But these are not only the supports of the adhigama; the dgamadharma also depends on pratipattar; as long as persons practice the Dharma without error (aviparita), the
adhigama
will last; as long as the adhigama lasts, the dgama will last.
AbhidharmakosabhasyamVol-4VasubandhuPoussinPruden1991
927?
9, and Tattvasiddhi.
In the Madhyama version, ch'u-ch'u ^ ? ? "expelling dyatana," Paramartha, chih-ju $jiJA , Hsuan-tsang, sheng-ch'u JUjH (abhi-dyatana). The abhibhuya of
the formula ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? abhibhuya is translated by chih-hsiu or by c? '# ^fe (to expel, vinodana, apanayana, vibhdvana).
199. Pali: *? o bahirdhd.
200. Vydkhyd: jdndti. . . pasyati. Paramartha: jdndmi pafydmi. On jndna and darsana, above viii. 27c.
201. On akdrayati, vi. p. 931, vii,p. 1144
^ j j ^
(control-? A<^<<tf)
202. The classical list Anguttara, v. 46, 60 (Comm. i. 27. 10), Majjhima, i. 423. ii. 14, Digha, iii. 268 (Sumangala, i. 115, Franke, p. 210); Visuddhi, 110, replaces the last two by ? /? /? , paricchinndkdsakasina (seeChilders); the last two omitted occasionally in Papisambhidd. On dlokamanasikdra, etc. , vii. p. 1160, 1177.
Visuddhimagga, 425 (see Index and Warren, 293), Atthasdlini, 185, Compendium, passim; Spence Hardy, Eastern Monachism, 252; Kern, Geschiedenis, i. 393 ("universal or cosmic circles"); Yogdvacara-Manual, p. xxix; Rhys Davis-Stede.
Mahdvyutpatti, 72, Samgitiparydya, 11th section, Sutrdlamkdra, vii. 9, xx. 44.
These summary remarks in the Koia have been extracted from a more complete treatise in the Vibhdsd.
203. Paramartha sometimes (TD 29, p. 303bl2) translates krtsna as pien ? (= total), sometimes (p. 303bl8) as wu-pien 4ffijjJ| (= ananta). There are Ten Krtsnayatanas (pien ju ? ? ? )- They are called krtsna (wu-pien) because they totally embrace one type without interval-crack. What dharmas are krtsna (wu-pien) ? Earth, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow, red, white: these contain rupa (literally: rupalaksandni). . . There are some masters who say that the vdyukrtsndyatana (feng wu-pien ju ? ^ ? ? ? ) ^ a s tang*ble things for its object. _
The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 440? 7, translates krtsna by pien M : . ? . They are called Krtsnayatanas for two reasons: because they do not present any interval (chien ? ), and because they are extended (kuang-ta J? ? ^ ): on the one hand, the act of imaginative attention (adhimuktimanaskdra) bears exclusively on blue, etc. , without being mixed with any other characteristic; on the other hand, the act of attention, bearing on all blue, etc. , has for its object an infinite characteristic. The Bhadanta says: "Because their object is large-extended (k'uan-kuang J=[Jfg ), and because there is no interval-crack (chien-hsi ? \? )? "
204. This last phrase is not in Hsuan-tsang.
205. This problem is examined Visuddhimagga, 415.
206. The cause or hetu, is the drupya absorption acting as sabhdgahetu, that is to say, leading to a new drupya absorption.
? 207. Someone who produces an drupya absorption falls from this absorption, dies, and is reborn in a heaven of Rupadhatu by virtue of some former action: there he will produce a new drupya absorption because the preceding drupya absorption is close (dsanna). Someone frequently enters an drupya absorption: he has a strong habit (abhiksndbhydsa) with respect to it; he dies, is reborn into Rupadhatu, and here he will produce an drupya absorption again.
In the same way, born in Akasanantyayatana, one could produce a higher drupya absorption, Vijnananantyayatana, etc.
208. Someone accomplished an action which sould be retributed in Arupyadhatu, not immediately upon his death, but in a later birth (iv. 50). By reason of other actions "of immediate retribution," he is first reborn in Rupadhatu. The imminence of the retribution of the action retribuable in Arupyadhatu makes this person produce an drupya absorption. This is necessary fot the retribution of this action, for not being detached from the sphere where he is born (adhastdd avitardga), namely of Rupadhatu, this person could not be reborn in Arupyadhatu if he were not detached from it, by an drupya absorption of the said sphere.
209. When the universe perishes by fire, Kamadhatu and the heavens of the First Dhyana disappear; when it perishes by water, the heavens of the Second Dhyana disappear; when it perishes by wind, the disappearance also includes the spheres of the Third Dhyana (Kosa, iii. lOOc-d). Thus, at the end of the world, all beings should be reborn in spheres sheltered from this destruction, and so they should produce absorptions entailing rebirth in the heavens of the Second, Third or Fourth Dhyana.
Hsuan-tsang: The receptacle or physical world begins to perish by the force of dharmatd. Such is the law of nature (dharmatd) of beings in the lower spheres that they produce higher dhydnas, because, under these circumstances (avasthd), the good dharmas undergo full development by the force of this dharmatd. Beings in the two higher Dhatus (in the heavens of the Fourth Dhyana and in Arupyadhatu) produce drUpyasamdpatti by the force of cause and actions, and not by the force of dharmatd, for the Anabhraka gods, etc. (Fourth Dhyana) are not affected by the three catastrophies.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 779a28: Why do beings in Rupadhatu first produce the dhydnas, the drupyas, and not nirodhasamdpatti? They produce the dhydnas by reason of three causes (pratyaya): 1. by the force of cause (hetubala): in a former existence, they produced, and destroyed, the dhydnas; 2. by the force of action (karmabala): they did and accumulated actions of necessary retribution which should be retributed in a later existence in a sphere of dhyana; this action will give forth its fruit; and 3. by the force of the "nature of things" (dharmatd): when the world perishes, beings in the lower spheres are necessarily reborn above . . . The first two reasons hold for the production of the drupyas.
210. Vydkhyd: keyam dharmatd ndma / kecit tavat sautrdntikd dhuh / esdm eva dharmdndmudbhutavrttindm purvadhydnavdsanddhipatydt tadutpattdv upadeiam antarena dhydnotpattdv dnugunyam dharmatd prakrtih svabhdva ity arthah // vaibhdsikd api kecid dhuh / paurvajdgarikdt sabhdgahetoh nisyandaphalam dhydnotpddanam tadupadesam antarendnyato dharmateti.
