Whenthismonarchhadbeendeposed,and
banished
from the empire, by his son Henry V.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v2
See ibid.
^ n.
15,p.
8.
'5 See Denis, "Codd. MSS. Theol. Biblioth. Palat. ,"vol. i. , p. i, col. 131.
^^ In the Book of Armagh, this spurious epistle comes in between Colossians and i.
"
Sed Hirunimus devote dicite Amen. xvi. Kal. Junii hodie etiam negat esse Pauli," fo. I38aa. See
rianus
although well worthy of the light,
lished. "—Vol. iv,, 7.
sect,
" Laodicensium
Commentarii de Bibliotheca CiE-
Anima ejus requiescat in pace, propter Deum
Timothy, with the salvo,
"
have not, as far as I know, been as yet pub-
Calnet's Bible, on col. iv. , 16, where it is printed, with various readings. It exists, in many MSS. , and it has even found its way into printed Bibles.
'^ This marginal note accompanies it,
ab alio sub nomine
in the Maurist Appendix, p.
21.
^9 His Commentarii in Paulinas may be
seen, in "Opera" S. Hieronymi, col. 835. Editio Vallars.
chap, xxv. ,
*3 At folio 10 of this MS. are the words
epistola edita. "
"
x. Kal, April, anno Domini MLXXVilli. Mariani miseri Domine
miserere. "
'4 This writer had a habit, likewise, of
rejected, edition of Paris, in tomus ii.
in his handwriting
calling himself
'*
miser Marianus," as in his
iii,, p.
pauli putatur
'*^ This is now
424 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [February 9.
citedinaworkoftheIrishmanSedulius. =° IntheEpisdetotheColossians, the prevaiUng extracts are from St. Gregory ; and, from that to the end, the mostfrequentarefromthefalseAmbrosius. Denissuggests,thatimproved
readings of the text of the Fathers might be, perhaps, obtained, by a colla- tion of their works as printed, with passages quoted from their Avritings, in this MS. These exhibit, in many instances, considerable variations, from
the usually accepted readings. ^' Not the least interesting detail, in con- nexion with this manuscript, is the circumstance, that the writer enables us
=^^
to determine, not only his name, but even his family and origin.
as he made progress with his work, Marianus took care to note in his mother tongue, the dates and festivals of his country's saints, as those occurred during the year 1079. ^3
2°
Namely, in his Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles, and under the signature Pil.
=^ The foregoing account is followed up,
by Dr. Reeves, in his very interesting paper,
with printed illustrations, which serve to
give us an idea of the text, glosses, and in-
terlinear notes, with some marginal com-
ments of his own. He adds, after some pnopueu "oeum oetjoce x)icice.
descriptive remarks: "It would require considerable time, patience, and research, even under the guidance of the erudite Denis, to analyse this admirable manu- script in the detail that all who have hitherto noticed it concur in believing due
<\men.
%m. Itt. itinii ho-oie t^em-A. tJi. ^nno oomini ni. l3£itjiiii.
Here then we have, in the gloss, the Chris-
tian and family name of the illustrious
to its value and importance.
For the pre-
chronographer, written with his own hand,
sent,
obliged
myself
to this
I am
in his mother — tongue
bartaig.
=3 The words on the
to confine
slender sketch, which I close now by giving
the from the foot of folia lo, passages
Muiredack viae Ro-
at the foot of
17, 87, 141, and that at the end, by which the
— margin SAchA|\n ca]x
authorship is proved ; presenting the correct
reading of those, in Irish, on ff. 10, 87, and
which Denis has erro- 141, printed very
neously ; and lastly, by giving the inter- linear gloss, in which, at the end, the illus- trious Marianus signs, in his mother tongue, his native Christian and
^o-^
a fact now for the first time noticed, a name now for the first time ascertained, after ages
—
niini hoTjie tn. non. mAii Anno 'Oomini
m. b:c3ciiii. mA^MAni mife|\i "Oomine mi-
pepe^xe. AlsogivenbyZeussfromDenis,ut supra. But the Irish words, at the foot of fol. 87, he hasprinted in the folio wing uncouth and inaccurate form : — in
divfain
of oblivion. " Dr. Reeves had
previously observed, that it "requires an Irish eye to discern, and Irish wit to unfold, the essen-
tial and beauties of our
points exquisite
MSB. ," while he pays Mr. Charles P. M'Donnell the compliment, in this con- nection.
" The last folio concludes with the fol-
lowing words, which are all written in Ver-
million, with the exception of the Irish
feil comgaill
didin. Aimpedefdia in dilgud doiniw-io ac tros. This had not been noticed by Zeuss, who probably was deterred by Denis' cor- rupt reading. The words in the original being beautifully written (in what Den—is
name of the illustrious
traced between the lines, in black, with his
calls Anglo-Saxon characters) as follows
ITeil comgAill in-oiu yo\. Ain oi'oen.
expiicic epi^'colA
AT) -0000.
ViAbec
ueffiif
family
"Oo-
name—
The words at the foot of fol.
Denis cor-
chronographer,
own hand—for the name is written in
cisely the same hand as that in which the C)\65.
heb]^eo|'
Besides,
English, "Muiredhach, the miserable,
Mac Robartaigh. "
•m^uKxntJS scoccus scmpsic liunc
libnum suis im-dcnibtis pene- 5Rinis
-Anim4 eitjs neqtiiesc<xc in p<xce.
fol. 10 are
:
innochc Anno "Oomini Tn. bxocuiin.
oc, Kb.
rHA]\iAni mifeiAi
*'
-<\p|\ib,
"Oonime
Sabbatum Paschae in nocte x. Kl. April,
A. D. 1079. " Thisisprintedandinterpreted in Zeuss, Gr. Celt. Praef. , p. xxiv. , note.
17, rectly prints, as follows ^X-pcenpo
A impede |:o]\ wa in-oitsut) -oo mun\e-
pre- •oa6 " The festival of
Comgall (»>. , June 10) to-day, on Friday of Refuge. His entreaty of God for forgiveness to Muired- hach the miserable. " Here Cjxog is the equivalent of miser. The loth of June, in 1079, fell on the seventh Friday after Easter. inhorjoneirToiuiDUAecnimuAuis Again,Denishasprintedthewords,atthe . 1. niAcc — foot of fo. 141, in a similarly multilated muipoA'OAi C]\65 nobAfvcAig In shape, omitting also the year, which is
gloss throughout the volume is written : —
:
mii'e^eiAe.
