No More Learning

v. Tevédalos. ) [L. S. ) De Mort. Percg. 36; Dorville, ad Chariton. i. 4. )
GENETYLLIS(revetuarís), the protectress of The Romans seem to have received their theory
births, occurs both as a surname of Aphrodite concerning the genii from the Etruscans, though
VOL. IL.
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242
GENIUS.
GENNADIUS.
&
a
&
the name Genius itself is Latin (it is connected Schömann, de Diis Manibus, Laribus, et Gennis,
with gen-itus, gi-gyv-ouan, and equivalent in mean-Greifswald, 1840. )
(LS. )
ing to generator or father ; see August. de Civ. GENNA'DIUS, a presbyter of Marseilles, who
Dei, vii. 13). The genii of the Romans are fre-flourished at the close of the fifth century, is
quently confounded with the Manes, Lares, and known to us as the author of a work De Viris Il-
Penates (Censorin. 3. ); and they have indeed one lustribus, containing one hundred short lives of
great feature in common, viz. that of protecting ecclesiastical writers from A. D. 392 to about A. D.
mortals; but there seems to be this essential differ 495, thus forming a continuation of the tract by
ence, that the genii are the powers which produce Jerome which bears the same title. The last
life (dii genitules), and accompany man through notice, devoted to the compiler himself, embraces
it as his second or spiritual self, whereas the other all that is known with regard to his history and
powers do not begin to exercise their influence till compositions: “Ego Gennadius, Massiliae presby-
life, the work of the genii, has commenced. The ter, scripsi adversus omnes haereses libros octo, et
genii were further not confined to man, but every adversus Nestorium libros sex, adversus Pelagium
living being, animal as well as man, and every libros tres, et tractatus de mille annis et de Apo-
place, had its genius. (Paul. Diac. p. 71; Serv. ad calypsi beati Johannis, et hoc opus, et epistolam de
Virg. Georg. i. 302. ) Every human being at his fide mea misi ad beatum Gelasium, urbis Romae
birth obtains (sortitur) a genius. Horace (Epist. episcopum. ” Gelasius died A. D. 496.
ii. 2. 187) describes this genius as vultu mutabilis
, or the writings here enumerated, none have
whence we may infer either that he conceived the been preserved, with the exception of the Biogra-
genius as friendly towards one person, and as hos- phical Sketches and the Epistola de Fide mea, or,
tile towards another, or that he manifested himself as it is sometimes headed, Libellus de Ecclesiasticis
to the same person in different ways at different Dogmatibus, which was at one time ascribed to
times, i. e. sometimes as a good, and sometimes as St. Augustin. Notwithstanding the pretensions
an evil genius. The latter supposition is con- put forth by Gennadius himself as a champion of
firmed by the statement of Servius (ad Aen. vi. orthodoxy, expressions have been detected in both
743), that at our birth we obtain two genii, one of the above pieces which indicate a decided lean-
leading us to good, and the other to evil, and that ing towards Semipelagianism. On the other hand,
at our death by their influence we either rise to a it has been maintained that the whole of these
higher state of existence, or are condemned to a passages are interpolations, since the most obo
lower one. The spirit who appeared to Cassius, noxious are altogether omitted in the two oldest
saying, “ We shall meet again at Philippi,” is ex. MSS. of the De Viris Illustribus now extant, those
pressly called his evil spirit, kakodaiuwv. (Val. of Lucca and Verona. The preliminary remarks
Max. i. 7. 8 7; Plut. Brut. 36. ) Women called upon Jerome are also, in all probability, the pro
their genins Juno (Senec. Epist. 110; Tibull. iv. duction of a later hand.
