No More Learning

Fields, Annie (Adams). An American poet
and essayist, wife of James T. Fields; born in
Boston, 1834. She has been a leader in char-
ity organization and work. She published :
(Under the Olive,' poems (1881); Biography
of James T. Fields) (1884); How to Help
the Poor) (1885); (The Singing Shepherd );
(Authors and their Friends); (A Shelf of Old
Books) (1896); Life and Letters of llarriet
Beecher Stowe) (1897).
Fields, James Thomas. An American pub-
lisher and author; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
Dec. 31, 1817; died in Boston, Mass. , April 24,
1881. The various publishing firms of which
he was partner, with Ticknor, Osgood, and
others, were of the first rank. He edited the
Atlantic Monthly in 1862–70; and was an ac-
ceptable lecturer on literary subjects and authors.
He published: (Poems) (1849); A Few Verses
are :


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188
FIÉVÉE – FINCK
for a Few Friends) (1858); (Yesterdays with
Authors) (1872); Hawthorne) (1875); (Old
Acquaintance: Barry Cornwall and Some of
his Friends) (1875); "In and Out of Doors
with Dickens) (1876); “Underbrush) (1881),
essays; Ballads and Other Verses) (1881);
and (with Edwin P. Whipple) edited (The
Family Library of British Poetry) (1878).
Fiévée, Joseph (fyā-vā'). A French political
writer and journalist; born in Paris, April 9,
1767; died there, May 7, 1839. His experiences
during the French Revolution were not happy,
largely in consequence of his work (On the
Necessity of a Religion (1795); but the Na-
poleonic rule proved more favorable to him.
He produced (Suzette's Dowry) and (Frede-
rick, two rather colorless fictions, besides a
variety of historical works on aspects of the
republic, consulate, and empire.
Figueroa, Cristóval Suarez de (fë-gā-roʻä).
A Spanish poet of the first half of the seven-
teenth century.
His most celebrated poems
are a translation of the Faithful Shepherd
(1602) of Guarini, and (Constant Amaryllis)
(1609). He wrote a history of “The Deeds of
Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza) (1613) in
the wars with the Araucanians, interesting but
written in an inflated style; also an epic,
(Spain Defended) (1612).
Figueroa, Francisco de. A Spanish poet
(1540? -1620? ). He was called by his contempo-
raries “the Divine Figueroa,” and at Rome he
won the poet's crown. He wrote verse with
equal facility and elegance in Castilian and
Italian. When dying he burned all his verses;
but they were published - including the cele-
brated volume of eclogues in blank verse, the
(Tirsi) -- from copies in the hands of his
friends.
Figueroa, Francisco. A Mexican annalist,
diarist, and theologian ; born in Toluca, 17. 30
(? ); died in the City of Mexico, 1800 (? ). He
was a Franciscan priest, and taught and lect-
ured well; but his great service to literature
consisted in the compilation of materials for
a history of Mexico, among them a History
of the Conquest of New Galicia, by Mota
Padilla, besides diaries and letters.
Figueroa, Francisco Acuña de. A Uru-
guayan poet; born in Montevideo, 1791; died
there, Oct. 6, 1862. A civil-service post af-
forded him leisure to prepare his Poetic Mo-
saic) (1857), a verse collection, and his more
notable (Paraphrases of the Psalms, and (The
Toraidas,' a series of Paraguayan notes. He
has been assigned a high rank by competent
European critics; lofty inspiration and sonor-
ous diction being his characteristics, exemplified
in the National Hymn of Uruguay. '
Figuier, Guillaume Louis. A French scien-
tific writer; born at Montpellier, Feb. 15, 1819;
died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1894. He has done much
for the popularization of science as editor of
the scientific column of the Presse, and as au-
thor of The Exposition and History of the
Principal Modern Scientific Discoveries) (1851-
53); Alchemy and Alchemists) (1854); “Great
Ancient and Modern Inventions) (1864, 3d ed. );
(The Earth before the Deluge) (1866, 5th ed. );
(Lives of Illustrious Savants) (1866); Marvels
of Science) (1867-69).
