Climb the harsh stair. From the black steps' height,

The arches of the dark bridge loom in sight;

Go! Die! The last step's the final hour.

Fly, Eagle, see the gulfs that you desired;

You'll view the absolute, real, sublime.

You'll feel the ominous wind on high

Know the vertigo of eternal wonder.

From heaven's top you'll see your Olympus,

From truth's tall summit Man's unreality,

Even Job's, and Homer's, and you'll view,

Soul, from God's height, Jehovah too.

Spirit, soar! Hover higher on open wings!

When the living leave us, moved, I gaze,

For to enter death, is entering the temple;

And when a man dies, and goes his way,

I see my own ascent, clear, like crystal.

Friend, I feel fate's dark plenitude;

I have begun my death with solitude,

I see my own deep vaguely starlit night.

This is the hour when I too take flight.

My long thread trembles almost at the knife;

The breeze, that takes you, lifts me up alive,

And I'll follow those I loved, I the exile.

Their gaze draws me into infinite space.

I hasten there. Don't close the sombre gate.

Pass on; for it's the law; none can deny;

All leans; and this great age with all its light

Slides to the vast shadow where, pale, we flee.

Oh! The oaks they fell for Hercules' pyre,

What a harsh roar they make this night of fire!

Death's steeds neigh joyfully: the bright day flies;

Our great century that tamed the hostile winds

Expires. . . . their brother and their peer, O Gautier,

You join Dumas, Lamartine, Musset.

The ancient sea that made men young is dry,

Youth has no fountain, now there's no more Styx,

And the grim reaper with his pointed scythe

Steps forward, thoughtfully, to clear the field;

My turn arrives; night fills my troubled eye,

That from doves' flights, alas, reads coming days,

Weeps over cradles, smiles to see new graves.

Gerard de Nerval (1808-1855)

Gerard de Nerval

'Gerard de Nerval'
Frontispice pour Grandes Figures d'Hier et d'Aujourd'hui, 1852 - 1883
The New York Public Library: Digital Collections

Gothic Song

Beautiful spouse

I love your tears!

They're the dew

Befitting flowers.

Beautiful things

Have but one spring

With roses let's sow

Time's footprints!

Blonde or brunette

Must we select?

Pleasure is

The god of this world.

El Desdichado (The Disinherited)

I am the darkness - the widower - the un-consoled,

The prince of Aquitaine in the ruined tower;

My sole star is dead - and my constellated lute

Bears the black sun of Melancholy.

You who consoled me in funereal night,

Bring me Posilipo, the sea of Italy,

The flower that pleased my grieving heart,

And the trellis where the vine entwines the rose.

Am I Phoebus or Love? . . . Biron or Lusignan?

My brow's still red from the queen's kiss;

I dreamed in the grotto where Sirens swim. . .

And twice victorious crossed Acheron:

Plucking from Orpheus' lyre one by one

The saintly sighs and the faerie cries.

Note: The Spanish title was the motto adopted by the disinherited Ivanhoe in Scott's novel. The Hill of Posilipo is situated to the west of the city of Naples, and is the site of Virgil's tomb. Biron was a friend of Henri IV, Lusignan a famous family, both associated with the Valois. A number of personal references are best pursued by reading a biography of Nerval, of his early meeting with 'Adrienne' and later relationship with the actress Jenny Colon.

Myrtho

Myrtho, I think of you divine enchantress,

And of proud Posilipo, lit with a thousand fires,

Of your brow flooded with Eastern light,

And the black grapes twined in your golden hair.

It was in your cup I drank intoxication,

When they saw me praying at Iacchus' feet,

And from your laughing eyes' secret lightening,

For the Muses made me one of the sons of Greece.

I know why the volcano erupts once more. . .

You stirred it with agile foot, but yesterday,

And suddenly ash drowned the horizon's circle.

Since a Norman duke broke your gods of clay,

Eternally, beneath Virgil's laurel spray,

The pale hydrangea is wed to the green myrtle.

Note: Myrtho a shining mask of Venus Murcia to whom myrtle was sacred, is the counterpart to the dark prince of El Desdichado. Alchemically she is De Nerval's feminine principle to be fused with the masculine. Iacchus was an epithet of the god Dionysus (Bacchus) and the name of the torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mysteries, herald of the child born of the underworld.