6. 1); and as we may thus regard the genii of men The De Viris Illustribus was published in a
as being in some way connected with Jupiter, it volume containing the Catalogue of Jerome, along
would follow that the genii were emanations from with those of Isidorus, Honorius, &c. , by Suf-
the great gods. Every man at Rome had his own fridus, 8vo. Colon. , 1530; with the notes of
genius, whom he worshipped as sanctus et sanctissi- Miraeus, fol. Antw. 1639; with the notes of Mi-
mus deus, especially on his birthday, with libations raeus and E. S. Cyprianus, 4to. , Helmst. , 1700;
of wine, incense, and garlands of flowers. (Tibull
. by J. A. Fabricius, in his Bibliotheca Ecclesiastica,
ni. 2. 5; Ov. Trist. iii. 13. 18, v. 5, 11 ; Senec. fol. , Hamb. , 1718, and is included in most editions
Epist. 114; Horat. Carm. iv. 11. 7. ) The bridal of the collected works of Jerome.
bed was sacred to the genius, on account of his The Libellus de Ecclesiasticis Dogmatibus will be
connection with generation, and the bed itself was found in the Benedictine edition of St. Augustin,
called lectus genialis. On other merry occasions, vol. viii. Append. p. 75. and was published sepa-
also, sacrifices were offered to the genius, and to rately by Elinenhorst, 4to. , Hamburg, 1614. (See
indulge in merriment was not unfrequently ex- the historians of Semipelagianisın referred to at the
pressed by genio indulgere, genium curare or pla- end of the article CASSIANUS. ), (W. R. )
The whole body of the Roman people had GENNADIUS (revrádios), the name of two
its own genius, who is often seen represented on Greek prelates, both bishops or patriarchs of Con-
coins of Hadrian and Trajan. (Amob. ii. 67; stantinople.
Serv, ad Aen. vi. 603; Liv. xxx. 12; Cic. pro 1. The earlier of the two was a presbyter of the
a
Cluent. 5. ) He was worshipped on sad as well Church of Constantinople, and became bishop of that
as joyous occasions ; thus, e. g. sacrifices (ma- see, A. D. 459, on the decease of Anatolius ( ANATO
jores hostiae caesae quinque, Liv. xxi. 62) were Lius). He was one of those who pressed the emperor
offered to him at the beginning of the second Leo I. , the Thracian, to punish Timothy Aelurus (or
year of the Hannibalian war. It was observed the Cat), who had occupied the see of Alexandria
above that, according to Servius (comp. ad Aen. on the murder of Proterius, and his intervention
v. 95), every place had its genius, and he adds, was so far successful that Timothy was banished,
that such a local genius, when he made himself A. D. 460. He also opposed Peter Gnapheus (or
visible, appeared in the form of a serpent, that the Fuller) who, under the patronage of Zeno, son-
is, the symbol of renovation or of new life. The in-law of the emperor, and general of the Eastern
genii are usually represented in works of art as provinces, had expelled Martyrius from the see of
winged beings, and on Roman monuments a genius Antioch, and occupied his place. Gennadius ho-
commonly appears as a youth dressed in the toga, nourably received Martyrius, who went to Constan-
with a patera or cornucopia in his hands, and his tinople, and succeeded in procuring the banish-
head covered ; the genius of a place appears in ment of Peter, A. D. 464. Gennadius died, A. D.
the form of a serpent eating fruit placed before him. 471, and was succeeded by Acacius (Acacius,
(Hartung, Die Relig. der Röm. i. p. 32, &c. ; No. 4). Theodore Anagnostes (or the Reader)
care,


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GENNADIUS.
243
GENNADIUS.
;
has preserved some curious particulars of Gennadius, able to the project of uniting the Greek and
whose death he seems to ascribe to the effect of a Latin Churches, which formed the business of
vision which he had while praying by night at the these councils ; but his opinions were either
altar of his church. He saw the Evil one, who de changed or overruled by the emperor, who was
ciared to him that, though things would remain anxious for the union; and though a layman, he
quiet in his lifetime, his death would be followed was allowed to speak at the council in favour of
by the devastation of the Church, or, as Theophanes the project. (Labbe, Concil. vol. xiii. col. 478. )
has it, by the predominance of the Devil in the The three orations ascribed to him and subjoined
Church. (Evagr. H. E. ii. 11; Theod. Lect. H. E. to the Acts of the Council (Labbe, vol. xiii. col.