Fileti - Ramondetta, Concettina (fe-lā'tē.
ra-mon-det'ta). An Italian poet; born (Ra-
mondetta) in Palermo, Dec. 31, 1830. Although
of a distinguished family, her childhood was
passed in comparative poverty, and she had
little formal schooling. Her talent was pre-
cocious, and at sixteen she wrote verses which
captivated the public. Becoming a wife and
mother, however,- with ten children at that,-
her association with the Muse has been inter-
mittent in recent years; but she has made
even this of some literary service, as in her
later Poems) (1887).
Filicaja, Vincenzo da (fe-le-kä'yä). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet (1642-1707). He lived
several years in retirement, devoted to political
study and composition, but publishing nothing
till 1684, when appeared his grand odes on the
rescue of Vienna from the Turks, which won
for him the admiration of all Italy, and hon-
orable notice on the part of the Emperor Leo-
pold and King John Sobieski of Poland. Queen
Christina of Sweden named him a member of
her newly founded Academy. In depth and
nobility of thought, in beauty of expression,
and in the melodiousness of his verse, Filicaja
is one of the foremost lyrists of Italy; never-
theless he trusts perhaps too much to art and
less to nature and inspiration. *
Filon, Auguste (fé-lôn'). A French histo-
rian; born in Paris, June 7, 1800; died there,
Dec. I, 1875. A commanding point of view
and an alluring style are conspicuous through-
out his Comparative History of France and
England) (1832); «The Spiritual Power in its
Relations with the State) (1844); (History of
the Roman Senate) (1850); History of the
Athenian Democracy) (1854); and several other
important works.
Finch, Francis Miles. An American poet,
and a judge of the U. S. District Court; born
in Ithaca, N. Y. , June 9, 1827. He graduated
at Yale; and is the author of the well-known
lyrics (Nathan Hale) and (The Blue and the
Gray,' and of a popular college song beginning
«Floating away like the fountain's spray. ”
Finck, Henry Theophilus. An American
musical critic and author; born in Bethel, Mo. ,
Sept. 22, 1854. He graduated at Harvard in
1876; and from 1878 to 1881 studied physio-
logical psychology at Berlin, Heidelberg, and
Vienna. He is musical critic of the New York
Evening Post, and a contributor to the Nation.
His works include: (Wagner and Other Musi-
cians) (1887); Romantic Love and Personal
Beauty) (1887); (The Pacific Coast Scenic
Tour) (1890); (Chopin, and Other Musical
Essays); Lotos Time in Japan (1895); and
(Spain and Morocco.


## p. 189 (#205) ############################################

FINLAY - FISCHART
189
Finlay, George. An English historian of
the first rank; born in Faversham, Kent, of
Scotch blood, Dec. 21, 1799; died in Athens,
Greece, Jan. 26, 1875. An ardent Philhellene,
he joined Byron's company at Missolonghi in
1823 to assist in liberating Greece from the
Turks; and ended by residing there perma-
nently,-- at first a cultivator, and then a student
of and writer upon Greek history. He was for
many years the Athens correspondent of the
London Times. His "Greece under the Ro-
mans, B. C. 146 to A. D. 717) (1844) raised him
at once to a place among the few foremost
historians : Edward A. Freeman declared it to
be the most truly original historical work of
modern times; and for sound broad humanity,
acute judgment, and luminous common-sense
on both the practical and the philosophic sides
of history, it has few equals of any age. It is
not in the form of detailed annals except in
the last part, most of it being a set of essays
on the political and social conditions of Greece
as a subject province. Succeeding volumes
carried the story more in detail down to mod-
ern times, ending with two volumes on the
Greek Revolution. The whole, revised and
some volumes wholly rewritten by the author,
was published posthumously in 7 vols. (1877).
Finley, John. An American poet; born at
Brownsburg, Va. , Jan. II, 1797; died in Rich-
mond, Ind. , Dec. 23, 1866. He was one of the
editors of the Richmond Palladium, 1831-34.
His poems were collected in one volume, 'The
Hoosier's Nest, and Other Poems) (1865).
Finley, Martha. An American novelist ;
born in Chillicothe, O. , April 26, 1828. She is
the author, under the name of Martha Far-
quharson, of a number of novels, including
(Elsie Dinsmore) (1868); (Wanted - A Pedi-
gree! (1872); and (The Thorn in the Nest)
(1886). She has written in all over twenty (Elsie
Books, as well as (The Mildred Books,' etc.