On dharmatd, see ii. 46, English trans, p. 248, iv. l7a, 20, 67, vi. 34a.
211. On vdsand, see vii. p. 1137 to 1143. Here, the good dharmas are adhipatipratyaya.
212. As long as the Good Law lasts, it is possible to know all the dharmas, pure and impure, to which Dhutu and sphere they belong, their aspect, etc.
213. According to Paramurtha. Hsiian-tsang: All these diversely specified dharmas have for their goal the expansion and duration of the Good Law. What is the Good Law? How long will it last?
Footnotes 1307
? 1308 Chapter Eight
214. The Saddhamma is threefold: pariyattisaddhamma: all the words of the Buddha in the Three Pitakas; papipattisaddhamma: the thirteen dhutagunas, the fourteen khandhakavat- tas, the eighty-two mahdvattas, sila, samddhi, and vipassand; and adhigamasaddhamma: the four artyamaggas, the four fruits and Nirvana (Samantapdsddikd, i. 225). See below note 219.
215. The twelve angas are enumerated in the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka: sutram geyam vydkaranam gdthoddndvaddnakam /
itivrttikam niddnam vaipulyam ca sajdtakam /
upadeso'dbhuta dharmd dvddafdngam idarh vacah //
216. It appears that "holiness" is not too bad an equivalent for adhigama, since adhigama is defined as being "the dharmas attendant upon Bodhi plus the results of brahmacarya" [It is through the bodhipdksikas that brahmacariya is addhaniya cirapphitika, Digha, iii. 27. ] Moreover adhigama signifies "penetration, intelligence. "
Adhigama is a synonym for satydbhisamaya (see vi. 27) in the definition of the three prajfids or discernments: A fool (bdla) is one who lacks innate (upapattildbhikd) prajHd which proceeds from the traces of a former cultivation (purvdbhydsavdsandnirjdtd); unlearned (asrutavdn) is one who lacks the prajnd which arises from the Teaching (dgamajd); an ordinary person (prthagjana) is one who lacks the prajnd which arises from adhigama, which arises from the comprehension of the Truths (yasyddhigamajd satydbhisamayajd ndsti. . . ) (iii. 28a).
The Bodhisattvabhumi, in the definition of "refuge" (pratisarana), defines jnana, which is a refuge--as adhigamajndna created from absorption, bhdvandmya (See iv. English trans, p. 655, notes 341 to 343 and below Chapter IX, trans. Hsuan-tsang, xxix. l5a, note).
217. a. Hsuan-tsang translates: "As long as there are bearers, preachers, and acquirers, the Law will endure. "
The two Chinese translators distinguish three categories: the first two (those who bear and those who preach) with respect to the dgama; the third (those who acquire) with respect to the adhigama. The dgama lasts as long as the first two categories exist; the adhigama lasts as long as the third exists. Thus the Law lasts because of these three classes of persons.
Paramartha (TD 29, p. 303c23) adds: Why? Because there are two causes of the duration of the Good Law: speaking correctly and receiving correctly. There are some other masters who say that the Law lasts one thousand years: this is in reference to the adhigama, not to the dgama which lasts longer. Why? In the future, persons capable of bearing the Law will be of two types: those who believe by reason of hearing, and those who believe by reason of correct intelligence (? cheng-chieh IEj|? ). The gods protect these persons in order that the dgama and the adhigama do not quickly disappear. Consequently one should, both literally and in meaning, meditate and practice.
b. Sarhghabhadra (in his Nydydnusdra, TD 29, p. 775bl) corrects Vasubandhu on many points and adds some interesting details: The Saddharma of the Bhagavat is twofold, dgama and adhigama. The dgama is Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma. The adhigama is the pure path (andsravamdrga) of the Three Vehicles. [For Vasubandhu, this is the bodhipdksikas which are not all necessarily pure. ] As long as the adhigama-saddharma lasts in the world, the dgama-saddharma, increased and sustained by it, also lasts. At present, in the East, the adhigama-dharmapis disappearing; the dgama has much disappeared. As the adhigama- dharma flourishes in the North, the good dgama of the Bhagavat is being extended and augmented. Consequently, this is the land of the supreme knowledge of the Tathagatas (. . .
jndnagocara). The Aryans dwell therein; the correct sense of the Abhidharma flourishes in this country; not in the East, etc. , where tradition and practice are impossible (? ? ). The dgamadharma, essentially depends on its "bearers" (dhdtar, those who have learned it) and preachers in order for it to last in the world; the adhigama lasts solely depending on "those who practice" (pratipattar).
But these are not only the supports of the adhigama; the dgamadharma also depends on pratipattar; as long as persons practice the Dharma without error (aviparita), the adhigama will last; as long as the adhigama lasts, the dgama will last.
? For the disappearance of the Law in the West, compare the Dreams of Krkin, Vinaya of the MahUdsakas (Wu-fen Ui, TD 22, p. 172a7), Chavannes, Cinq cents contes, II. p. 348. The eleventh dream (a piece of water whose center is troubled but whose sides are calm and clear) signifies that the Good Law will begin to disappear in the Middle (Kingdoms), but that it will prosper in the frontier kingdoms.
218. The Vydkhyd approves of this explanation: esa eva pakso yukta iti pasydmah.
219. a. Condition for the duration of the Law (respect for the Buddha; no mention of years), Anguttara, iv. 84. andgatabhaya, iii. 15, 108, etc.
Why the Law of certain Buddhas lasts a long time, Suttavibhanga, Pdrdjika, i. 3. 3, Samantapdsddikd, i. 184, Koia, vii. p. 1145.
The Arhat prolongs his life in order to prolong the Law, Kosa, ii. English trans, p. 165. The Law is protected by humans and gods, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 177b22. Levi and Chavannes, "Les seize Arhats protecteurs de la Loi," /. As. , 1916, ii. 9; J. Przyluski, AQoka, Chap. VII. Development of eschatological ideas relative to the Law, and also 207, 336, 399,452.
b. Cullavagga, x. 1. 6: "If women had not been admitted, this brahmacariya would last a long time, it would last one thousand years; but as they have been admitted, this brahmacariya will not last for a long time: the Saddharma will last five hundred years. " No mention of years in the Bhiksuntkarmavdcand (Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1920, p. 125). , nor in Rockhili, Life, p. 60.