:
February 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 425
To his more celebrated namesake, Marianus Scotus, the Chronographer, are ascribed some inedited works, or copies of works, which are partly con- tained in the library of Ratisbon. Among these, we find noted, Concordia Evangelistarum ; De Universali Computo ; Emendationes Dyonisii ; De Magno Cyclo Paschali ; Algorithmus, Breviarium in Lucam ; Notitia Utriu—s- que Imperii, &c. ^'^ It seems —doubtful enough, if some of the foregoing
be not rather compositions of the present
we cannot always accept the statements of this inaccurate writer, with con-
fidence ; and, further criticism may be usefully exercised, both in the collec-
tion of Marianus' writings, and in ascertaining their genuineness.
The Abbess Emma granted Marianus, in the most fervent spirit of cha,rity, this Church of St. Peter, commonly called Weich-Sanct-Peter, or Weyh S.
Peter,^^ with an adjacent plot. ^7 Thus was a place provided for the Blessed Marianus, and for those monks of his country, who chose to come under his direction. This too was done, with the cheerful sanction of the Emperor Henry IV. ,^^ who was by no means remarkable for his love of religion,=9 and who had excited so much opposition, in his time, to the saintly Pope
written above the line ; he reads them as Emperor, about the year 845. For this
especially the Scriptural tracts
he wrote " ad Regula
to Thomas
Fratres," Hb. i. and other works, which are preserved at Ratisbon. ^s But,
Marianus Scotus.
According
Dempster,
follows '. —fell bfenain innoctfdardain Aim- pedefdia in dilgud domurfo ac tros. Also omitted by Zeuss, probably for the same reason as the last. The words being beauti-
fully written in the original, as plainly as possible :— A. x). mbococuiin. -peii b|\enAin innocc fo^ oAyv-oAin, A impeTje ttoiawa
statement, "Chronica Episcoporum Ratis- ponentium," is quoted. And, Aventinus alludes to the tradition, that wlien Charle-
magne opposed the Bavarians, and took possession of their city, a sword having de- scended from Heaven into his hand ; he
adds, "locum castrorum in templum, quod a Divo Petro consecratum sit, cernentibus noctu in tenebris nescio quibus Scotis, ver- tisse. " Afterwards, he proceeds to refute this fable. See " Annalium Boiorum," lib. iv. , v.
^7 See the Bollandists' "Acta Sanctorum,"
tomus ii,, Februarii ix. Vita auctore Scoto
monacho Ratispon. , cap. iii. , num. 3, p. 368.
in-oiijut) -oo mu|\eT)Ac c^xog.
"
The festi-
val of Brendan (May 9 or 16), in the night,
on Thursday, A. D. 1079. His entreaty of
God for forgiveness to Muiredhach. " It is impossible to say, M'hether Brendan of Birr,
or Brendan of Clonfert, is here intended, for their festivals always fall on the same
day of the week, the former being the 9th,
and the latter the i6th, of In May.
^^ He confirmed its and possessions
1079, both fell on Thursday. See Dr. Reeves'
rights by a charter, dated Kal. Feb. Ind. xii. , A. D. 1089, soon after the death of Marianus. ^9 He had endeavoured to excite a sedi- tion against Pope Gregory VII. , by con- a number of simoniacal at
Paper " On Marianus Scotus, of Ratisbon,"
in " of the Irish Aca- Proceedings Royal
demy," vol. vii. , pp. 299, 300.
^'* See M. le Dr. Hoefer's " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generale," tome xxxiii. , col. 626. =^5 See "Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii. , p, 447.
26
Wigullus Hundius, on the authority of an anonymous chronicle, belonging to this monastery, states, that it was founded in the time of Charlemagne, to commemorate
vening
Worms, in January, 1076, and this time-
his victory over the Bavarians, Slaves, and
Huns, "consecratum miraculose per S.
Petrum cselitus," &c. This was placed on
the Hill of Victory, without the walls ot
Ratisbon. Yet, when this place became him, in the year 1076, and took upon him too small, for the great number of monks
crowding to it, another site was chosen, in a spacious field, belonging to a noble, of
to pronounce, that for his tyranny he had forfeited the crown. —After a turbulent reign, from A. D, 1056 when at fifteen
to build a mo- nastery for the Scots, under the patronage of St. James. Dominick is said to have been its first abbot, in the time of Erckan-
frid, Bishop of Ratisbon, and of Lothaire,
—he succeeded his
years pious father, Henry
in the
Midersil, mountains,
serving conventicle, presumed
Sovereign Pontiff, on pretence of an imagi- nary nullity, in his election. Besides, the EmperorHenryIV. , hadusurpedtherights of episcopal investiture, promoting unworthy men to ecclesiastical dignities, and trafficing in benefices. His nobles and people felt discontented with his rule, and alleged that he had oppressed the liberties of the empire. For these reasons, the Pope excommunicated
he died at
been dethroned by his nobles and by his son, Henry V. See Christian Brothers'
III.
Liege,
A. D,
1106, having
" Historical Class-Book," pp. 277 to 279.
bishops,
to the depose
426 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS, [February 9.
GregoryVII. 2° But,Godwaspleased,induecourse,toincreasethegrain of mustard seed thus sown, until it grew up into a great tree, so that the birds of the air came to dwell in its branches.