Finotti, Joseph Maria. An American cler-
gyman and author; born at Ferrara, Italy, in
1817; died at Denver, Col. , in 1879. He studied
theology in the Jesuit College, Rome, and in
1845 removed to the United States.
He was
ordained priest, and stationed at Alexandria,
Va. In 1852 he left the Jesuit Society and
became literary editor of the Boston Pilot.
His health having failed, he removed to Cin-
cinnati, and afterwards to Omaha, and to Cen-
tral City, Col. His works include: A Month
of Mary) (1853); Italy in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury); (The French Zouave) (1863); (Ameri-
can Catholic Bibliography) (unfinished).
Firdausi or Firdusi (fēr-dou'sē). A cele-
brated Persian poet who lived from about 935
to about 1020. lle is the greatest of Persian
epic poets. In 1010, after 35 years of labor, was
completed his first heroic epic, the "Shāh-
Vāmah' (King's Book) in about 60,000 distichs :
it recounts the ancient Persian traditions of
heroism. His other great poem, Jussuf and
Zulikha,' a religious-romantic epos, is founded
on the Biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar's
wife. There are English translations of sun-
dry passages from the (Shāh-Nāmah,' and a
German translation of the whole of the Jussuf
and Zulikha. *
Firenzuola, Agnolo (fé-rents-woʻlä). (Prop-
erly Girolamo Giovannini. ] An Italian poet;
born in Florence, Sept. 28, 1493; died at Prato
or in Rome, about 1545. His works consist
of burlesque poems; two comedies, including
(The Shining Ones); a translation of Apu-
leius's (Golden Ass); a didactic story, Dis-
courses about Animals); Dialogue on the
Beauties of Women'; and ten (novels, mostly
stories in the vein of Boccaccio. He writes in
a style of great elegance, but with unpardon-
able lubricity. *
Firmenich-Richartz, Johannes Matthias
(fēr'men-ich-rich'ärts). A German poet, phil-
ological literary critic and student, and drama-
tist; born in Cologne, July 5, 1808; died in
Potsdam, May 10, 1889. His play (Clotilde
Montalvi) (1840), a romantic tragedy, and
After a Hundred Years,' a humorous compo-
sition in dialogue, as well as poems in vari-
ous languages, are highly meritorious; but his
monumental achievement is (Germany's Folk-
Voices: A Collection of German Dialect
Poems, Songs, Fables, Sagas, etc. ) (1843-66.
sup. 1868), showing the most profound learning
and scholarly acuteness.
Fischart, Johann (fish'ärt). A famous Ger-
man satirist (about 1545-91). He took the doc-
tor's degree in the University of Basel 1574,
and afterward was an official of the Imperial
Chamber of Justice at Spires. The period of
his literary production lies between 1575 and
1581, while he assisted his brother-in-law
Jobin, who had a printing-office in Strasburg.
He was a man of deep patriotic feeling, a
notable poet, and the greatest Protestant pub-
licist of his time. Among his compositions
in verse may be mentioned : “The Jester in
Rhyme,' a satire on the Dominicans and
Franciscans (1571); Description of the Four-
Cornered Hat) (1580), against the Jesuits; the
(Flohhatz Weibertratz) (1573), in which he
describes a contest at law between fieas and
women; Podagramic Book of Consolation)
(1577), showing how the gout (podagra) spares
the laboring poor and kindly chastens the rich,
while leaving their minds free for wit and
humor ; (The Hive of the Holy Roman Swarm)
(1579). In imitation of Rabelais's 'Gargantua,'
but giving free play to his own native humor
and wit, he wrote of (The Wondrous Deeds,
Thoughts, and Words of the Famous Heroes
and Lords Grandgusier, Gargantua, and Pan-
tagruel (1575). Here, in full accord with the
spirit of the Reformation, he contrasts the
sound human understanding with the vagaries
of idealism, the common people's bluntness
and uncouthness with the aristocratic-romantic
perversity of the upper class )); all the while
glorifying intellectual progress. As a treasury
of ingeniously contrived word compounds the
work is of great value to the philologist.


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190
FISCHER-FLAGG
Fischer, Johann Georg (fish'er). A German
poet; born at Gross Süssen, Würtemberg, Oct.