Same doctrine in the Pi-ni-mu ching (TD 24, p. 818c5), where the explanation is given by Kas*yapa (Przyluski, A$oka, p. 173); see also Madhyama, TD 1, p. 607b8 (quoted by Saeki). Saeki also quotes the Vinaya of the Mahisdsakas (TD 22, p. 186al4) "If the Bhiksunis observe the eight gurudharmas, the Law will last one thousand years. "
But, in the Vinaya of the Sarvdstivddins ("judgment of Ananda"), the duration of the Law is limited to one thousand years because women have beens admitted. Same doctrine in the other texts relative to the First Council (Przyluski, ibid. ).
Aiokdvaddna, and many other texts, have one thousand years; the Mahdmdydsutra, TD 12, p. 1013b21 - 10l4a2, has fifteen hundred years (Przyluski, p. 161-173); see also the [Fo lin nieh-p'an chi] Fa-chu ching, TD 12, p. 1113a2-clO.
I-ching (Takakusu, 106) quotes the Vinaya: "As long as there is a karmdcdrya (? "the Upholders of rules"), my Law will not be destroyed. When there will be no person who "upholds and supports" the karman, my Law will end," and again: "As long as my precepts exist, I shall live. " Sum. Vil. i. ll.
? Five successive disappearances: adhigama, patipatti, pariyatti, linga, and dhdtu, in Manorathapurani, i. 87, Andgatavamsa (Minayev, JPTS. 1886 and Warren, 481).
Three disapearances, adhigama, patipatti, and linga, in Milinda, \? ? .
"Disappearance of the shadow of the Buddha . . . and how many Arhats do we have who can preserve the Good Law? It is said in a Treatise: The Great Lion has closed his eyes and his witnesses have disappeared one after the other . . . ," I-ching, Takakusu, p. 106 [compare above p. 1282].
The Vajracchedikdtikd, Mdo, xvi. fol. 234a, explaining Vajracchedikd, p. 22: pascime kale paicime samaye pahimdydm paficasatydm saddharmavipralopakdle vartamdne: "It is well known (prasiddha) that the teaching of the Bhagavat lasts five times five hundred years; this is why the text specifies: during the last period of five hundred years, for it is then that the five kasdyas (iii. 4c, 93a) increase. "
Nanjo (in Max Mtiller, SBE. 49, p. 116) mentions the Mahdsamnipdtasutra (TD 13, p. 363a29): In the first five hundred years, the Bhiksus and others will be "strong in deliberation" (will obtain satydbhisamaya? ); in the second period of five hundred years, they will be strong in meditation (samddhi, dhydna); in the third, in Scripture (s*ruta)\ in the fourth, the building of monasteries; and in the fifth, in quarrels and slander. The White Law will become invisible.
Footnotes 1309
? 1310 Chapter Eight
d. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 226c6: In the Period when the Saddarma of KaSyapa began to perish, a pratirupaka Dharma arose; when this has arisen, the Saddharma will have perished. " Saddharmapundarikd, 67. 7: "The Saddharma of Padmaprabha will last thirty-two antarakalpas; when it is destroyed, the saddharmapratirupaka will last the same number of kalpas"; 377: "The Saddharma of Jitasvararaja was destroyed, and in the period when the saddharmapratirupala was disappearing, this religion (sasana) was overrun by Bhiksus who attributed to themselves spiritual gifts which they did not possess
220. According to Hsuan-tsang. According to Paramartha: I have presented in this treatise the Abhidharma of the Buddha Bhagavat. Have I presented it according to the school of the Sautrantikas or as it is presented in the Vibhasd}
According to the Vydkhya: Is the Abhidharma that I have taught here, namely the Abhidharmakosa, the Abhidharma of the canonical Treatises, the Abhidharma of the Jndnaprasthdna, etc. ?
221. Vydkhya: ? ? 'yam itivistarah /? ? 'yam ihdbhidharmakosalaksano 'bhidharma uktah kim esa eva sdstrdbhidharmo jndnaprasthanddhilaksano desito'ta idam ucyate / kdsmiravaibhd- sikanitisiddha iti vistarah / kasmire bhavdh kdsmirdh / vibhdsayd divyanti vaibhdsikd iti vydkhydtam etat / santi kdsmird na vaibhdsikd ye vinayacintddayah sautrdntikd ity bhadantddayah / santi vaibhdsikd na kdsmird ye bahirdesakd ity ubhayavisesanam // tesdm nitydyah siddho 'bhidharmah sa prayeneha mayd desitah / arthdd uktam bhavati / anyanitisiddho'pi desita iti // ? ad durgrhitam kdsmiravaibhdsikanayendnyanayena vd tad ihavacane 'smaddgo 'smadaparddhah // kim kdranam ity aha / saddharmanitau munayah pramdnam iti/ saddharmasydgamddhigamalaksanasya nitau varnane munayobuddhd bhagavanto buddhaputrds cdryasdradvatiputrddayah pramdnam sarvdkdrasarvadharmdva- bodha dptd ity arthah.
222. a. Hsuan-tsang: "The discussion of the Abhidharma of the Vaibhasikas of KaSmir [=the Five Hundred Arhats, according to Saeki] is correctly established. [There is perhaps a mistake here with respect to the sense of siddha. ] It is by depending on them that I have, in general, presented the Abhidharma. That which is false is my fault. The authority for judging the Dharma is only the Buddhas and the Mahasravakas. "
b. Samghabhadra (in his Nydydnusdra, TD29, p. 775? 8): ". . . It is by depending on them that I have, in general, presented the Abhidharma. Here the Sautrantika [= Vasubandhu] presents his fundamental thought, saying: Depending on the Mahdvibhasd, discussing the principles of the Abhidharma of the Saugatas of this land, and making an effort to correctly understand to the end that the Good Law will last a long time for the salvation of beings, I have composed this treatise. The great bulk of this book presents the system [of the Vibhasd]; a smaller part follows other paths, for example with respect to physical matter as shape (samsthdnarupa, iv. English trans, p. 557), with respect to the past and future (v. 27), etc. But the nature of the dharmas is very profound, and my intelligence is weak: I am not capable of diligently searching out (ch'in-ch'iu JJ^c ) the Preacher of Truth (yathdbhutavddin) (? ). Consequently, in the interpretation (niti) presented in this long treatise, if one small part is poorly supported (durgrhita = pien-liang ^ i = of contestable authority; the meaning is perhaps "If I have, sometimes, reproduced some incorrect doctrines . . . "), it is my fault. The Buddhas, having accumulated the provisions of knowledge (jn dnasambhdra) know any object of consciousness. The Pratyekabuddhas cannot judge the characteristics of the dharmas; even less the &ravakas, for the Dharma that they realize depends on a teaching. Thus, in order to judge the dharmas, there are only the true great Munis. By this we know that the Abhidharma is truly the word of the Buddha. One should accept it with faith, practice-meditate on it correctly, and diligently search out deliverance. "
? Paramartha {TD 29, p. 304a5): The Vaibhasikas of Kasmir possess the two cheng1 ~ ? ? ? This Abhidharma--the Abhidharmakosa--has been presented by me, in
? general, conforming to their doctrine. If there is here anything that is badly grasped, it is my fault. In lieu of cheng capable of correctly judging the Good Law, only the Buddhas Bhagavats are the supreme measure (pramdna). Why? Because they immediately see all the dharmas. Apart from Scripture (dgama) and the Path (mdrga), the Aryasravakas of the Buddha are not even a mediocre measure in correctly judging the Good Law.