The Blessed Marianus, although a stranger, soon found friends, among the inhabitants of his adopted city. 3^ In 1076, a pious citizen of Ratisbon, called Bethselinus,32 or Bezelin,33 built for the Irish, at his own cost, a little monastery, with a cloister. This was an offering of his wealth, which he knew should turn to usury, and tend to his soul's salvation. 34 The Emperor, Henry IV. , afterwards took it under his protection, at the solicitation of the AbbessHazogaorHazecha.
Whenthismonarchhadbeendeposed,and banished from the empire, by his son Henry V. ,35 in 1105,3'^ a succession of holy Irish abbots continued the work of their renowned countryman, Marianus, after he had been called away to the bliss of immortality.
The fame of a countryman's literary repute and piety, as also the news of his prosperity, presently reached Ireland. Numbers of his kindred, and former companions, were well aware, that the early promise of Marianus' youth was now bearing plentiful fruit. Many of these were induced to come out, and to enter his society. 37 The early connexions of the monastery were chiefly with Ulster, his own native province. 38 Yet, after a little time, its fame was extended through other Irish territories. An extraordinary number of postulants flocked thither, to become monks, under the rule of Marianus.
Some of his original companions, however, did not continue to live at
Ratisbon. John,distinguishedforhispietyandwisdom,wenttoGottweich, in Lower Austria, where he became a recluse, under the snintly Bishop Alt- mann. 39 Many admirable things are related concerning him, in the life of the latter holy prelate. 4° His early companion, Clemens, proceeded on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. ^^ There, he ended his days, in peace. ^^
The exact date for this good man's death seems to have been greatly misunderstood, by some writers. He flourished a. d. 1163, when he died,43 if are to credit Dempster's account ; but, this date is plated nearly eighty
30 This holy Pontiff died, at Salerno, on the 25th of May, A. D. 1085, after a pontifi- cate of twelve years. See Berti's "Eccle- siasticae Historise Breviarium," parsii. , scec.
xi. , cap. i,, pp. 46, 47.
3' See Andreas Brunnerus, Annales lib. vi.
lib. ii.
32 Sometimes, this name is found written
Vezelinus or Wezelinus.
33 See Aventinus, "Annales Boiorum," lib. vi.
34 We are most incorrectly reminded, that with the assistance of Pogensius, and of Count de la Bar, he founded the monas- tery, A. D. 1 1 58, known as that of the Scots,
in his own time, and in the time of Demp- "
38 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' "On Ma- Paper
Boicorum," pars iii. ,
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in " Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol. vii. , p. 293.
**
Pter. See Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis and in forty-one paragraphs. This is fol- Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii. , p. 447. lowed by two distinct Lives of Blessed Alt-
Such a statement is quite inaccurate, for Marianus Scotus had been dead seventy years before this date,
35 He reigned eighteen years, and died at
Utrecht at the age of forty-four. See "The
Modern Part ol a Universal History, from
the earliest Accounts to the Present Time,"
vol. XXV. The History of Germany, chap. Scoto monacho Ratispon. , cap. iii. , p. 368. Ixxiv. , sect, iii. , pp. 471 to 481. ^3 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
3*^ See these historical events related in Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii,, p. 447.
"
TAllemand de Schmidt ; par J. C. de la
Histoire des Allemands," traduite de
Veaux, tome iii. , liv. v. , chap, vi. , pp. 127 to 153.
37 See Aventinus, " Annalium Boioram,"
39 His feast occurs on the 8th of August, and he died A. D. 1091.
4° See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii,, Augusti viii. De B. Altmanno Ep. Pata- viensi apud Gottwicenses, in Austria. There is a previous commentary in four sections
mann. Seepp. 356to389.
*' See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Paper "On Ma-
"
Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol.
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in
vii. , p. 293.
zSee the BoUandists' "Acta Sancto-
rum," tomus ii. , Februarii ix. Vita auctore
February 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 427
years after the true period. However, the mistakes, evidently made by the Scottish monk, who wrote the Acts of Marianus, were calculated to lead
subsequent writers into error. He died, in reality, on the 9th of February— the date assigned for his feast-^^—and, in the year of grace, 1088, according to Rader,4S who takes care to distinguish him from Marianus Scotus, the
Chronographer. 46 Bothholypersonswerefellow-countrymen,livedcontem- poraneously, nearly in the same part of Germany ; both were Benedictine monks, and both were writers ; both died in the repute of sanctity, and
within a few years of each other, in Germany : therefore, it does not appear so wonderful, that many writers confound these Mariani and their Acts. It
does not seem improbible, that they had a personal knowledge of each
not to be well known—
appears likely
At the tomb of Marianus, the writer of his Acts states, that not only did
he hear from credible narrators, but saw w^ith his own eyes, how numberless
persons, of every rank, were relieved from diseases, and especially from fevers. One day, while some of the monks talked with levity, near the
sepulchre of the holy man, from it seemed to be exhaled an odour, as if from the flowers of Paradise. By this fragrance was signified, that only serious and religious discourses, referring to God's glory, should be heard in
other. For what reas
—on
authorities justified him Colgan intended to defer the Acts of the present Marianus Scotus, to the T7th of April. 47 It seems probable, his remains were deposited in the Church of St. Peter, at Ratisbon, which he had founded.
such a place. ^s Long after he had passed to eternity, his memory was held inveneration,byallthosepiousmen,wholivedafterhim. Thesixabbots, who succeeded Blessed Marianus, in ruling over the monastery and Church of St. Peter, at Ratisbon, were ail from the north of Ireland. The seventh was a southern. 4s Nor did one colony suffice for the wants of those monks, whoflockedfromIreland,toseekahomeinGermany. FromWeich-Sanct- Peter, another Irish monastery, called St. James's of Ratisbon, took its rise, in 1090. In this city, most of the churches have been altered, modernized, orrebuilt,sothattheyretainverylittleoftheprimitiveconstruction. There is, however, a church of high antiquity, and which remains little changed, the Scotch Benedictine Church of St. Ja? nes (Schottenkirche), situated at the west end of the city, close to Jacob's Gate. 5°
44 According to Father Joannes Gaman- sius, S. J. , who found such a date, marked on the manuscript of the Scottish monk, viz. : "v. Idus Februarii,"
s See "Bavaria Sancta," tomus ii.