25, 1816. His lyric poems are in 8 vols. (1854-
91). He excels in popular songs and ballads :
he has the gift of combining humor with grav-
ity. In his love songs he nobly idealizes nature
and passion. He wrote four dramas: (Saul)
(1862); (Frederic II. of Hohenstaufen) (1863);
(Florian Geyer) (1866); (Emperor Maximilian
of Mexico) (1868). In (From Bird Life) (1863)
he notes the characteristic phenomena of the
psychic life of animals with the acuteness of a
naturalist and the sympathy of a poet.
Fischer, Kuno. A German historian of phi-
losophy; born at Sandewalde, in Silesia, July
23, 1824. He was interdicted from teaching
philosophy at Heidelberg in 1853; but after
filling professorships in Berlin and Jena, he
had the satisfaction of being called to the
chair of philosophy at Heidelberg in 1872. He
is of the school of Hegel. Ilis principal writ-
ings are: (Diotima: The Idea of the Beautiful)
(1849); (Logic and Metaphysic, or the Doctrine
of Science (1852); (History of Modern Phi.
losophy) (8 vols. , 1852-93), his greatest work,
written in the form of brilliant monographs on
Descartes, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and other
great philosophers down to Schopenhauer;
(Francis Bacon and his Successors) (1856);
(Lessing's Nathan the Wise) (1864); (Spino-
za's Life and Character) (1865); (Origin and
Evolution-Forms of Wit) (1871). *
Fisher, George Park. An American divine
and writer ; born in Wrentham, Mass. , Aug. 10,
1827; became professor of divinity at Yale
(1854), and professor of ecclesiastical history
(1861). Included in his works are : Essays on
the Supernatural Origin of Christianity); (His-
tory of the Reformation) (1873); (Faith and
Rationalism) (1879); (Outlines of Universal
History); History of the Christian Church)
(1888); Nature and Method of Revelation)
(1890); "Colonial History of the United States. )
Fiske, Daniel Willard, scholar and librarian;
born in Ellisburg, Jefferson County, N. Y. , Nov.
II, 1831 ; was educated at Hamilton College,
N. Y. , and Upsala University, Sweden. He
was secretary of the New York Geographical
Society, and attached to the American Lega-
tion at Vienna under Motley. He is an adept
in many modern languages; in 1869 was made
professor of North-European languages, and
librarian, at Cornell; and has been a volu-
minous contributor to Swedish, German, Ice-
landic, Italian, English, and American journals.
He has made the largest existing collections
of Icelandic and of Petrarch, and the largest
in America of Dante. He is now engaged in
trying to create a written Egyptian language.
Fiske, John. An American historian; born
at Hartford, Conn. , March 30, 1842. He grad-
uated at Harvard College in 1863, and in 1865
took his degree in law, but never practiced.
He was for a while lecturer on philosophy at
Harvard, and in 1872-79 assistant librarian.
He is author of Myths and Myth-Makers)
(1872); (Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy) (2
vols. , 1875), his principal work, in which he
gives an exposition of the philosophy of nat-
ural evolution ; (The Unseen World) (1876);
Darwinism (1879); (The Idea of God (1885).
On phases of American history, he has writ-
ten : (American Political Ideas) (1885); (The
Critical Period of American History, 1783–89)
(1888); (The Beginnings of New England)
(1889); (The American Revolution) (3 vols. ,
1891); Discovery of America) (2 vols. , 1892). *
Fitch, William Clyde. An American play-
wright and author; born in 1865. He was edu-
cated at Hartford, Conn. , and Amherst College,
Amherst, Mass. He has written and adapted
a number of successful plays, among them
(Beau Brummell) and (Bohemia. He is also
the author of "The Knighting of the Twins,
and Ten Other Tales) (1891); (Some Corre-
spondence and Six Conversations) (1896).
Fitts, James Franklin. An American jour-
nalist and novelist; born in Lockport, N. Y. ,
in 1840; died there, Jan. II, 1890.
During the
Civil War he distinguished himself on several
occasions, and was rewarded with promotions.
After the war he devoted himself to miscella-
neous writing. Of his novels the most popu-
lar were : (The Parted Veil); (A Version);
(A Modern Miracle); (Captain Kidd's Gold.