1. What is this twofold cheng (- sdksin, pratibhu, etc. )? Perhaps persons who possess the dgama and the adhigama (as explained viii. 39a), in other words the dgama and the mdrga.
223. The first stanza is quoted in l-ching, Takakusu, p. 106.
Vydkhyd: nimilite sdstari lokacaksusiti / parinirvrte bhagavati lokasya caksurbhute
mdrgdmdrgasamdar/ake / anendndhabhutatdm lokasya darsayati // ksayam gate sdksijane ca bhilyaseti / sdksdd drastari sdksi/ mdrgdmdrgajno bhagavan itiye'dhigatatattvd bhagavatah sdksijanah sahdyabhutah / tasmin parinitvanejzsine / avidyandhddrstatattvair niravagrahair nirankusaih svayamdrstikatayd kutarkdpannair bhavadhir bhagavatah idsanam granthatas cdrthata? cdkulam krtam // gate hi sdntim paramdm svayambhuvityddi purvaHokoktasydrthasya heturupo'yam dvittyah sloka upanyasyate / buddhahuddhaputresu hi parinirvrtesv andthajagati sdsanantardhanahetubhir drstyddibhir malair dosair nirankusaih svayam yatheccham iha loke'dye samprati caryate / bhdvasddhanam etat // tatas caivam kanthagataprdnam ivety art hah / tad viditvd / balakdkam ca mdldndm dosdndm na pramddyam mumuksubhir iti bhdvasddhanam iti.
Footnotes 1311
? ?
Refutation of the pudgala
m. Homage to the Buddha.
Is there any liberation outside of Buddhism? 1 No, there is not.
What is the reason for this?
CHAPTER NINE
There is no liberation outside of this teaching, because other doctrines are corrupted by a false conception of a soul. The word as other doctrines conceive it is not a metaphoric expression for a series of skandhas. By the power of their belief in this soul as a substantial entity, there arises clinging to the soul, the defilements are generated,2 and liberation is impossible.
How do we know that the word "soul" is only a designation for a series of skandhas, and that no soul exists in and of itself? 3
We know this because no proof establishes the existence of a soul apart from the skandhas, no proof by direa perception, nor any proof from inference. 4 If the soul were a real entity, separate like other entities,5 it would be attained (i. e. , known) either by direct perception as are the objeas of the five sense consciousnesses and the objea of mental consciousness,6 or by inference, as are the five indriyas.
In faa, the five organs are known through inference. In the world, despite the presence of general causes, a result is not produced if certain specific causes are absent: for a sprout to be generated, one needs not only water, earth, and human effort, but also a seed. In the same way, even though general causes -- the presence of an external
? 1314 Chapter Nine
object, attention, etc. ,--are present, the blind and the deaf do not see and hear to the extent that the non-blind and the non-deaf see and hear. The first are lacking, whereas the second have the specific causes for visual and auditory consciousness: these are the organs, material organs that are made of an invisible and
7
There is neither direct perception nor inference of a soul independent of the skandhas. We know then that a real soul does not exist.
***
intangible matter, and which is known only through inference.
The Vatslputriyas admit a pudgala which is neither identical to 8
the skandhas nor different from them. We should examine
whether this pudgala exists as an entity or as designation of a
nominal existence. If it has a separate existence, like physical
matter, then the pudgala exists as an entity. If it is only a collection,
9
[The Vatslputriyas:] What is wrong with admitting the first or the second hypothesis?
If the pudgala is an entity, it will be different from the skandhas', because its nature is separate, as the skandhas are different one from another (or it will be produced by causes and then it will not be eternal as you say), and you will have to name its causes; or it will be unconditioned: and this is a non-Buddhist
10
like milk, then it exists as a designation.
opinion; and if it is unconditioned, the pudgala will be useless.
is thus false to believe that the pudgala is an entity. )But if you admit that the pudgala exists only as a title of designation, you will abandon your doctrine and you will be placed within our doctrines.
[The Vatslputriyas:] We do not say that it is an entity, and we
do not say that it exists only as a designation of the skandhas: for
us the designation pudgala occurs in necessary relationship to
11 present, internal skandhas (skandhan upadaya).
(It
? A blind response, containing little to enlighten us! What does the expression "in relation to" mean? If you explain skandhdn upddaya as skandhdnarh laksate (characterized by the skandhas), you must then say "The designation pudgala occurs by taking the elements as an object": this is to recognize that pudgala is a word designating the skandhas, the same as the designation "milk" occurs taking as its object the constituents of milk--color, etc. If you explain skandhdn upddaya as skandhdn pratttya "conditioned by the skandhas" the same conclusion follows. You admit, in fact, that it is the skandhas which are the cause of the designation pudgala.
[The Vatslputrlyas:] This is not the way that we conceive of the pudgala and its relationship with the skandhas, but rather as the world conceives of fire and its relationship with fuel.
How does it conceive of fire and its relationship with fuel?
The world conceives of fire "in relation to fuel": they do not conceive of fire independent of fuel; they believe that fire is not identical with fuel nor different from fuel. If fire were different from fuel, fuel would not be hot; if fire were the same as fuel the consumed would be the consumer. In the same way we do not conceive of the pudgala as independent of the skandhas; we hold that the pudgala is neither identical to the skandhas nor different from the skandhas: if it were different from the skandhas, it would be eternal and thus unconditioned; but if it were identical to the skandhas, it would then be susceptible of annihilation.