4^ According to Rader, he died, A. D. 1086. Notices of this holy man have been
given already, at the 30th of January,
47 Camerarius places his Acts, at the 4th
" Its origin will interest the English travel- ler. Many persons being driven from Scot- land by Macbeth's usurpation, a Benedictine monk, named Marian, who took refuge at Ratisbon, built there, in 1068, a small mo- nastery for his brethren. These Scotcli Benedictines, having become popular by their piety and their devotion to education, and too numerous for their small monastery, Otho, Burgrave of Ratisbon, and his brother, with several nobles and citizens of Ratisbon, built for them, in 11 09, a large convent and
of July. See iii.
*'
De Scotorum Pietate," lib.
42 See the Bollandists' "Acta Sancto-
rum," tomus ii,, Februarii ix. Vita B. church, dedicated to St. James, It is the
Mariani, &c. , cap, ii,, p. 367.
49 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Paper "On Ma-
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in "Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol. vii. , p. 293.
only establishment—out of several indifferent parts of Germany at Wiirzburg, Erfurth,
5° In reference to
to read the following thoroughly inaccurate
caped secularization, probably because its
depreciatedrevenueswerenotworthseizing,
for it at two monks present barely supports
of the order, and five young Scotch students, who are transferred from their native coun-
this,
it is
quite amusing
account, especially prepared to aid t—he
tourists of these islands on the Continent
try
to b« educated here for the
priesthood. "
:
The Church of St. Peters^ suffered
Vienna, &c,
—which still exists. It has es-
but his
42 8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [February 9.
the fate of many other religious establishments in Germany, during the troubles of the sixteenth century. s^ With the church, the shrine or tomb
and the monastery of Marianus Scotus, totally destroyed, his memory was almost forgotten in Eatisbon. Yet, it is possible, in those more peaceful times, some learned German ecclesiastic may take the thought, and find leisure, to collect and publish his valuable commentaries on the Sacred Scriptures, and other authentic works, which should best serve to manifest
his piety and learning, while they should also remain, the imperishable memorials of his claims on the gratitude of every theological and biblical student.
Article II. —St. Cronan, the Wise, Bishop. \Sixth Cmtury. \ Re- ligious training is a first and an essential requisite to make a young man hold fast by the only and secure anchor of Truth and Faith. It is usually developed in the practices of a holy life. Colgan has entered the Acts of St. Cronan, called also Cuaran, at the 9th of February, and he has added some notes. ' The Bollandists have also published the Acts of St. Cronan, bishop,intwoshortparagraphs. * These,however,containnothingregard- ing him, in addition to what Colgan has given. This saint is variously named. St. ^ngustheCuldeecallshimMochuaroc,3andCathaldMaguire gives him a like name. According to Colgan, the Martyrology of Tallagh calls him Caurnanus, or Cuaranus ; yet, it must be observed, in the edition, published by the Rev. Matthew Kelly,-* he is styled, Cuarani Sapientis,^
Murray's
ecriA, tloem nAt)AmAi|\ "01511a,
1624, writes regarding it,
eversa, conversa. " "
Bavaria tomus
Sancta," s
" Cuaran the Wise. " ^ Marianus O'Gorman also notices as him,
signifying,
Cuaran. 7 By nearly all other writers, he is named Cronan. Here, it must be observed, that Cronan and Mochua are names commonly used, by our old writers, for one and the same person ; and, in our menologies are found many saints, bearing either of these commutable appellations. ^ The present holy man is also called Trouan, by Hermann Greuen, in the Carthusian Martyrology, and after this writer, by Canisius and Ferrarius, our saint is similarly designated ; but, Colgan proves such designation to be a mistake, the saint not having received this name, in the writings of our native martyr- ologists. 9 According to some accounts, our saint's father was called
—
Southern Germany," sect. x. p, 108.
" Handbook for Travellers in Route 168,
e. u. i'o. in-o moclitiAi\oc
S' Rader, whose work was issued a. d.
"
sedes ilia extra poma-rium, quae ab loco D. Petro conse- crato nomen tulit, hodie nulla est, anno CIDIDLII. , Antistite Georgio cum aliis non-
nullis templis, praetextu belli, funditus
Coeifech 'Oe]\5An 'oiot)A, Ofpuc HonAin tMjDA.
Mochuaroc of the wisdom, A saint illustrious, noble,
Coerach Dergan, the godly,
Bishop Ronan the kingly,
et i—n ossarium haereticorum demum < See p. xv.
5* See, also, Wigullus Hundius, "Metro-
— "Acta Hibernise," ix, Februarii. De S. Cronano,
qui et Cuaranus, pp. 302, 303.
" See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Feb-
ruarii ix. De S. Cronano Episcopo, in Hi-
bernia, p. 339.
3 As in the subjoined rann in the
:
also bore the name Mochuarog, and
lib. i. , iii.
polis,"
Article ii. 'See Sanctorum
^
He
Fei- lire," transcribed from the Leabhar Breac" copy, and transla—ted into English, by Pro-
fessor O'Looney
:
" "^"
these words
Crona Mac Nethseman dicitur vel Mac
Netha. "
ii. Afterwards follow
"qui et
we find, In-o ecriA, "the wise," appended in a MS. note of W. M. llennessy, to his
copy of the Donegal Martyrology.