Fitzgerald, Edward. A great English poet ;
born at Bredfield House, near Suffolk, March
31, 1809; died June 14, 1883. (Fitzgerald was
his mother's family name, assumed by his father
John Purcell. ) His writings are mostly remod-
eled translations of foreign poems; among them
are versions of (Six Dramas from Calderon)
(1853), and two more, and far finer (The
Mighty Magician and (Such Stuff as Dreams
are Made ON) subsequently; (The Rubáiyát
of Omar Khayyam (1859), which ultimately
won him assured immortality, though at first
published anonymously and utterly neglected ;
Æschylus's (Agamemnon) and Sophocles's
(Edipus) plays, and part of Attár's (Bird Par-
liament. *
Fitzgerald, Percy Hethrington. A pleasing
Irish novelist and biographical essayist; born
in Fane Valley, Louth, Ireland, 1834. He
wrote: (The Romance of the English Stage
(1874); Lives of the Sheridans) (1887); and
of novels, Never Forgotten, (Diana Gay,'
(Bella Donna, Dear Girl,' etc.
Fitzpatrick, William John. An Irish bio-
grapher and topical historian; born in Dublin,
Aug. 31, 1830. From the day of his graduation
at the Catholic College in Clongowes Wood,
he devoted himself to the study of Ireland's
rights and wrongs, and of the actors in Irish
history. Lord Edward Fitzgerald and his
Betrayers) (1859); “The Sham Squire and the
Informers of 1798) (1866); and Daniel O'Con-
nell, the Liberator) (1888), are a few among
his many widely read productions.
Flagg, Edmund. An American novelist and
journalist; born in Wiscasset, Me. , Nov. 24,
(


## p. 191 (#207) ############################################

FLAGG- FLETCHER
191
1815. He was the author of a number of novels
and other prose writings. His best work is
(Venice, the City of the Sea) (2 vols. , 1853).
He contributed to the New World Magazine
seven historical romances, based on the dramas
of Victor Hugo. Edmond Dantès,' a sequel
to (Monte Cristo,' was written by him, as also
were Mary Tudor) and other dramas.
Flagg, Wilson. An American naturalist,
scientific and political writer; born in Beverly,
Mass. , Nov. 5, 1805; died in North Cambridge,
Mass. , May 6, 1884. Some of his books are:
"Studies in the field and Forest) (1857); (Hal-
cyon Days); A Year among the Trees) (1881);
and A Year among the Birds. ?
Flammarion, Camille ( Ha-ma-re-ôn”). A
French astronomer, writer on descriptive as-
tronomy, and (astronomical novelist); born
in Montigny-le-Roi, Feb. 25, 1842. He was
designed by his parents for the Church, but
went over to science, and by a long course of
writings of a more or less popular character
has made his name widely known. ( The Plural-
ity of Inhabited Worlds) (1862); (Celestial
Wonders) (1865); (The Atmosphere) (1872);
(Urania) ( 1889 ); and “The Planet Mars and
its Habitability) (1892), are his best-known
works, not to mention an experiment or two
in romance of the astronomical creation. "
Flash, Henry Lynden. An American writer
of verse; born in Cincinnati, O. , Jan. 20, 1835.
He is the author of Poems) (1860), and of
many popular ballads which appeared during
the Civil War.
Flassan, Gaétan Raxis, Count de (fläs-än').
A French diplomatist and historian of diplo-
macy; born at Bedouin, Venaissin, 1770; died
in Paris, March 20, 1845. His career in the
diplomatic service was fairly distinguished,
enabling him to gather material for a valu-
able History of French Diplomacy from the
Foundation of the Monarchy to Aug. 10, 1792)
(1808-11), and one or two works of less im-
portance.
Flaubert, Gustav (fő-bãr'). A distinguished
French novelist; born at Rouen, Dec. 12, 1821 ;
died there, May 8, 1880. His greatest novel
was his first, Madame Bovary) (1857). He
next wrote a historical novel, “Salammbộ, the
scene laid in the most fourishing period of
Carthage,-a splendid description of ancient
Punic life, but having lively interest as a story;
(The History of a Young Man (1869), like
Madame Bovary) a pessimistic picture of so-
cial life; (The Temptation of St. Anthony)
(1874), a piece of imaginative writing dealing
with philosophical problems; and (Three Sto-
ries) (1877), which had a favorable reception.