excerpla apud Niceph. Callist. i. 13—26; Theo 563–675), are probably much interpolated. A
phan. Chronog. vol. i. pp. 172—176, ed. Bonn. ) letter of his to the council is also subjoined to the
2. The second GENNADIUS belongs to the last | Acts, col. 543—564. A letter of Mark of Ephesus
age of the Byzantine empire, the fall of which he to George severely reprehends this dereliction of
survived. He was known in the earlier part of his former views ; and it was possibly the influ.
his life as GEORGIUS SCHOLARIUS (rempios sence of Mark which determined Gcorge, on his
Σχολάριος).
return to Constantinople, to give his most strenu-
It has been disputed whether there were two ous opposition to the union.
persons contemporaries called originally Georgius When Constantine XIII. Palaeologus ascended
Scholarius and afterwards Gennadius, or only one the throne, on the death of his brother John, A. D.
Leo Allatius and Matthaeus Caryophylus, bishop of 1448, George energetically disputed with the
Iconium, agree in making two: one a layman who bishop of Cortona, the legate sent by Pope Nicho-
attended the emperor John II. Palaeologus at the las V. to induce the new emperor to confirm the
Council of Florence, and warmly and constantly ad- union of Florence ; but fearing that his opposition
vocated the union of the Greek and Latin churches; would irritate the emperor, he retired into a mo-
and the other a monk, an intimate friend and nastery, which he had bound himself by a vow to
disciple of Mark, archbishop of Ephesus, the great do as early as his thirtieth year, but bad hitherto
opponent of the union, and cordially combined with been prevented by various circumstances from carry-
him in that opposition. But Allatius and Caryo-ing into effect. When the pope renewed his efforts
phylus differ remarkably from each other in this: for the union (A. D. 1452), the Greek clergy, of whom
according to the former, the layman afterwards be the greater number and the most important were op-
came an ecclesiastic and patriarch of Constantinople, posed to the union, were guided by the influence and .
while the monk never acquired any ecclesiastical advice of Gennadius ; but the union was, notwith-
dignity, and perhaps died before the overthrow of standing their opposition, confirmed by the emperor,
the Byzantine empire : according to the latter, the During the siege of Constantinople, Gennadius fore-
layman died before the overthrow, while the monk told the overthrow of the city and empire, as the
survived it and became patriarch. We concur with penalty of their having betrayed the faith of their
Fabricius and others that the distinction of two fathers.
Georgii and Gennadii is unsupported by evidence, On the capture of the city by Mohammed II. ,
and improbable in itself, and that there was only one Gennadius attempted to escape, but was brought
person at that time who at successive periods of his back. The patriarch of Constantinople, a favourer
life bore the names of George and Gennadius. The of the union of Florence, had fled into Italy, and
subject is discussed by Allatius in his Diatriba de Mohammed directed the clergy of Constantinople to
Georgiis, contained in the 12th vol. of the Bibl. Gr. elect another in his room. Gennadius was unani-
of Fabricius, and by Fabricius himself in the 11th mously chosen, although against his own will; but
vol, of the same work. It is to be observed that Alla- after a time, disheartened by the condition of
tius makes even a third Gennadius Georgius Scho his church, he abdicated his patriarchal dignity,
larius, whom he terms Metropolita Phasorum, to about A. D. 1457, or 1458, according to some indi-
whom Franciscus Philelphus addresses a Greek cations in his own writings, or 1459, according to
elegy in the second book of his Psychagogia Carm. other statements. After his abdication, he retired
Graec.
to a monastery near Serrae, The time of his
George Scholarius was probably a native of Con- death is not known.
stantinople, and obtained at an early age a high The writings ascribed correctly or otherwise to
reputation for his attainments both in philosophical Gennadius, and extant in MS. , are very numerous.
and legal knowledge, and for his eloquence. The They are given by Fabricius and Harless to the num-
time of his birth is not known. He enjoyed the berof nearly a hundred; beside his letters, which are
friendship of the most important personages at the tolerably numerous, and have furnished Fabricius
court of Constantinople, the emperor John II. Pa- with the materials of his account of the writer. His
laelogus, the princes Constantine (afterwards em- Orationes at the council of Florence have been no-
Feror) and Theodore Palaeologus, brothers of John, ticed; and an Apologia pro quinque Capitibus Con-
and the great duke Luke Notaras, son-in-law of cilü Florentini, which, if it be really his, has been
John. He corresponded with persons of emi- much interpolated, has been repeatedly printed in
nence in Italy, including Franciscus Philelphus a Latin version in the Bibliotheca Patrum (vol.