In the Madhyama version, ch'u-ch'u ^ ? ? "expelling dyatana," Paramartha, chih-ju $jiJA , Hsuan-tsang, sheng-ch'u JUjH (abhi-dyatana). The abhibhuya of
the formula ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? abhibhuya is translated by chih-hsiu or by c? '# ^fe (to expel, vinodana, apanayana, vibhdvana).
199. Pali: *? o bahirdhd.
200. Vydkhyd: jdndti. . . pasyati. Paramartha: jdndmi pafydmi. On jndna and darsana, above viii. 27c.
201. On akdrayati, vi. p. 931, vii,p. 1144
^ j j ^
(control-? A<^<<tf)
202. The classical list Anguttara, v. 46, 60 (Comm. i. 27. 10), Majjhima, i. 423. ii. 14, Digha, iii. 268 (Sumangala, i. 115, Franke, p. 210); Visuddhi, 110, replaces the last two by ? /? /? , paricchinndkdsakasina (seeChilders); the last two omitted occasionally in Papisambhidd. On dlokamanasikdra, etc. , vii. p. 1160, 1177.
Visuddhimagga, 425 (see Index and Warren, 293), Atthasdlini, 185, Compendium, passim; Spence Hardy, Eastern Monachism, 252; Kern, Geschiedenis, i. 393 ("universal or cosmic circles"); Yogdvacara-Manual, p. xxix; Rhys Davis-Stede.
Mahdvyutpatti, 72, Samgitiparydya, 11th section, Sutrdlamkdra, vii. 9, xx. 44.
These summary remarks in the Koia have been extracted from a more complete treatise in the Vibhdsd.
203. Paramartha sometimes (TD 29, p. 303bl2) translates krtsna as pien ? (= total), sometimes (p. 303bl8) as wu-pien 4ffijjJ| (= ananta). There are Ten Krtsnayatanas (pien ju ? ? ? )- They are called krtsna (wu-pien) because they totally embrace one type without interval-crack. What dharmas are krtsna (wu-pien) ? Earth, water, fire, wind, blue, yellow, red, white: these contain rupa (literally: rupalaksandni). . . There are some masters who say that the vdyukrtsndyatana (feng wu-pien ju ? ^ ? ? ? ) ^ a s tang*ble things for its object. _
The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 440? 7, translates krtsna by pien M : . ? . They are called Krtsnayatanas for two reasons: because they do not present any interval (chien ? ), and because they are extended (kuang-ta J? ? ^ ): on the one hand, the act of imaginative attention (adhimuktimanaskdra) bears exclusively on blue, etc. , without being mixed with any other characteristic; on the other hand, the act of attention, bearing on all blue, etc. , has for its object an infinite characteristic. The Bhadanta says: "Because their object is large-extended (k'uan-kuang J=[Jfg ), and because there is no interval-crack (chien-hsi ? \? )? "
204. This last phrase is not in Hsuan-tsang.
205. This problem is examined Visuddhimagga, 415.
206. The cause or hetu, is the drupya absorption acting as sabhdgahetu, that is to say, leading to a new drupya absorption.
? 207. Someone who produces an drupya absorption falls from this absorption, dies, and is reborn in a heaven of Rupadhatu by virtue of some former action: there he will produce a new drupya absorption because the preceding drupya absorption is close (dsanna). Someone frequently enters an drupya absorption: he has a strong habit (abhiksndbhydsa) with respect to it; he dies, is reborn into Rupadhatu, and here he will produce an drupya absorption again.
In the same way, born in Akasanantyayatana, one could produce a higher drupya absorption, Vijnananantyayatana, etc.
208. Someone accomplished an action which sould be retributed in Arupyadhatu, not immediately upon his death, but in a later birth (iv. 50). By reason of other actions "of immediate retribution," he is first reborn in Rupadhatu. The imminence of the retribution of the action retribuable in Arupyadhatu makes this person produce an drupya absorption. This is necessary fot the retribution of this action, for not being detached from the sphere where he is born (adhastdd avitardga), namely of Rupadhatu, this person could not be reborn in Arupyadhatu if he were not detached from it, by an drupya absorption of the said sphere.
209. When the universe perishes by fire, Kamadhatu and the heavens of the First Dhyana disappear; when it perishes by water, the heavens of the Second Dhyana disappear; when it perishes by wind, the disappearance also includes the spheres of the Third Dhyana (Kosa, iii. lOOc-d). Thus, at the end of the world, all beings should be reborn in spheres sheltered from this destruction, and so they should produce absorptions entailing rebirth in the heavens of the Second, Third or Fourth Dhyana.
Hsuan-tsang: The receptacle or physical world begins to perish by the force of dharmatd. Such is the law of nature (dharmatd) of beings in the lower spheres that they produce higher dhydnas, because, under these circumstances (avasthd), the good dharmas undergo full development by the force of this dharmatd. Beings in the two higher Dhatus (in the heavens of the Fourth Dhyana and in Arupyadhatu) produce drUpyasamdpatti by the force of cause and actions, and not by the force of dharmatd, for the Anabhraka gods, etc. (Fourth Dhyana) are not affected by the three catastrophies.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 779a28: Why do beings in Rupadhatu first produce the dhydnas, the drupyas, and not nirodhasamdpatti? They produce the dhydnas by reason of three causes (pratyaya): 1. by the force of cause (hetubala): in a former existence, they produced, and destroyed, the dhydnas; 2. by the force of action (karmabala): they did and accumulated actions of necessary retribution which should be retributed in a later existence in a sphere of dhyana; this action will give forth its fruit; and 3. by the force of the "nature of things" (dharmatd): when the world perishes, beings in the lower spheres are necessarily reborn above . . . The first two reasons hold for the production of the drupyas.
210. Vydkhyd: keyam dharmatd ndma / kecit tavat sautrdntikd dhuh / esdm eva dharmdndmudbhutavrttindm purvadhydnavdsanddhipatydt tadutpattdv upadeiam antarena dhydnotpattdv dnugunyam dharmatd prakrtih svabhdva ity arthah // vaibhdsikd api kecid dhuh / paurvajdgarikdt sabhdgahetoh nisyandaphalam dhydnotpddanam tadupadesam antarendnyato dharmateti.