The posthumous novel ( Bouvard and Pécuchet)
(1881) is a satire on humanity in general. His
comedy (The Candidate) (1874) failed on the
stage. *
Fléchier, Esprit (fā-shyā'). A notable
French pulpit orator and writer; born at
Pernes, in the Venaissin, June 10, 1632 ; died at
Montpellier, Feb. 16, 1710. His funeral orations,
especially those on Montausier and Turenne,
are models of elegiac oratory. He wrote a
(History of Theodosius the Great' (1679);
(Panegyrics of aints ) (1690); History of
Cardinal Ximenes) (1693).
Fleming, George. See Fletcher, Julia.
Fleming, Mrs. May Agnes (Early). A
Canadian story-writer; born in New Brunswick,
1840; died 1880. She was a prolific author of
romances, mostly sersational, among them be-
ing: Guy Earlscourt's Wife); Lost for a
Woman); (Pride and Passion); etc.
Fleming, Paul (flem'ing). A distinguished
German poet; born at Hartenstein in Saxony,
Oct. 5, 1609; died at Hamburg, April 2, 1640.
As an attaché of an embassy to Russia and Per-
sia, he had an opportunity (1635-39) of studying
many peoples. His "German Poems, which
appeared in 1642, were often republished. His
poetry is a true reflection of his inmost thought :
he is seen to be a man of unsophisticated tastes,
of childlike piety, and yet of virile sense and
passion. *
Fletcher, Giles. An English clergyman and
poet, cousin to John; born in London about
1580; died at Aldertoni in 1623. His only
notable composition was a sacred poem en-
titled (Christ's Victorie and Triumph in Heaven
and Earth over and after Death (1610), rich
in imagery and descriptions of natural scenery.
Parts of it were utilized by Milton in his
Paradise Regained. '
Fletcher, John. An English dramatist; born
in Rye, Sussex, in December 1579; died in Lon-
don during the plague, in August 1625. His
partnership with Beaumont is called by Swin-
burne “the most perfect union in genius and
friendship. ” (The Woman Hater,' published
anonymously in 1607 and usually accorded to
Fletcher, Swinburne and Bullen assign to Beau-
mont. Fletcher survived his friend nine years,
during which he produced many plays with and
without collaborators; the latter include Mas-
singer, Middleton, Rowley, Shirley, and others.
It is certain that he wrote alone (The Faithful
Shepherdess, Bonduca, Valentinian, (The
Wild Goose Chase, and Monsieur Thomas,
his greatest works; Rule a Wife and Have a
Wife); (The Loyal Subject); (Wit Without
Money); A Wife for a Month); (The Chances);
(The Mad Lover); and (The Humorous Lieu-
tenant. Bullen, the most authoritative critic
of Elizabethan literature, says he had Massin-
ger's aid in “The Knight of Malta,' (Thierry
and Theodoret, (The Little French Lawyer,'
(The Beggar's Bush,' (The Spanish Curate,
(The False One,' and (A Very Woman. The
same authority gives (The Queen of Corinth)
with Massinger, Rowley, and Middleton ; (The
Jeweller of Amsterdam) with Massinger and
Field ; (The Bloody Brother) with Ben Jonson,
revised by Middleton ; (Two Noble Kinsmen)
with Massinger, after Shakespeare's death; and
considers (Henry VIII. the work of Fletcher
a


## p. 192 (#208) ############################################

192
FLETCHER-FOGAZZARO
and Massinger with Shakespearean passages.
* (See Beaumont and Fletcher. ')
Fletcher, Julia Constance. (“George Flem-
ing. ”] An American novelist; born in Rio
Janeiro, Brazil, about 1850; daughter of James
C. Fletcher, who was a missionary to Brazil
and wrote (Brazil and the Brazilians. Among
her novels are : Kismet) (1877); “The Head
of the Medusa (1880); (Andromeda) (1885);
(The Truth about Clement Ker' (1889); and
(For Plain Women Only. '
Fleury, Claude (flė-re'). A French Church
historian and pedagogue; born in Paris, Dec.