Horus

Trembling Kneph, the god, shook the starry ways:

Isis, the mother, then raised herself from her bed,

Made, to her savage spouse, a sign of hatred,

In her green eyes shone the passion of elder days.

'Do you see him, she cried, the old lecher dies;

Through his mouth the frosts of earth take flight;

Bind his lame feet, destroy his squinting sight,

He's the god of craters, king of the winter's ice!

The new spirit summons, the eagle is done,

Cybele's robe for him do I now put on. . .

The beloved son of Hermes and Osiris! '

The goddess fled away on her golden shell,

Her adored image returning to us on the swell,

And the sky shone beneath the scarf of Iris.

Note: This poem is a consequence of the two previous poems. Kneph, is Amon-Ra the great god of Egypt. Isis was the Egyptian mother goddess (Cybele was her equivalent in Asia Minor): consort of Osiris she bore the child Horus-Harpocrates, the new sun (De Nerval's image here for the Christ-Child). This is the alchemical fusion of male and female principles which produces gold, a process sacred to Hermes Trismegistos. Iris' scarf is the rainbow, she being sky-messenger for Hera (the Greek great-goddess). Isis returns as Venus from the waves but fused with Mary, the Stella Maris.

Delfica

Do you know it, Daphne, that ballad of old,

At the sycamore-foot, or beneath the white laurels,

Under myrtle or olive or trembling willows,

That song of love that resounds forever? . . .

Do you know it, the Temple with vast peristyle,

And the lemons, bitter, marked by your teeth,

And the grotto fatal to imprudent guests,

Where the vanquished dragon's ancient seed sleeps? . . .

Those gods you endlessly weep will return!

Time bring back the order of classic days;

Earth has shuddered with prophetic breath. . .

Yet the sibyl with Latinate face still sleeps

Under the arch of Constantine

- And the austere portico nothing disturbs.

Note: There are references to a visit to the Temple of Isis at Pompeii with an English girl, Octavia (who tasted a lemon), and to the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. Constantine's Arch is in Rome. Condensed mythological references abound.

Artemis

The thirteenth returns. . . She's forever the first;

And always the sole one - or the sole instant;

For are you queen, O you, the first or the last?

Are you king, you the sole or the last lover? . . .

Love him who loved you from cradle to bier;

She I alone loved still loves me tenderly:

She is death - or the dead one. . . O joy! O torment!

The rose she holds is the Rose tremiere.

Neapolitan saint with your hands full of fire,

Rose with violet heart, Saint Gudula's flower:

Have you found your cross in the desert of heaven?

White roses: fall! You insult our gods,

Fall, white wraiths, from your burning skies:

- She, saint of the abyss, holier to my eyes!

Note: The Rose tremiere is the hollyhock. St Gudula was a Brabant saint (late 7th-early 8th century), patroness of Brussels. A demon wishing to interrupt her prayers extinguished the light she carried, but divine power rekindled it. The flower-like fungus once called 'tremella deliquescens' (Dacrymyces deliquescens), is known as 'Sinte Goulds lampken' (St. Gudula's lantern).

Golden Lines

Well, then! All is sentient!

Pythagoras

Free-thinker, Man, do you think you alone

Think, while life explodes everywhere?

Your freedom employs the powers you own,

But world is absent from all your affairs.

Respect an active spirit in the creature:

Each flower is a soul open to Nature;

In metal a mystery of love is sleeping;

'All is sentient! ' Has power over your being.

Fear the gaze in the blind wall that watches:

There is a verb attached to matter itself. . .

Do not let it serve some impious purpose!

Often a hidden god inhabits obscure being;

And like an eye, born, covered by its eyelids,

Pure spirit grows beneath the surface of stones!

Alfred de Musset (1810-1857)

Alfred de Musset

'Alfred de Musset'
Four men in the life of George Sand. Jules Sandeau. Chopin. Prosper Merimee. Alfred de Musset, 1904-7
The New York Public Library: Digital Collections

Song

I said to my heart, my feeble heart:

It's enough surely to love one's mistress?

And don't you see that changeableness,

Is to lose time's joy in heart's yearning?

My heart replied: It's never enough,

It's never enough to love one's mistress;

And don't you see that changeableness

Makes past delights dearer and sweeter?

I said to my heart, my feeble heart;

Haven't we had enough of sadness?