On dharmatd, see ii. 46, English trans, p. 248, iv. l7a, 20, 67, vi. 34a.
211. On vdsand, see vii. p. 1137 to 1143. Here, the good dharmas are adhipatipratyaya.
212. As long as the Good Law lasts, it is possible to know all the dharmas, pure and impure, to which Dhutu and sphere they belong, their aspect, etc.
213. According to Paramurtha. Hsiian-tsang: All these diversely specified dharmas have for their goal the expansion and duration of the Good Law. What is the Good Law? How long will it last?
Footnotes 1307
? 1308 Chapter Eight
214. The Saddhamma is threefold: pariyattisaddhamma: all the words of the Buddha in the Three Pitakas; papipattisaddhamma: the thirteen dhutagunas, the fourteen khandhakavat- tas, the eighty-two mahdvattas, sila, samddhi, and vipassand; and adhigamasaddhamma: the four artyamaggas, the four fruits and Nirvana (Samantapdsddikd, i. 225). See below note 219.
215. The twelve angas are enumerated in the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka: sutram geyam vydkaranam gdthoddndvaddnakam /
itivrttikam niddnam vaipulyam ca sajdtakam /
upadeso'dbhuta dharmd dvddafdngam idarh vacah //
216. It appears that "holiness" is not too bad an equivalent for adhigama, since adhigama is defined as being "the dharmas attendant upon Bodhi plus the results of brahmacarya" [It is through the bodhipdksikas that brahmacariya is addhaniya cirapphitika, Digha, iii. 27. ] Moreover adhigama signifies "penetration, intelligence. "
Adhigama is a synonym for satydbhisamaya (see vi. 27) in the definition of the three prajfids or discernments: A fool (bdla) is one who lacks innate (upapattildbhikd) prajHd which proceeds from the traces of a former cultivation (purvdbhydsavdsandnirjdtd); unlearned (asrutavdn) is one who lacks the prajnd which arises from the Teaching (dgamajd); an ordinary person (prthagjana) is one who lacks the prajnd which arises from adhigama, which arises from the comprehension of the Truths (yasyddhigamajd satydbhisamayajd ndsti. . . ) (iii. 28a).
The Bodhisattvabhumi, in the definition of "refuge" (pratisarana), defines jnana, which is a refuge--as adhigamajndna created from absorption, bhdvandmya (See iv. English trans, p. 655, notes 341 to 343 and below Chapter IX, trans. Hsuan-tsang, xxix. l5a, note).
217. a. Hsuan-tsang translates: "As long as there are bearers, preachers, and acquirers, the Law will endure. "
The two Chinese translators distinguish three categories: the first two (those who bear and those who preach) with respect to the dgama; the third (those who acquire) with respect to the adhigama. The dgama lasts as long as the first two categories exist; the adhigama lasts as long as the third exists. Thus the Law lasts because of these three classes of persons.
Paramartha (TD 29, p. 303c23) adds: Why? Because there are two causes of the duration of the Good Law: speaking correctly and receiving correctly. There are some other masters who say that the Law lasts one thousand years: this is in reference to the adhigama, not to the dgama which lasts longer. Why? In the future, persons capable of bearing the Law will be of two types: those who believe by reason of hearing, and those who believe by reason of correct intelligence (? cheng-chieh IEj|? ). The gods protect these persons in order that the dgama and the adhigama do not quickly disappear. Consequently one should, both literally and in meaning, meditate and practice.
b. Sarhghabhadra (in his Nydydnusdra, TD 29, p. 775bl) corrects Vasubandhu on many points and adds some interesting details: The Saddharma of the Bhagavat is twofold, dgama and adhigama. The dgama is Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma. The adhigama is the pure path (andsravamdrga) of the Three Vehicles. [For Vasubandhu, this is the bodhipdksikas which are not all necessarily pure. ] As long as the adhigama-saddharma lasts in the world, the dgama-saddharma, increased and sustained by it, also lasts. At present, in the East, the adhigama-dharmapis disappearing; the dgama has much disappeared. As the adhigama- dharma flourishes in the North, the good dgama of the Bhagavat is being extended and augmented. Consequently, this is the land of the supreme knowledge of the Tathagatas (. . .
jndnagocara). The Aryans dwell therein; the correct sense of the Abhidharma flourishes in this country; not in the East, etc. , where tradition and practice are impossible (? ? ). The dgamadharma, essentially depends on its "bearers" (dhdtar, those who have learned it) and preachers in order for it to last in the world; the adhigama lasts solely depending on "those who practice" (pratipattar).
But these are not only the supports of the adhigama; the dgamadharma also depends on pratipattar; as long as persons practice the Dharma without error (aviparita), the adhigama will last; as long as the adhigama lasts, the dgama will last.
? For the disappearance of the Law in the West, compare the Dreams of Krkin, Vinaya of the MahUdsakas (Wu-fen Ui, TD 22, p. 172a7), Chavannes, Cinq cents contes, II. p. 348. The eleventh dream (a piece of water whose center is troubled but whose sides are calm and clear) signifies that the Good Law will begin to disappear in the Middle (Kingdoms), but that it will prosper in the frontier kingdoms.
218. The Vydkhyd approves of this explanation: esa eva pakso yukta iti pasydmah.
219. a. Condition for the duration of the Law (respect for the Buddha; no mention of years), Anguttara, iv. 84. andgatabhaya, iii. 15, 108, etc.
Why the Law of certain Buddhas lasts a long time, Suttavibhanga, Pdrdjika, i. 3. 3, Samantapdsddikd, i. 184, Koia, vii. p. 1145.
The Arhat prolongs his life in order to prolong the Law, Kosa, ii. English trans, p. 165. The Law is protected by humans and gods, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 177b22. Levi and Chavannes, "Les seize Arhats protecteurs de la Loi," /. As. , 1916, ii. 9; J. Przyluski, AQoka, Chap. VII. Development of eschatological ideas relative to the Law, and also 207, 336, 399,452.
b. Cullavagga, x. 1. 6: "If women had not been admitted, this brahmacariya would last a long time, it would last one thousand years; but as they have been admitted, this brahmacariya will not last for a long time: the Saddharma will last five hundred years. " No mention of years in the Bhiksuntkarmavdcand (Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1920, p. 125). , nor in Rockhili, Life, p. 60.