(who was intimate with George during his stay at xxvi. ed. Lyon. 1677), and elsewhere. His expo
Constantinople), Mark Lipomanus and Ambrose sition of the Christian faith, addressed to Mohammed
the Camaldolite. Many of his letters to these per- Il. , entitled Tepi trīs póuns odvű apds TTiv owTT-
Bons are extant in MS. but without date or place píay Tâv dv@purwv, exists in two forms, of which
of writing.
the shorter is given in the Turco-Graecia of Crusius,
In A. D. 1438–39, George, who held the post of with a Latin and a Turkish version, the latter in
chief judge of the palace, attended the emperor Greek and Roman, or rather Italic characters. A
John at the councils of Ferrara and Florence. It Latin version is printed in the Bibliotheca Patrum
is probable that he had been originally unfavour-) and elsewhere. The Bibliotheca Patrum contains a
R 2


## p. 244 (#260) ############################################

244
GENSERIC.
GENTIUS.
version of all or most of his other writings. An edi- . In person Genseric was of short stature, and
tion of this treatise, with a Latin version by J. A. lame, from a fall from his horse ; of few words,
Brassicanus, 8vo. , Vienna, 1530, contains another austere life, fierce, covetous, and cunning. (Jor-
piece ascribed to Gennadius, entitled Homologia nandes, Rel. Get. c. 33. ) In religion he shared
sive Confessio Fidei. A considerable part of his the Arianism of all the Gothic tribes; and in the
works is on the question of the union of the cruelties exercised under his orders against his
churches, and these are almost entirely in MS. Catholic subjects he exhibited the first instance of
(Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. xi. pp. 349—393; Allatius, persecution carried on upon a large scale by one
Diatriba de Georg. apud Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. ; body of Christians against another. (Victor Vi-
Crusius, Turco-Graecia, lib. i. ii. ) [J. C. M. ] tensis, ap. Ruinart. ) of his general cruelty, the
GENSERIC (ritéporos), king of the Vandals, most notable instance is the cold-blooded murder of
and the most terrible of any of the barbarian in- 500 Zacynthian nobles, in revenge for his repulse at
vaders of the empire. He was the bastard son of Taenarus. (Procop. Bell. L'and. i. 22. ) So also his
Godigisdus (Procop. Bell. Vund. i. 3) or Modigisdus crueltics to Gonderic's widow and sons. (Prosp. a. D.
(Ilist. Miscell. 14), king of the Vandal settlers in 442. ) The story of the murder of Gonderic himself
Spain, and left, in conjunction with his brother was disputed by the Vandals. (Procop. Bell. Vand. i.
Gontharis or Gonderic, in possession of the throne. 4. ) His skill in generalship is indicated by the inge
His life divides itself into two parts: 1st, the con- nious concealment of the fewness of his forces in
quest of Africa (A. D. 429-439); ? nd, the naval 429, by giving his commanders the name of Chili-
attncks on the empire itself (A. D. 439–477). archs. (16. 5. ) The two most striking personal
1. In May A. D. 429 (Idatii Chronic. ), at the invi- anecdotes recorded of him are, first, the interview
tation of Bonifacius ( BONIFACIUS), Genseric crossed with Majorian, when not discovering his imperial
the straits of Gibraltar, at the head of 50,000 men, guest, through the disguise which he had assumed,
to take possession of the Roman provinces in the Genseric was startled by the spontaneous clashing
north of Africa. Joined by the Moors and the of the arms in the arsenal, and took it to be caused
Donatists, of whom the former disgraced his march by an earthquake (ib. 7); the second, bis answer
by their savage licentiousness, and the latter by their to the pilot, who asked him, as they left the port
fanatical cruelties, he ravaged the whole country of Carthage, on one of his marauding expeditions,
with frightful severity. Of the two chief cities, where they should go ? Against whomsoerer
Ilippo fell before him. After the death of Au- God's anger is directed. ” (16. 5. )
gustin, and the flight of Bonifacius, in 431, and His name long remained as the glory of the
the capture of Carthage, in October 439, the whole Vandal nation. (Procop. Bell. land. ii. 2. ) But
province was divided amongst the Vandals, and his career in Africa was shorn of its natural effects
every city, except Carthage, dismantled. (Procop. by the reconquest of that province under Belisarius.