And don't you see that changeableness

Is to find new grief with every footstep?
A Poor Young Shepherd
Poetic Art
Jules Laforgue (1860-1887)
Pierrots
Pierrot's Speech
Pierrot's Melancholy
Apothesosis
Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918)
Annie
Rhenish Night
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

Victor Hugo

'Victor Hugo'
Auguste Rodin, 1884, The Rijksmuseum

Clair de Lune

The moon was serene and played on the waves -

The window still open, free to the breeze,

The Sultana gazes, and the sea that heaves

Down there dark isles with silver laves.

The lute escapes from her vibrant fingers.

She listens. . . A soft sound strikes soft echoes.

A Turkish trader from Cos's waters,

Up from the isles of Greece on Tartar oars?

Or cormorants plunging one by one, cutting

The flood, pearls flying from their wings?

Or a Djinn above in a thin voice piping,

Hurling high towers in the sea as he spins?

Who stirs the waves by the women's seraglio?

Not the cormorant, cradled there on the sea,

Not stones from the walls, or the rhythmic beat

Of a trader's oars thrashing the waves below.

But heaving sacks, from which sobs break free.

See them, sounding the flood that floats them on,

Moving their sides like human forms. . .

The moon was serene and played on the sea.

Since I have touched my lips. . .

Since I have touched my lips to your brimming cup,

Since I have bowed my pale brow in your hands,

Since I have sometime breathed the sweet breath

Of your soul, a perfume buried in shadow lands;

Since it was granted to me to hear you utter

Words in which the mysterious heart sighs,

Since I have seen smiles, since I have seen tears

Your mouth on my mouth, your eyes on my eyes;

Since I have seen over my enraptured head

A light from your star shine, ah, ever veiled!

Since I have seen falling to my life's flood

The leaf of a rose snatched from out your days,

Now at last I can say to the fleeting years:

- Pass by! Pass by, forever! No more age!

Away with you and all your withered flowers,

I have a flower in my soul no one can take!

Your wings, brushing it, spill never a drop

From the glass I fill, from which my thirst I quench.

My soul possesses more fire than you have ashes!

My heart more love than your forgetfulness!

My Two Daughters

In pleasant evening's fresh-clear darkness,

One seems a swan, the other a dove,

Both joyous, both lovely, O sweetness!

See, the elder and younger move

At the garden's edge, and beside them

White carnations with long frail stems,

Stirred by the wind, in a marble urn,

Lean, watching them, live and motionless,

And, trembling with shade there, seem to be

Butterflies caught in flight, frozen ecstasy.

Her feet were bare. . .

Her feet were bare she'd undone her hair,

Sitting, fair, by the bowing reeds;

I who went by, thought a fairy was there,

And I said: Will you walk in the meads?

She looked at me with a haughty look

That beauty retains when we conquer,

And I said: Will you? It's the month of love,

Will a walk in the woods be your answer?

She dried her feet on the riverside grass;

She looked at me once again,

And the playful beauty then took thought.

Oh the birds that sang deep in the day!

The water caressed the shore so gently!

That joyous sweet girl, fearful and wild,

Among the green rushes she came to me,

Her hair in her eyes, and through it a smile.

Tomorrow, at Dawn

Tomorrow, at dawn, when the fields whiten

I'll set out. I know you are waiting for me.

I'll travel the forest; I'll travel the mountain,

I can't stay away any longer, you see.

I'll stride out with only my thought in sight,

Seeing nothing beyond, without hearing a sound,

Alone and unknown, back bowed, folded hands,

Sad, since daylight to me will seem night.

I'll not witness evening's golden cascade,

Nor the distant sails sinking down to Harfleur,

And when I arrive, I shall place on your grave,

A sprig of green holly, and heather in flower.

Ave, Dea; moriturus te salutat

(Hail, Goddess; he who is about to die salutes you)

To Judith Gautier

Death and beauty are two things profound,

So of dark and azure, that one might say that

They were two sisters terrible and fecund

Possessing the one enigma, the one secret.

O women, voices, gazes, black hair, blonde tresses,

Blaze out, I die! Own to light, love, attraction,

O pearls the sea mingles with its great masses,

O gleaming birds of the forest's sombre ocean!