Same doctrine in the Pi-ni-mu ching (TD 24, p. 818c5), where the explanation is given by Kas*yapa (Przyluski, A$oka, p. 173); see also Madhyama, TD 1, p. 607b8 (quoted by Saeki). Saeki also quotes the Vinaya of the Mahisdsakas (TD 22, p. 186al4) "If the Bhiksunis observe the eight gurudharmas, the Law will last one thousand years. "
But, in the Vinaya of the Sarvdstivddins ("judgment of Ananda"), the duration of the Law is limited to one thousand years because women have beens admitted. Same doctrine in the other texts relative to the First Council (Przyluski, ibid. ).
Aiokdvaddna, and many other texts, have one thousand years; the Mahdmdydsutra, TD 12, p. 1013b21 - 10l4a2, has fifteen hundred years (Przyluski, p. 161-173); see also the [Fo lin nieh-p'an chi] Fa-chu ching, TD 12, p. 1113a2-clO.
I-ching (Takakusu, 106) quotes the Vinaya: "As long as there is a karmdcdrya (? "the Upholders of rules"), my Law will not be destroyed. When there will be no person who "upholds and supports" the karman, my Law will end," and again: "As long as my precepts exist, I shall live. " Sum. Vil. i. ll.
? Five successive disappearances: adhigama, patipatti, pariyatti, linga, and dhdtu, in Manorathapurani, i. 87, Andgatavamsa (Minayev, JPTS. 1886 and Warren, 481).
Three disapearances, adhigama, patipatti, and linga, in Milinda, \? ? .
"Disappearance of the shadow of the Buddha . . . and how many Arhats do we have who can preserve the Good Law? It is said in a Treatise: The Great Lion has closed his eyes and his witnesses have disappeared one after the other . . . ," I-ching, Takakusu, p. 106 [compare above p. 1282].
The Vajracchedikdtikd, Mdo, xvi. fol. 234a, explaining Vajracchedikd, p. 22: pascime kale paicime samaye pahimdydm paficasatydm saddharmavipralopakdle vartamdne: "It is well known (prasiddha) that the teaching of the Bhagavat lasts five times five hundred years; this is why the text specifies: during the last period of five hundred years, for it is then that the five kasdyas (iii. 4c, 93a) increase. "
Nanjo (in Max Mtiller, SBE. 49, p. 116) mentions the Mahdsamnipdtasutra (TD 13, p. 363a29): In the first five hundred years, the Bhiksus and others will be "strong in deliberation" (will obtain satydbhisamaya? ); in the second period of five hundred years, they will be strong in meditation (samddhi, dhydna); in the third, in Scripture (s*ruta)\ in the fourth, the building of monasteries; and in the fifth, in quarrels and slander. The White Law will become invisible.
Footnotes 1309
? 1310 Chapter Eight
d. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 226c6: In the Period when the Saddarma of KaSyapa began to perish, a pratirupaka Dharma arose; when this has arisen, the Saddharma will have perished. " Saddharmapundarikd, 67. 7: "The Saddharma of Padmaprabha will last thirty-two antarakalpas; when it is destroyed, the saddharmapratirupaka will last the same number of kalpas"; 377: "The Saddharma of Jitasvararaja was destroyed, and in the period when the saddharmapratirupala was disappearing, this religion (sasana) was overrun by Bhiksus who attributed to themselves spiritual gifts which they did not possess
220. According to Hsuan-tsang. According to Paramartha: I have presented in this treatise the Abhidharma of the Buddha Bhagavat. Have I presented it according to the school of the Sautrantikas or as it is presented in the Vibhasd}
According to the Vydkhya: Is the Abhidharma that I have taught here, namely the Abhidharmakosa, the Abhidharma of the canonical Treatises, the Abhidharma of the Jndnaprasthdna, etc. ?
221. Vydkhya: ? ? 'yam itivistarah /? ? 'yam ihdbhidharmakosalaksano 'bhidharma uktah kim esa eva sdstrdbhidharmo jndnaprasthanddhilaksano desito'ta idam ucyate / kdsmiravaibhd- sikanitisiddha iti vistarah / kasmire bhavdh kdsmirdh / vibhdsayd divyanti vaibhdsikd iti vydkhydtam etat / santi kdsmird na vaibhdsikd ye vinayacintddayah sautrdntikd ity bhadantddayah / santi vaibhdsikd na kdsmird ye bahirdesakd ity ubhayavisesanam // tesdm nitydyah siddho 'bhidharmah sa prayeneha mayd desitah / arthdd uktam bhavati / anyanitisiddho'pi desita iti // ? ad durgrhitam kdsmiravaibhdsikanayendnyanayena vd tad ihavacane 'smaddgo 'smadaparddhah // kim kdranam ity aha / saddharmanitau munayah pramdnam iti/ saddharmasydgamddhigamalaksanasya nitau varnane munayobuddhd bhagavanto buddhaputrds cdryasdradvatiputrddayah pramdnam sarvdkdrasarvadharmdva- bodha dptd ity arthah.
222. a. Hsuan-tsang: "The discussion of the Abhidharma of the Vaibhasikas of KaSmir [=the Five Hundred Arhats, according to Saeki] is correctly established. [There is perhaps a mistake here with respect to the sense of siddha. ] It is by depending on them that I have, in general, presented the Abhidharma. That which is false is my fault. The authority for judging the Dharma is only the Buddhas and the Mahasravakas. "
b. Samghabhadra (in his Nydydnusdra, TD29, p. 775? 8): ". . . It is by depending on them that I have, in general, presented the Abhidharma. Here the Sautrantika [= Vasubandhu] presents his fundamental thought, saying: Depending on the Mahdvibhasd, discussing the principles of the Abhidharma of the Saugatas of this land, and making an effort to correctly understand to the end that the Good Law will last a long time for the salvation of beings, I have composed this treatise. The great bulk of this book presents the system [of the Vibhasd]; a smaller part follows other paths, for example with respect to physical matter as shape (samsthdnarupa, iv. English trans, p. 557), with respect to the past and future (v. 27), etc. But the nature of the dharmas is very profound, and my intelligence is weak: I am not capable of diligently searching out (ch'in-ch'iu JJ^c ) the Preacher of Truth (yathdbhutavddin) (? ). Consequently, in the interpretation (niti) presented in this long treatise, if one small part is poorly supported (durgrhita = pien-liang ^ i = of contestable authority; the meaning is perhaps "If I have, sometimes, reproduced some incorrect doctrines . . . "), it is my fault. The Buddhas, having accumulated the provisions of knowledge (jn dnasambhdra) know any object of consciousness. The Pratyekabuddhas cannot judge the characteristics of the dharmas; even less the &ravakas, for the Dharma that they realize depends on a teaching. Thus, in order to judge the dharmas, there are only the true great Munis. By this we know that the Abhidharma is truly the word of the Buddha. One should accept it with faith, practice-meditate on it correctly, and diligently search out deliverance. "
? Paramartha {TD 29, p. 304a5): The Vaibhasikas of Kasmir possess the two cheng1 ~ ? ? ? This Abhidharma--the Abhidharmakosa--has been presented by me, in
? general, conforming to their doctrine. If there is here anything that is badly grasped, it is my fault. In lieu of cheng capable of correctly judging the Good Law, only the Buddhas Bhagavats are the supreme measure (pramdna). Why? Because they immediately see all the dharmas. Apart from Scripture (dgama) and the Path (mdrga), the Aryasravakas of the Buddha are not even a mediocre measure in correctly judging the Good Law.