6, 1640; died there (? ), July 14, 1723. His
learning and unaffected simplicity made him
a notable figure at the court of Louis XIV. , and
later at that of Louis XV. , whose confessor he
became. An Ecclesiastical History' (1691-
1720) forms his claim to enduring renown;
the work coming down to 1414, at which point
a later writer has attempted, although not sym-
pathetically, to round out the master's perform-
ance. A History of French Law) (1674) and
a Historical Catechism' (1679) are less im-
portant achievements.
Fleury-Husson, Jules. See Champfleury.
Flint, Timothy. An American clergyman
and miscellaneous writer; born in North Read-
ing, Mass. , July 11, 1780; died in Salem, Mass. ,
Aug. 16, 1840. He was a Congregational min-
ister during 1812-14; subsequently he devoted
himself to editorial work, descriptive writing,
and fiction. In these departments his most
important work is included in: (The Geogra-
phy and History of the Mississippi Valley);
(Indian Wars in the West); and in fiction,
Francis Berrian); “George Mason); and “The
Shoshone Valley. )
Floquet, Pierre Amable (fő-kā'). A French
historian and biographical writer; born in
Rouen, July 9, 1797; died in Formentin, Aug. 6,
1881. He made Normandy's annals and per-
sonages the objects of his painstaking study
in Norman Anecdotes); History of the Par-
liament of Normandy) (1840-43); (Studies in
the Life of Bossuet! (1855); of which the last
two were crowned by the Academy. Subse-
quent volumes show the rich harvest the field
has yielded him.
Florez, Henrique (fõ'reth). A Spanish his-
torian and antiquarian; born in Valladolid,
Feb. 14, 1701; died in Madrid, Aug. 20, 1773.
He was an Augustinian ordinary who taught
theology and history with brilliant success,
and charmed his classes by presenting dogmas
and annals from the standpoint of their human
interest. “Sacred Spain) (1747-73), on the his-
tory and dominion of the Church in the penin-
sula, brought down to the present time by a
recent writer; “Memorials of Catholic Queens);
and other works of importance, justify the high
opinion entertained of him.
Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de (fő-ryon').
A French poet and romancer (1755-94). At
10 he captivated Voltaire by his quick repartee
and sprightliness. He made his debut with
some pleasing farces (1779), and added greatly
to his fame with the two pastoral stories (Gala-
tea' (1783) and Estelle (1787); but both are
sentimental romances in the dominant taste of
that time. A like judgment is to be passed on
his metrical romances Numa Pompilius) (1786)
and (Gonsalvo of Cordova) (1791). He also
wrote (Medleys of Poetry and Literature); and
(Florian's Youth,' in which he recounts the
story of his boyhood. *
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre (flö-ron'). An
eminent French writer on physiology and anat-
omy; born in Maurilhan, Hérault, April 15,
1794; died at Montgeron, near Paris, Dec. 5,
1867. His special studies were neurology, oste-
ology, and cellular pathology. The following
partial list of his writings indicates his wide
scope and massive knowledge: Physical Re-
searches into Irritability and Sensibility) (1822);
(General Anatomy of the Skin and of its Mu-
cous Membranes) (1843); Life and Intelli-
gence) (1857); Natural Ontology) (1864); and
works in which he traces with admirable lucid-
ity the connection between the respective as-
pects of physical, intellectual, and ethical states.
Flower, Benjamin Orange. An American
editor and author; born in Illinois in 1859.
He was until recently the publisher and editor
of the Arena, Boston, Mass. Among his nu-
merous works are: (Civilization's Inferno; or
Studies in the Social Cellar (1893); (The New
Time) (1894); Persons, Places, and Ideas);
"Gerald Massey: Poet, Prophet, and Mystic)
(1895). He is now editor of The New Time.
Flower, Frank Abial. An American histor-
ical writer; born in Cottage, N. Y. , May 11, 1854.
Has written several local histories. Among
his works are to be found : (Old Abe, the Wis-
consin War Eagle) (1880); (The Life of Mat-
thew H. Carpenter) (1883); and a (History of
the Republican Party) (1884). He is curator
of the Wisconsin Historical Society.
Flügel, Johann Gottfried (flü'gel). A Ger-
man lexicographer and compiler of language
manuals; born in Barby on the Elbe, Nov. 22,
1788; died in Leipsic, June 24, 1855. He spent
many years in this country in business, diplo-
matic, and official occupations, and compiled
(with J. Sporschil) a (Complete English-Ger-
man and German-English Dictionary) (1830),
besides publishing A Series of Commercial
Letters) (9th ed. 1874); Practical Handbook
of English Business Correspondence) (9th ed.