Judith, our fates are closer to one another's

Than one might think, seeing my face and yours:

The whole divine abyss is present in your eyes,

And I feel the starry gulf within my soul;

We are both neighbours of the silent skies.

Madame, since you're beautiful, and I'm old.

June Nights

In summer, when day has fled, when covered with flowers

The distant plain sheds sweet intoxication;

Eyes closed, and ears half-open to muted hours,

We lie only half-asleep in transparent slumber.

The stars seem purer the shade is more delightful;

A hazy half-light colours the dome on high;

And dawn, pale and tender, awaiting her moment,

Seems to wander about all night in the deeps of the sky.

To Theophile Gautier

Friend, poet spirit, you have fled our night,

You left our noise, to penetrate the light;

Now your name will shine on pure summits.

I who knew you young and beautiful, I

Who loved you, I who in our great flights,

Distraught, took comfort from your loyal spirit.

I, white with the years that snow down on my head,

Remembering times past, I dream, instead,

Of those young days that saw our dawn,

The struggle, the loud arena, the storm,

The new art offered to the mob's screaming,

And hear, yes, that vast sublime blast fading.

Son of ancient Greece and the new France,

Fierce your respect for the dead, full of hope;

You never shut your eyes to the future.

Theban mage, druid by the dark menhir,

Flamen by Tiber, Brahmin by the Ganges,

Fitting angelic arrow to godlike bow,

Viewing the haunts of Roland, Achilles,

Powerful mysterious smith, you'd know

How to twine sun-rays to a single flame;

In your soul the sunset met the day;

Yesterday tomorrow in your fertile brain;

You crowned the old art father of the new;

You understood that when an unknown soul

Speaks to a nation, lightning in the clouds,

We must open our hearts, accept, love aloud;

Calm you scorned the vile attempts of those

Who dribbled Shakespeare, drooled Aeschylus;

You knew this age had its own air to breathe,

That art progresses by self-transformation,

Beauty's adorned by melding with greatness.

And you were heard to utter cries of joy,

When Drama gripped Paris in its teeth,

When spring chased ancient winter away,

When the wondrous star of new ideals,

Suddenly glittered in the burning sky,

And the Hippogriff stole Pegasus' place.

On the tomb's severe sill I greet you,

You knew the beautiful, go find the true.

Climb the harsh stair. From the black steps' height,

The arches of the dark bridge loom in sight;

Go! Die! The last step's the final hour.

Fly, Eagle, see the gulfs that you desired;

You'll view the absolute, real, sublime.

You'll feel the ominous wind on high

Know the vertigo of eternal wonder.

From heaven's top you'll see your Olympus,

From truth's tall summit Man's unreality,

Even Job's, and Homer's, and you'll view,

Soul, from God's height, Jehovah too.

Spirit, soar! Hover higher on open wings!

When the living leave us, moved, I gaze,

For to enter death, is entering the temple;

And when a man dies, and goes his way,

I see my own ascent, clear, like crystal.

Friend, I feel fate's dark plenitude;

I have begun my death with solitude,

I see my own deep vaguely starlit night.

This is the hour when I too take flight.

My long thread trembles almost at the knife;

The breeze, that takes you, lifts me up alive,

And I'll follow those I loved, I the exile.

Their gaze draws me into infinite space.

I hasten there. Don't close the sombre gate.

Pass on; for it's the law; none can deny;

All leans; and this great age with all its light

Slides to the vast shadow where, pale, we flee.

Oh! The oaks they fell for Hercules' pyre,

What a harsh roar they make this night of fire!

Death's steeds neigh joyfully: the bright day flies;

Our great century that tamed the hostile winds

Expires. . . . their brother and their peer, O Gautier,

You join Dumas, Lamartine, Musset.

The ancient sea that made men young is dry,

Youth has no fountain, now there's no more Styx,

And the grim reaper with his pointed scythe

Steps forward, thoughtfully, to clear the field;

My turn arrives; night fills my troubled eye,

That from doves' flights, alas, reads coming days,

Weeps over cradles, smiles to see new graves.

Gerard de Nerval (1808-1855)

Gerard de Nerval

'Gerard de Nerval'
Frontispice pour Grandes Figures d'Hier et d'Aujourd'hui, 1852 - 1883
The New York Public Library: Digital Collections

Gothic Song

Beautiful spouse

I love your tears!

They're the dew

Befitting flowers.