'5 See Denis, "Codd. MSS. Theol. Biblioth. Palat. ,"vol. i. , p. i, col. 131.
^^ In the Book of Armagh, this spurious epistle comes in between Colossians and i.
"
Sed Hirunimus devote dicite Amen. xvi. Kal. Junii hodie etiam negat esse Pauli," fo. I38aa. See
rianus
although well worthy of the light,
lished. "—Vol. iv,, 7.
sect,
" Laodicensium
Commentarii de Bibliotheca CiE-
Anima ejus requiescat in pace, propter Deum
Timothy, with the salvo,
"
have not, as far as I know, been as yet pub-
Calnet's Bible, on col. iv. , 16, where it is printed, with various readings. It exists, in many MSS. , and it has even found its way into printed Bibles.
'^ This marginal note accompanies it,
ab alio sub nomine
in the Maurist Appendix, p.
21.
^9 His Commentarii in Paulinas may be
seen, in "Opera" S. Hieronymi, col. 835. Editio Vallars.
chap, xxv. ,
*3 At folio 10 of this MS. are the words
epistola edita. "
"
x. Kal, April, anno Domini MLXXVilli. Mariani miseri Domine
miserere. "
'4 This writer had a habit, likewise, of
rejected, edition of Paris, in tomus ii.
in his handwriting
calling himself
'*
miser Marianus," as in his
iii,, p.
pauli putatur
'*^ This is now
424 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [February 9.
citedinaworkoftheIrishmanSedulius. =° IntheEpisdetotheColossians, the prevaiUng extracts are from St. Gregory ; and, from that to the end, the mostfrequentarefromthefalseAmbrosius. Denissuggests,thatimproved
readings of the text of the Fathers might be, perhaps, obtained, by a colla- tion of their works as printed, with passages quoted from their Avritings, in this MS. These exhibit, in many instances, considerable variations, from
the usually accepted readings. ^' Not the least interesting detail, in con- nexion with this manuscript, is the circumstance, that the writer enables us
=^^
to determine, not only his name, but even his family and origin.
as he made progress with his work, Marianus took care to note in his mother tongue, the dates and festivals of his country's saints, as those occurred during the year 1079. ^3
2°
Namely, in his Commentary on St. Paul's Epistles, and under the signature Pil.
=^ The foregoing account is followed up,
by Dr. Reeves, in his very interesting paper,
with printed illustrations, which serve to
give us an idea of the text, glosses, and in-
terlinear notes, with some marginal com-
ments of his own. He adds, after some pnopueu "oeum oetjoce x)icice.
descriptive remarks: "It would require considerable time, patience, and research, even under the guidance of the erudite Denis, to analyse this admirable manu- script in the detail that all who have hitherto noticed it concur in believing due
<\men.
%m. Itt. itinii ho-oie t^em-A. tJi. ^nno oomini ni. l3£itjiiii.
Here then we have, in the gloss, the Chris-
tian and family name of the illustrious
to its value and importance.
For the pre-
chronographer, written with his own hand,
sent,
obliged
myself
to this
I am
in his mother — tongue
bartaig.
=3 The words on the
to confine
slender sketch, which I close now by giving
the from the foot of folia lo, passages
Muiredack viae Ro-
at the foot of
17, 87, 141, and that at the end, by which the
— margin SAchA|\n ca]x
authorship is proved ; presenting the correct
reading of those, in Irish, on ff. 10, 87, and
which Denis has erro- 141, printed very
neously ; and lastly, by giving the inter- linear gloss, in which, at the end, the illus- trious Marianus signs, in his mother tongue, his native Christian and
^o-^
a fact now for the first time noticed, a name now for the first time ascertained, after ages
—
niini hoTjie tn. non. mAii Anno 'Oomini
m. b:c3ciiii. mA^MAni mife|\i "Oomine mi-
pepe^xe. AlsogivenbyZeussfromDenis,ut supra. But the Irish words, at the foot of fol. 87, he hasprinted in the folio wing uncouth and inaccurate form : — in
divfain
of oblivion. " Dr. Reeves had
previously observed, that it "requires an Irish eye to discern, and Irish wit to unfold, the essen-
tial and beauties of our
points exquisite
MSB. ," while he pays Mr. Charles P. M'Donnell the compliment, in this con- nection.
" The last folio concludes with the fol-
lowing words, which are all written in Ver-
million, with the exception of the Irish
feil comgaill
didin. Aimpedefdia in dilgud doiniw-io ac tros. This had not been noticed by Zeuss, who probably was deterred by Denis' cor- rupt reading. The words in the original being beautifully written (in what Den—is
name of the illustrious
traced between the lines, in black, with his
calls Anglo-Saxon characters) as follows
ITeil comgAill in-oiu yo\. Ain oi'oen.
expiicic epi^'colA
AT) -0000.
ViAbec
ueffiif
family
"Oo-
name—
The words at the foot of fol.
Denis cor-
chronographer,
own hand—for the name is written in
cisely the same hand as that in which the C)\65.
heb]^eo|'
Besides,
English, "Muiredhach, the miserable,
Mac Robartaigh. "
•m^uKxntJS scoccus scmpsic liunc
libnum suis im-dcnibtis pene- 5Rinis
-Anim4 eitjs neqtiiesc<xc in p<xce.
fol. 10 are
:
innochc Anno "Oomini Tn. bxocuiin.
oc, Kb.
rHA]\iAni mifeiAi
*'
-<\p|\ib,
"Oonime
Sabbatum Paschae in nocte x. Kl. April,
A. D. 1079. " Thisisprintedandinterpreted in Zeuss, Gr. Celt. Praef. , p. xxiv. , note.
17, rectly prints, as follows ^X-pcenpo
A impede |:o]\ wa in-oitsut) -oo mun\e-
pre- •oa6 " The festival of
Comgall (»>. , June 10) to-day, on Friday of Refuge. His entreaty of God for forgiveness to Muired- hach the miserable. " Here Cjxog is the equivalent of miser. The loth of June, in 1079, fell on the seventh Friday after Easter. inhorjoneirToiuiDUAecnimuAuis Again,Denishasprintedthewords,atthe . 1. niAcc — foot of fo. 141, in a similarly multilated muipoA'OAi C]\65 nobAfvcAig In shape, omitting also the year, which is
gloss throughout the volume is written : —
:
mii'e^eiAe.