1873); (Triglot; or Mercantile Dictionary in
Three Tongues — German, English, French)
(2d ed. 1854); and other useful manuals, all
revised, or brought down to contemporary
needs, by his son.
Flygare-Carlén. See Carlén.
Fogazzaro, Antonio (fő-gäts-är'o). An Ital.
ian poet and story-teller; born at Vicenza, 1842.
He first came into notice with Miranda, a
story in verse (1874), and added greatly to his
reputation as a poet with Valsonda,' a volume


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FOGLAR - FONTENELLE
193
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of lyrics (1876). He is author of several novels
which were received with marked favor, among
them (Master Chicco's Fiasco) (1885); Daniel
Cortis) (1887); (The Poet's Mystery) (1888).
Foglar, Ludwig (fõ'glär). An Austrian poet;
born in Vienna, Dec. 24, 1819; died at Kam-
mer, Aug. 15, 1889. Among his poems, mostly
lyric, are (Cypresses) (1842); “Sunbeams and
Shadows) (1846); (Clara von Vissegrad) an
epic (1847); (Freedom's Breviary) (1848); Joy.
ful and Sorrowful' (1867); (Saint Velocipede)
(1869), a satire (under the pseudonym Leb-
erecht Flott”).
Fokke Simonsz, Arend (fok'é). A Dutch
essayist; born at Amsterdam, July 2, 1755; died
there, Nov. 15, 1812. All his writings, especially
his (Catechism of Arts and Sciences) (11 vols. ,
1785-1804), give proof of the extraordinary
compass of his learning; but he is most cele-
brated for his popular scientific works, mostly
written in a burlesque or a satiric vein. From
him we have the delightful literary satires (The
Modern Helicon (1792) and (Apollo, Sergeant
of the Burghers' Guard); Life of Lucifer)
(1799), a history of demonology in form of a
comic romance; the psychological disquisition
(The Different Aspects of Human Life) (1786);
(Woman Is Boss) (1807).
Folengo, Teofilo (fő-len'go). [Pseudonym
"Merlino Coccajo. ”] An Italian poet (1491-
1554). He was the first to win fame as a writer
of macaronic verses. His Macaronic Work of
Merlino Coccajo, Mantuan Poet) – first pub-
lished in 17 cantos (1517), and four years later
in 25-comprises the comico-heroic poems
(Baldus) and (Moscæa) (War of the Midges).
His satire is mostly against monachism. He
writes in cynic humor, but under his burlesque
lies a vein of serious purpose : to him Rabelais
owes not a little. Under the pseudonym “Li-
merno Pitocco” he wrote in Italian the epic sat-
ire (Orlandino) (1526) in ridicule of the story
of Roland; then, partly in macaronic, partly in
pure Italian, partly in pure Latin, «The Chaos
of Three by One) (1527), in which he darkly
recounts the events of his own life. He wrote
them while a vagrant from his monastery; he
returned later and composed some religious
poems of little value.
Follen, August (föl'len). A German poet
of patriotism, and popular song writer; born
in Giessen, Jan. 21, 1794; died in Bern, Dec.
26, 1855. He was a little of a soldier, a little
of a lawyer, and a good deal of an enthusiast,
suffering imprisonment for alleged demagogy.
He became intensely popular as the author of
(Sons of Fatherland,' a patriotic hymn; (Ma-
legys and Vivian' (1829), a romance of chivalry ;
and numerous fine translations and poetic ap-
peals to the instinct for liberty.
Follen, Eliza Lee (Cabot). An American
prose-writer and poet; born in Boston, Aug.
15, 1787; died in Brookline, Mass. , Jan. 26,
1800. She was the wife of Charles T. C. Fol-
len, whose memoir she wrote (1842). Her other
works are: “Poems) (1839); (Twilight Stories)
(1858); and (Home Dramas) (1859).
Folz, Hans (fõlts). A German master-
singer; native of Worms; died about 1515, at
Nuremberg, where he followed the trade of
barber-surgeon. He is best known for his
Shrove Tuesday plays; but he wrote also many
jests, New-Year's lays, minstrel songs, etc.