Beautiful things

Have but one spring

With roses let's sow

Time's footprints!

Blonde or brunette

Must we select?

Pleasure is

The god of this world.

El Desdichado (The Disinherited)

I am the darkness - the widower - the un-consoled,

The prince of Aquitaine in the ruined tower;

My sole star is dead - and my constellated lute

Bears the black sun of Melancholy.

You who consoled me in funereal night,

Bring me Posilipo, the sea of Italy,

The flower that pleased my grieving heart,

And the trellis where the vine entwines the rose.

Am I Phoebus or Love? . . . Biron or Lusignan?

My brow's still red from the queen's kiss;

I dreamed in the grotto where Sirens swim. . .

And twice victorious crossed Acheron:

Plucking from Orpheus' lyre one by one

The saintly sighs and the faerie cries.

Note: The Spanish title was the motto adopted by the disinherited Ivanhoe in Scott's novel. The Hill of Posilipo is situated to the west of the city of Naples, and is the site of Virgil's tomb. Biron was a friend of Henri IV, Lusignan a famous family, both associated with the Valois. A number of personal references are best pursued by reading a biography of Nerval, of his early meeting with 'Adrienne' and later relationship with the actress Jenny Colon.

Myrtho

Myrtho, I think of you divine enchantress,

And of proud Posilipo, lit with a thousand fires,

Of your brow flooded with Eastern light,

And the black grapes twined in your golden hair.

It was in your cup I drank intoxication,

When they saw me praying at Iacchus' feet,

And from your laughing eyes' secret lightening,

For the Muses made me one of the sons of Greece.

I know why the volcano erupts once more. . .

You stirred it with agile foot, but yesterday,

And suddenly ash drowned the horizon's circle.

Since a Norman duke broke your gods of clay,

Eternally, beneath Virgil's laurel spray,

The pale hydrangea is wed to the green myrtle.

Note: Myrtho a shining mask of Venus Murcia to whom myrtle was sacred, is the counterpart to the dark prince of El Desdichado. Alchemically she is De Nerval's feminine principle to be fused with the masculine. Iacchus was an epithet of the god Dionysus (Bacchus) and the name of the torch-bearer at the Eleusinian mysteries, herald of the child born of the underworld.

Horus

Trembling Kneph, the god, shook the starry ways:

Isis, the mother, then raised herself from her bed,

Made, to her savage spouse, a sign of hatred,

In her green eyes shone the passion of elder days.

'Do you see him, she cried, the old lecher dies;

Through his mouth the frosts of earth take flight;

Bind his lame feet, destroy his squinting sight,

He's the god of craters, king of the winter's ice!

The new spirit summons, the eagle is done,

Cybele's robe for him do I now put on. . .

The beloved son of Hermes and Osiris! '

The goddess fled away on her golden shell,

Her adored image returning to us on the swell,

And the sky shone beneath the scarf of Iris.

Note: This poem is a consequence of the two previous poems. Kneph, is Amon-Ra the great god of Egypt. Isis was the Egyptian mother goddess (Cybele was her equivalent in Asia Minor): consort of Osiris she bore the child Horus-Harpocrates, the new sun (De Nerval's image here for the Christ-Child). This is the alchemical fusion of male and female principles which produces gold, a process sacred to Hermes Trismegistos. Iris' scarf is the rainbow, she being sky-messenger for Hera (the Greek great-goddess). Isis returns as Venus from the waves but fused with Mary, the Stella Maris.

Delfica

Do you know it, Daphne, that ballad of old,

At the sycamore-foot, or beneath the white laurels,

Under myrtle or olive or trembling willows,

That song of love that resounds forever? . . .

Do you know it, the Temple with vast peristyle,

And the lemons, bitter, marked by your teeth,

And the grotto fatal to imprudent guests,

Where the vanquished dragon's ancient seed sleeps? . . .

Those gods you endlessly weep will return!

Time bring back the order of classic days;

Earth has shuddered with prophetic breath. . .

Yet the sibyl with Latinate face still sleeps

Under the arch of Constantine

- And the austere portico nothing disturbs.

Note: There are references to a visit to the Temple of Isis at Pompeii with an English girl, Octavia (who tasted a lemon), and to the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. Constantine's Arch is in Rome. Condensed mythological references abound.