:
February 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 425
To his more celebrated namesake, Marianus Scotus, the Chronographer, are ascribed some inedited works, or copies of works, which are partly con- tained in the library of Ratisbon. Among these, we find noted, Concordia Evangelistarum ; De Universali Computo ; Emendationes Dyonisii ; De Magno Cyclo Paschali ; Algorithmus, Breviarium in Lucam ; Notitia Utriu—s- que Imperii, &c. ^'^ It seems —doubtful enough, if some of the foregoing
be not rather compositions of the present
we cannot always accept the statements of this inaccurate writer, with con-
fidence ; and, further criticism may be usefully exercised, both in the collec-
tion of Marianus' writings, and in ascertaining their genuineness.
The Abbess Emma granted Marianus, in the most fervent spirit of cha,rity, this Church of St. Peter, commonly called Weich-Sanct-Peter, or Weyh S.
Peter,^^ with an adjacent plot. ^7 Thus was a place provided for the Blessed Marianus, and for those monks of his country, who chose to come under his direction. This too was done, with the cheerful sanction of the Emperor Henry IV. ,^^ who was by no means remarkable for his love of religion,=9 and who had excited so much opposition, in his time, to the saintly Pope
written above the line ; he reads them as Emperor, about the year 845. For this
especially the Scriptural tracts
he wrote " ad Regula
to Thomas
Fratres," Hb. i. and other works, which are preserved at Ratisbon. ^s But,
Marianus Scotus.
According
Dempster,
follows '. —fell bfenain innoctfdardain Aim- pedefdia in dilgud domurfo ac tros. Also omitted by Zeuss, probably for the same reason as the last. The words being beauti-
fully written in the original, as plainly as possible :— A. x). mbococuiin. -peii b|\enAin innocc fo^ oAyv-oAin, A impeTje ttoiawa
statement, "Chronica Episcoporum Ratis- ponentium," is quoted. And, Aventinus alludes to the tradition, that wlien Charle-
magne opposed the Bavarians, and took possession of their city, a sword having de- scended from Heaven into his hand ; he
adds, "locum castrorum in templum, quod a Divo Petro consecratum sit, cernentibus noctu in tenebris nescio quibus Scotis, ver- tisse. " Afterwards, he proceeds to refute this fable. See " Annalium Boiorum," lib. iv. , v.
^7 See the Bollandists' "Acta Sanctorum,"
tomus ii,, Februarii ix. Vita auctore Scoto
monacho Ratispon. , cap. iii. , num. 3, p. 368.
in-oiijut) -oo mu|\eT)Ac c^xog.
"
The festi-
val of Brendan (May 9 or 16), in the night,
on Thursday, A. D. 1079. His entreaty of
God for forgiveness to Muiredhach. " It is impossible to say, M'hether Brendan of Birr,
or Brendan of Clonfert, is here intended, for their festivals always fall on the same
day of the week, the former being the 9th,
and the latter the i6th, of In May.
^^ He confirmed its and possessions
1079, both fell on Thursday. See Dr. Reeves'
rights by a charter, dated Kal. Feb. Ind. xii. , A. D. 1089, soon after the death of Marianus. ^9 He had endeavoured to excite a sedi- tion against Pope Gregory VII. , by con- a number of simoniacal at
Paper " On Marianus Scotus, of Ratisbon,"
in " of the Irish Aca- Proceedings Royal
demy," vol. vii. , pp. 299, 300.
^'* See M. le Dr. Hoefer's " Nouvelle Bio-
graphic Generale," tome xxxiii. , col. 626. =^5 See "Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii. , p, 447.
26
Wigullus Hundius, on the authority of an anonymous chronicle, belonging to this monastery, states, that it was founded in the time of Charlemagne, to commemorate
vening
Worms, in January, 1076, and this time-
his victory over the Bavarians, Slaves, and
Huns, "consecratum miraculose per S.
Petrum cselitus," &c. This was placed on
the Hill of Victory, without the walls ot
Ratisbon. Yet, when this place became him, in the year 1076, and took upon him too small, for the great number of monks
crowding to it, another site was chosen, in a spacious field, belonging to a noble, of
to pronounce, that for his tyranny he had forfeited the crown. —After a turbulent reign, from A. D, 1056 when at fifteen
to build a mo- nastery for the Scots, under the patronage of St. James. Dominick is said to have been its first abbot, in the time of Erckan-
frid, Bishop of Ratisbon, and of Lothaire,
—he succeeded his
years pious father, Henry
in the
Midersil, mountains,
serving conventicle, presumed
Sovereign Pontiff, on pretence of an imagi- nary nullity, in his election. Besides, the EmperorHenryIV. , hadusurpedtherights of episcopal investiture, promoting unworthy men to ecclesiastical dignities, and trafficing in benefices. His nobles and people felt discontented with his rule, and alleged that he had oppressed the liberties of the empire. For these reasons, the Pope excommunicated
he died at
been dethroned by his nobles and by his son, Henry V. See Christian Brothers'
III.
Liege,
A. D,
1106, having
" Historical Class-Book," pp. 277 to 279.
bishops,
to the depose
426 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS, [February 9.
GregoryVII. 2° But,Godwaspleased,induecourse,toincreasethegrain of mustard seed thus sown, until it grew up into a great tree, so that the birds of the air came to dwell in its branches.