1. What is this twofold cheng (- sdksin, pratibhu, etc. )? Perhaps persons who possess the dgama and the adhigama (as explained viii. 39a), in other words the dgama and the mdrga.
223. The first stanza is quoted in l-ching, Takakusu, p. 106.
Vydkhyd: nimilite sdstari lokacaksusiti / parinirvrte bhagavati lokasya caksurbhute
mdrgdmdrgasamdar/ake / anendndhabhutatdm lokasya darsayati // ksayam gate sdksijane ca bhilyaseti / sdksdd drastari sdksi/ mdrgdmdrgajno bhagavan itiye'dhigatatattvd bhagavatah sdksijanah sahdyabhutah / tasmin parinitvanejzsine / avidyandhddrstatattvair niravagrahair nirankusaih svayamdrstikatayd kutarkdpannair bhavadhir bhagavatah idsanam granthatas cdrthata? cdkulam krtam // gate hi sdntim paramdm svayambhuvityddi purvaHokoktasydrthasya heturupo'yam dvittyah sloka upanyasyate / buddhahuddhaputresu hi parinirvrtesv andthajagati sdsanantardhanahetubhir drstyddibhir malair dosair nirankusaih svayam yatheccham iha loke'dye samprati caryate / bhdvasddhanam etat // tatas caivam kanthagataprdnam ivety art hah / tad viditvd / balakdkam ca mdldndm dosdndm na pramddyam mumuksubhir iti bhdvasddhanam iti.
Footnotes 1311
? ?
Refutation of the pudgala
m. Homage to the Buddha.
Is there any liberation outside of Buddhism? 1 No, there is not.
What is the reason for this?
CHAPTER NINE
There is no liberation outside of this teaching, because other doctrines are corrupted by a false conception of a soul. The word as other doctrines conceive it is not a metaphoric expression for a series of skandhas. By the power of their belief in this soul as a substantial entity, there arises clinging to the soul, the defilements are generated,2 and liberation is impossible.
How do we know that the word "soul" is only a designation for a series of skandhas, and that no soul exists in and of itself? 3
We know this because no proof establishes the existence of a soul apart from the skandhas, no proof by direa perception, nor any proof from inference. 4 If the soul were a real entity, separate like other entities,5 it would be attained (i. e. , known) either by direct perception as are the objeas of the five sense consciousnesses and the objea of mental consciousness,6 or by inference, as are the five indriyas.
In faa, the five organs are known through inference. In the world, despite the presence of general causes, a result is not produced if certain specific causes are absent: for a sprout to be generated, one needs not only water, earth, and human effort, but also a seed. In the same way, even though general causes -- the presence of an external
? 1314 Chapter Nine
object, attention, etc. ,--are present, the blind and the deaf do not see and hear to the extent that the non-blind and the non-deaf see and hear. The first are lacking, whereas the second have the specific causes for visual and auditory consciousness: these are the organs, material organs that are made of an invisible and
7
There is neither direct perception nor inference of a soul independent of the skandhas. We know then that a real soul does not exist.
***
intangible matter, and which is known only through inference.
The Vatslputriyas admit a pudgala which is neither identical to 8
the skandhas nor different from them. We should examine
whether this pudgala exists as an entity or as designation of a
nominal existence. If it has a separate existence, like physical
matter, then the pudgala exists as an entity. If it is only a collection,
9
[The Vatslputriyas:] What is wrong with admitting the first or the second hypothesis?
If the pudgala is an entity, it will be different from the skandhas', because its nature is separate, as the skandhas are different one from another (or it will be produced by causes and then it will not be eternal as you say), and you will have to name its causes; or it will be unconditioned: and this is a non-Buddhist
10
like milk, then it exists as a designation.
opinion; and if it is unconditioned, the pudgala will be useless.
is thus false to believe that the pudgala is an entity. )But if you admit that the pudgala exists only as a title of designation, you will abandon your doctrine and you will be placed within our doctrines.
[The Vatslputriyas:] We do not say that it is an entity, and we
do not say that it exists only as a designation of the skandhas: for
us the designation pudgala occurs in necessary relationship to
11 present, internal skandhas (skandhan upadaya).
(It
? A blind response, containing little to enlighten us! What does the expression "in relation to" mean? If you explain skandhdn upddaya as skandhdnarh laksate (characterized by the skandhas), you must then say "The designation pudgala occurs by taking the elements as an object": this is to recognize that pudgala is a word designating the skandhas, the same as the designation "milk" occurs taking as its object the constituents of milk--color, etc. If you explain skandhdn upddaya as skandhdn pratttya "conditioned by the skandhas" the same conclusion follows. You admit, in fact, that it is the skandhas which are the cause of the designation pudgala.
[The Vatslputrlyas:] This is not the way that we conceive of the pudgala and its relationship with the skandhas, but rather as the world conceives of fire and its relationship with fuel.
How does it conceive of fire and its relationship with fuel?
The world conceives of fire "in relation to fuel": they do not conceive of fire independent of fuel; they believe that fire is not identical with fuel nor different from fuel. If fire were different from fuel, fuel would not be hot; if fire were the same as fuel the consumed would be the consumer. In the same way we do not conceive of the pudgala as independent of the skandhas; we hold that the pudgala is neither identical to the skandhas nor different from the skandhas: if it were different from the skandhas, it would be eternal and thus unconditioned; but if it were identical to the skandhas, it would then be susceptible of annihilation.