Artemis

The thirteenth returns. . . She's forever the first;

And always the sole one - or the sole instant;

For are you queen, O you, the first or the last?

Are you king, you the sole or the last lover? . . .

Love him who loved you from cradle to bier;

She I alone loved still loves me tenderly:

She is death - or the dead one. . . O joy! O torment!

The rose she holds is the Rose tremiere.

Neapolitan saint with your hands full of fire,

Rose with violet heart, Saint Gudula's flower:

Have you found your cross in the desert of heaven?

White roses: fall! You insult our gods,

Fall, white wraiths, from your burning skies:

- She, saint of the abyss, holier to my eyes!

Note: The Rose tremiere is the hollyhock. St Gudula was a Brabant saint (late 7th-early 8th century), patroness of Brussels. A demon wishing to interrupt her prayers extinguished the light she carried, but divine power rekindled it. The flower-like fungus once called 'tremella deliquescens' (Dacrymyces deliquescens), is known as 'Sinte Goulds lampken' (St. Gudula's lantern).

Golden Lines

Well, then! All is sentient!

Pythagoras

Free-thinker, Man, do you think you alone

Think, while life explodes everywhere?

Your freedom employs the powers you own,

But world is absent from all your affairs.

Respect an active spirit in the creature:

Each flower is a soul open to Nature;

In metal a mystery of love is sleeping;

'All is sentient! ' Has power over your being.

Fear the gaze in the blind wall that watches:

There is a verb attached to matter itself. . .

Do not let it serve some impious purpose!

Often a hidden god inhabits obscure being;

And like an eye, born, covered by its eyelids,

Pure spirit grows beneath the surface of stones!

Alfred de Musset (1810-1857)

Alfred de Musset

'Alfred de Musset'
Four men in the life of George Sand. Jules Sandeau. Chopin. Prosper Merimee. Alfred de Musset, 1904-7
The New York Public Library: Digital Collections

Song

I said to my heart, my feeble heart:

It's enough surely to love one's mistress?

And don't you see that changeableness,

Is to lose time's joy in heart's yearning?

My heart replied: It's never enough,

It's never enough to love one's mistress;

And don't you see that changeableness

Makes past delights dearer and sweeter?

I said to my heart, my feeble heart;

Haven't we had enough of sadness?

And don't you see that changeableness

Is to find new grief with every footstep?

My heart replied: It's never enough

We'll never have had enough of sadness:

And don't you see that changeableness

Makes past pain dearer to us, and sweeter?

Barbarina's Song

Going to the wars, Knight, so fair

What will you there

So far from home?

Don't you see that night is deep,

The world brings care

To those who roam?

You who believe love left behind

Flees the mind,

Alas, alas!

Seekers of fame, your living name,

Your smoke and flame

Will swiftly pass.

Going to the wars, Knight, so fair,

What will you there,

So far from home?

For this I'll weep, who was beguiled

And told my smile

Was sweeter so.

On a Dead Lady

She was beautiful, if Night

Who sleeps in the darkened chapel

Where Michelangelo made light,

Unmoving, can be beautiful.

She was good, if it suffice

For hand to open, give in passing,

Without God seeing anything,

If coins are alms: as cold as ice.

She thought, if the empty noise

Of a sweet harmonious voice

Like a murmuring stream, untaught,

Could make one believe in thought.

She prayed, if two lovely eyes,

Now fixed on earth

Now on the skies

Can claim a prayer's birth.

She would have smiled, if the flower

That never bloomed, to please,

Could open to the coolest hour

Of passing and forgetful breeze.

She might have wept if that hand

Coldly placed against her heart,

Had ever felt dew's heavenly wand

Touch human clay with subtle art.

She might have loved, if pride

Like the light that uselessly

Is lit beside the one who died,

Lit not her heart's sterility.

She is dead who never lived,

She who made pretence of being:

From her hands the book has slipped

In which her eyes read nothing.

Sonnet

To see each other truly, to love each other only,

Without deceit, diversion, without shame or lies,

With no desire eluding us, never remorsefully,

To live as one, give the heart to every moment's flight;

To respect all thought as deeply as one plunges in,

To make of love the light of day and not a dream,

And in that clarity breathe freely forever -

So Laure sighed and sang to her lover.

You whose every step touches grace supreme,

It's you, among the flowers who seem carefree:

That is how one should love, you said to me.