The Blessed Marianus, although a stranger, soon found friends, among the inhabitants of his adopted city. 3^ In 1076, a pious citizen of Ratisbon, called Bethselinus,32 or Bezelin,33 built for the Irish, at his own cost, a little monastery, with a cloister. This was an offering of his wealth, which he knew should turn to usury, and tend to his soul's salvation. 34 The Emperor, Henry IV. , afterwards took it under his protection, at the solicitation of the AbbessHazogaorHazecha.
Whenthismonarchhadbeendeposed,and banished from the empire, by his son Henry V. ,35 in 1105,3'^ a succession of holy Irish abbots continued the work of their renowned countryman, Marianus, after he had been called away to the bliss of immortality.
The fame of a countryman's literary repute and piety, as also the news of his prosperity, presently reached Ireland. Numbers of his kindred, and former companions, were well aware, that the early promise of Marianus' youth was now bearing plentiful fruit. Many of these were induced to come out, and to enter his society. 37 The early connexions of the monastery were chiefly with Ulster, his own native province. 38 Yet, after a little time, its fame was extended through other Irish territories. An extraordinary number of postulants flocked thither, to become monks, under the rule of Marianus.
Some of his original companions, however, did not continue to live at
Ratisbon. John,distinguishedforhispietyandwisdom,wenttoGottweich, in Lower Austria, where he became a recluse, under the snintly Bishop Alt- mann. 39 Many admirable things are related concerning him, in the life of the latter holy prelate. 4° His early companion, Clemens, proceeded on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. ^^ There, he ended his days, in peace. ^^
The exact date for this good man's death seems to have been greatly misunderstood, by some writers. He flourished a. d. 1163, when he died,43 if are to credit Dempster's account ; but, this date is plated nearly eighty
30 This holy Pontiff died, at Salerno, on the 25th of May, A. D. 1085, after a pontifi- cate of twelve years. See Berti's "Eccle- siasticae Historise Breviarium," parsii. , scec.
xi. , cap. i,, pp. 46, 47.
3' See Andreas Brunnerus, Annales lib. vi.
lib. ii.
32 Sometimes, this name is found written
Vezelinus or Wezelinus.
33 See Aventinus, "Annales Boiorum," lib. vi.
34 We are most incorrectly reminded, that with the assistance of Pogensius, and of Count de la Bar, he founded the monas- tery, A. D. 1 1 58, known as that of the Scots,
in his own time, and in the time of Demp- "
38 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' "On Ma- Paper
Boicorum," pars iii. ,
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in " Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol. vii. , p. 293.
**
Pter. See Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis and in forty-one paragraphs. This is fol- Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii. , p. 447. lowed by two distinct Lives of Blessed Alt-
Such a statement is quite inaccurate, for Marianus Scotus had been dead seventy years before this date,
35 He reigned eighteen years, and died at
Utrecht at the age of forty-four. See "The
Modern Part ol a Universal History, from
the earliest Accounts to the Present Time,"
vol. XXV. The History of Germany, chap. Scoto monacho Ratispon. , cap. iii. , p. 368. Ixxiv. , sect, iii. , pp. 471 to 481. ^3 See " Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis
3*^ See these historical events related in Scotorum," tomus ii. , lib. xii,, p. 447.
"
TAllemand de Schmidt ; par J. C. de la
Histoire des Allemands," traduite de
Veaux, tome iii. , liv. v. , chap, vi. , pp. 127 to 153.
37 See Aventinus, " Annalium Boioram,"
39 His feast occurs on the 8th of August, and he died A. D. 1091.
4° See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii,, Augusti viii. De B. Altmanno Ep. Pata- viensi apud Gottwicenses, in Austria. There is a previous commentary in four sections
mann. Seepp. 356to389.
*' See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Paper "On Ma-
"
Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol.
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in
vii. , p. 293.
zSee the BoUandists' "Acta Sancto-
rum," tomus ii. , Februarii ix. Vita auctore
February 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 427
years after the true period. However, the mistakes, evidently made by the Scottish monk, who wrote the Acts of Marianus, were calculated to lead
subsequent writers into error. He died, in reality, on the 9th of February— the date assigned for his feast-^^—and, in the year of grace, 1088, according to Rader,4S who takes care to distinguish him from Marianus Scotus, the
Chronographer. 46 Bothholypersonswerefellow-countrymen,livedcontem- poraneously, nearly in the same part of Germany ; both were Benedictine monks, and both were writers ; both died in the repute of sanctity, and
within a few years of each other, in Germany : therefore, it does not appear so wonderful, that many writers confound these Mariani and their Acts. It
does not seem improbible, that they had a personal knowledge of each
not to be well known—
appears likely
At the tomb of Marianus, the writer of his Acts states, that not only did
he hear from credible narrators, but saw w^ith his own eyes, how numberless
persons, of every rank, were relieved from diseases, and especially from fevers. One day, while some of the monks talked with levity, near the
sepulchre of the holy man, from it seemed to be exhaled an odour, as if from the flowers of Paradise. By this fragrance was signified, that only serious and religious discourses, referring to God's glory, should be heard in
other. For what reas
—on
authorities justified him Colgan intended to defer the Acts of the present Marianus Scotus, to the T7th of April. 47 It seems probable, his remains were deposited in the Church of St. Peter, at Ratisbon, which he had founded.
such a place. ^s Long after he had passed to eternity, his memory was held inveneration,byallthosepiousmen,wholivedafterhim. Thesixabbots, who succeeded Blessed Marianus, in ruling over the monastery and Church of St. Peter, at Ratisbon, were ail from the north of Ireland. The seventh was a southern. 4s Nor did one colony suffice for the wants of those monks, whoflockedfromIreland,toseekahomeinGermany. FromWeich-Sanct- Peter, another Irish monastery, called St. James's of Ratisbon, took its rise, in 1090. In this city, most of the churches have been altered, modernized, orrebuilt,sothattheyretainverylittleoftheprimitiveconstruction. There is, however, a church of high antiquity, and which remains little changed, the Scotch Benedictine Church of St. Ja? nes (Schottenkirche), situated at the west end of the city, close to Jacob's Gate. 5°
44 According to Father Joannes Gaman- sius, S. J. , who found such a date, marked on the manuscript of the Scottish monk, viz. : "v. Idus Februarii,"
s See "Bavaria Sancta," tomus ii.