Bell. Vand. i. 3, 5; Chronicles of Idatius. Prosper, In works of art, the city of Rome lost more by his
Marcellinus ; Victor Vitensis, ap. Ruinart. ) attack than by that of any other of the barbarian
2. The fleets of Genseric were the same terror to invaders. (Comp. Gibbon, c. 33, 36. ) (A. P. S. )
the coasts of the Mediterranean as those of Car- GE’NTIUS (révtios, or réve. os—the latter is,
thage had been six centuries before, and as those according to Schweighäuser, the reading of all the
of the Normans were four centuries afterwards. In MSS. of Polybius), son of Pleuratus, a king of the
June 455, invited by the empress Eudocia to aid Illyrians, contemporary with Perseus, the last king
her against the usurper Maximus, Genseric sailed of Macedonia. He is first mentioned as having
to Ostia ; and, although somewhat mitigated by incurred the displeasure of the Romans on account
the supplications of Pope Leo, who again interceded of the piracies of his subjects, who infested all the
for his country at the gates of Rome (ATTILA), he Adriatic, and his answers to their complaints were
attacked and sacked the city for fourteen days and far from satisfactory. (Liv. xl. 42. ) This was as
nights, and returned, carrying with him the statues early as B. c. 180; eight years afterwards, when
from the Capitol, the vessels of the Temple of it was seen that matters were clearly tending to a
Jerusalem from the Temple of Peace, and thousands rupture between the Romans and Perseus, fresh
of captives-amongst them the empress and her complaints were made against Gentius by the
daughters, whose sufferings have become famous people of the Greek city of Issa, who accused
through the alleviation which they received from him of joining with the king of Macedonia in pre-
the Christian charity of Deogratias, bishop of Car- paring war against Rome. (Liv. xlii. 26. ) Yet it
thage. In the same invasion were destroyed does not appear that any negotiations had actually
Capua, Nola, and Neapolis. (Procop. Bell. L'and, taken place between them at this time, and it is
i. 4, 5; Jornandes, Reb. Get. c. 45; Chronicles of certain that Gentius did not openly declare in
Idatius, &c. ; Hist. Miscell. 15. )
favour of Perseus until long after. Immediately
Twice the empire endeavoured to revenge itself, on the breaking out of the war (B. c. 171), fifty-
and twice it failed: the first was the attempt of four light vessels belonging to him, which were
the Western emperor Majorian (A. D. 457), whose stationed at Dyrrachium, were seized by the
fleet was destroyed in the bay of Carthagena. The praetor, C. Lucretius, under pretence that they
second was the expedition sent by the Eastem were sent thither to the assistance of the Romans
emperor Leo, under the command of Heraclius, (Liv. xlii. 48. ) It is not clear whether Gentius
Marcellinus, and Bantiscus (A. D. 468), which had yet made up his mind which side he would
was also baffled by the burning of the fleet off take: perhaps he was waiting to see the probable
Bona. After thus securing all his conquests, and result of the war. Several embassies had been
finally making peace with Zeno, the Eastern em- previously sent him by the Romans, but without
peror, he died A. D. 477, at a great age, leaving in effect ; and it was even said that one of the am-
his will instructions that his kingdom should bassadors, L. Decimius, had allowed himself to be
always descend in the line of the eldest male heir. bribed by the Illyrian king. (Liv. xlii. 26, 37, 45. )
(Procop. Bell. l'and. i.