4^ According to Rader, he died, A. D. 1086. Notices of this holy man have been
given already, at the 30th of January,
47 Camerarius places his Acts, at the 4th
" Its origin will interest the English travel- ler. Many persons being driven from Scot- land by Macbeth's usurpation, a Benedictine monk, named Marian, who took refuge at Ratisbon, built there, in 1068, a small mo- nastery for his brethren. These Scotcli Benedictines, having become popular by their piety and their devotion to education, and too numerous for their small monastery, Otho, Burgrave of Ratisbon, and his brother, with several nobles and citizens of Ratisbon, built for them, in 11 09, a large convent and
of July. See iii.
*'
De Scotorum Pietate," lib.
42 See the Bollandists' "Acta Sancto-
rum," tomus ii,, Februarii ix. Vita B. church, dedicated to St. James, It is the
Mariani, &c. , cap, ii,, p. 367.
49 See Rev. Dr. Reeves' Paper "On Ma-
rianus Scotus, of Ratisbon," in "Proceed- ings of the Royal Irish Academy," vol. vii. , p. 293.
only establishment—out of several indifferent parts of Germany at Wiirzburg, Erfurth,
5° In reference to
to read the following thoroughly inaccurate
caped secularization, probably because its
depreciatedrevenueswerenotworthseizing,
for it at two monks present barely supports
of the order, and five young Scotch students, who are transferred from their native coun-
this,
it is
quite amusing
account, especially prepared to aid t—he
tourists of these islands on the Continent
try
to b« educated here for the
priesthood. "
:
The Church of St. Peters^ suffered
Vienna, &c,
—which still exists. It has es-
but his
42 8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [February 9.
the fate of many other religious establishments in Germany, during the troubles of the sixteenth century. s^ With the church, the shrine or tomb
and the monastery of Marianus Scotus, totally destroyed, his memory was almost forgotten in Eatisbon. Yet, it is possible, in those more peaceful times, some learned German ecclesiastic may take the thought, and find leisure, to collect and publish his valuable commentaries on the Sacred Scriptures, and other authentic works, which should best serve to manifest
his piety and learning, while they should also remain, the imperishable memorials of his claims on the gratitude of every theological and biblical student.
Article II. —St. Cronan, the Wise, Bishop. \Sixth Cmtury. \ Re- ligious training is a first and an essential requisite to make a young man hold fast by the only and secure anchor of Truth and Faith. It is usually developed in the practices of a holy life. Colgan has entered the Acts of St. Cronan, called also Cuaran, at the 9th of February, and he has added some notes. ' The Bollandists have also published the Acts of St. Cronan, bishop,intwoshortparagraphs. * These,however,containnothingregard- ing him, in addition to what Colgan has given. This saint is variously named. St. ^ngustheCuldeecallshimMochuaroc,3andCathaldMaguire gives him a like name. According to Colgan, the Martyrology of Tallagh calls him Caurnanus, or Cuaranus ; yet, it must be observed, in the edition, published by the Rev. Matthew Kelly,-* he is styled, Cuarani Sapientis,^
Murray's
ecriA, tloem nAt)AmAi|\ "01511a,
1624, writes regarding it,
eversa, conversa. " "
Bavaria tomus
Sancta," s
" Cuaran the Wise. " ^ Marianus O'Gorman also notices as him,
signifying,
Cuaran. 7 By nearly all other writers, he is named Cronan. Here, it must be observed, that Cronan and Mochua are names commonly used, by our old writers, for one and the same person ; and, in our menologies are found many saints, bearing either of these commutable appellations. ^ The present holy man is also called Trouan, by Hermann Greuen, in the Carthusian Martyrology, and after this writer, by Canisius and Ferrarius, our saint is similarly designated ; but, Colgan proves such designation to be a mistake, the saint not having received this name, in the writings of our native martyr- ologists. 9 According to some accounts, our saint's father was called
—
Southern Germany," sect. x. p, 108.
" Handbook for Travellers in Route 168,
e. u. i'o. in-o moclitiAi\oc
S' Rader, whose work was issued a. d.
"
sedes ilia extra poma-rium, quae ab loco D. Petro conse- crato nomen tulit, hodie nulla est, anno CIDIDLII. , Antistite Georgio cum aliis non-
nullis templis, praetextu belli, funditus
Coeifech 'Oe]\5An 'oiot)A, Ofpuc HonAin tMjDA.
Mochuaroc of the wisdom, A saint illustrious, noble,
Coerach Dergan, the godly,
Bishop Ronan the kingly,
et i—n ossarium haereticorum demum < See p. xv.
5* See, also, Wigullus Hundius, "Metro-
— "Acta Hibernise," ix, Februarii. De S. Cronano,
qui et Cuaranus, pp. 302, 303.
" See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus ii. , Feb-
ruarii ix. De S. Cronano Episcopo, in Hi-
bernia, p. 339.
3 As in the subjoined rann in the
:
also bore the name Mochuarog, and
lib. i. , iii.
polis,"
Article ii. 'See Sanctorum
^
He
Fei- lire," transcribed from the Leabhar Breac" copy, and transla—ted into English, by Pro-
fessor O'Looney
:
" "^"
these words
Crona Mac Nethseman dicitur vel Mac
Netha. "
ii. Afterwards follow
"qui et
we find, In-o ecriA, "the wise," appended in a MS. note of W. M. llennessy, to his
copy of the Donegal Martyrology.
