(1864); La
Pucelle)
(1871);
Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time) (1873).
Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time) (1873).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He wrote also many Christmas stories,
as (Streaked with Gold); (Rare Good Luck);
(In the Dark); and the cantatas (The Rose
Maiden) and (The Corsair. He delights in
realistic descriptions of scenes of adventure.
Francis d'Assisi, St. An Italian preacher,
poet, and great spiritual force, founder of the
Franciscan order; born at Assisi in Umbria,
Italy, 1182; died Oct. 12, 1226. His literary
works consist of letters, sermons, ascetic trea-
tises, proverbs, moral apothegms, and hymns.
The most celebrated of his hymns is the "Can-
ticle of the Sun. His memory is held in great
reverence and love on account of his devotion
to religion and his love for all living creatures.
Many anecdotes on this point are contained in
a collection called “The Little Flowers of St.
Francis,' which is still very popular in Italy. *
Francis, Philip, Sir. An Irish-English pub-
lic man and writer, the best accredited of the
candidates for authorship of the Junius » let-
ters; born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740; died in
London, Dec. 23, 1818. He entered the civil
service at 23, and was rapidly advanced, owing
partly to his abilities and partly to personal
influence curiously accordant with partialities
shown in the Letters. Suddenly raised to
the lofty position of one of the resident India
council appointed by Parliament to control
those affairs, he went out to India; spent his
time there in a furious contest for supremacy
with Warren Hastings; was finally vanquished,
but achieved a terrible revenge after his return
to England, by inciting Hastings's impeach-
ment and coaching Burke; entered Parliament,
prepared many pamphlets and made many
speeches of much ability and unfailing acri-
mony. The Letters) – savage assaults on the
heads of the party in power, up to George III.
himself --- appeared in the Public Advertiser of
London from 1768 to 1772; ceasing with the
dispersion of the party faction most liked by
Francis, and a year before his great promotion
and his departure from England. The case
for his authorship is most effectively put in
Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings.
Franck, Adolphe (fronk). A French phi-
losopher; born in Liocourt, Meurthe, Oct. 9,
1809; died in Paris, April 11, 1893. He has
made a specialty of the Jewish side of meta-
physical and humanist subjects, being himself
of Jewish origin. His works are: (Sketches of
a History of Logic) (1838); (The Cabbala, or
Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews) (1843);
"Oriental Studies) (1861); and many similar
productions.
Franck, Johann (frängk). A German hymn-
writer; born in Guben, 1618; died in the Nie-
derlausitz, 1677. His hymns are distinguished
for a fervent, ecstatic quality, as shown in the
collection (Spiritual Zion (1674); among the
best remembered being Adorn Thyself, Loved
Soul, and Jesus, My Joy. )
Franck, Sebastian. A German prose Pietist
and spiritual and ethical writer; born in Don-
auwörth, 1499; died in Basle, Switzerland, 1543.
He was a priest who enlisted warmly in the
cause of the Reformation, and wrote two com-
pilations, (Proverbs (1541) and a World-Book)
(1534), abounding in instructive and edifying
miscellany; in addition to which he produced
historical and descriptive tracts and monographs.
Francke, Kuno. An American scholar and
author; born in Schleswig, Germany, in 1855.
He is professor of German literature in Har-
vard University. His notable book (Social
Forces in German Literature appeared in 1896.
Franco, Niccolò (frän'ko). An Italian poet
(1505-69). He was long the intimate friend
of Pietro Aretino, and his rival in licentious-
ness of verse; at Rome he was punished re-
peatedly for his offenses against decency, and
at last hanged for his satires against Pius V.
Among his works are : Popular Epistles)
(1538); Piscatorial Eclogues); Priapea.
François, Luise von (frän'swä' or fron-
swä'). A German novelist (1817-93). Her
first considerable story, (The Last Recken-
burgerin (1871), was very warmly praised by
the critics for its power in character delinea-
tion: it was followed by Frau Erdmuthen's
Twin Boys) (1872); (Climacteric Years of a
Lucky Fellow! (1877); Judith the House-
keeper) (1868), a peasant counterpart to (The
Last Reckenburgerin,' aná next after that
her best story. She wrote a Popular History
of the Prussian War of Liberation, 1813-15);
and a comedy relating to the Seven Years'
War, “Woman's Station (1882).
## p. 200 (#216) ############################################
200
FRANÇOIS DE NEUFCHÂTEAU – FRAUENLOB
François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas Louis,
Count (fron-swä' dè né-shä-to'). A French
public man and minor poet; born in Saffais,
Meurthe, April 17, 1750; died in Paris (? ), Jan.
10, 1828. He was admitted into the Academy
as the author of Discourse on the Way to Read
Verse) (1775); New Moral Tales in Verse)
(1781); (Fables and Tales in Verse) (1814); and
similar productions.
Francq van Berkhey, Johannes le (frangk
fvan berkſhi). A Dutch poet and naturalist;
born in Leyden, Jan. 23, 1729; died there (? ),
March 13, 1812. He was a physician in Am-
sterdam, whose (Flora and Fauna of Holland
(1769-79), and Natural History of Horned
Cattle (1805-11), received high praise. In his
(Poems) (1776-79), and the (Song of Gratitude)
(1773), he shows talent.
Frankl, Ludwig August, Chevalier von
Hochwart (fränkl). An Austrian poet (1810-
94). His literary début was made with (A
Lay of Hapsburg) (1832), a series of historical
ballads, followed (1836) by the romantic epic
(Christopher Columbus); the Biblical romantic
poem (Rachel (1842); a poem (The Univer-
sity' (1848), the first publication in Austria not
subjected to the official censorship; Don
John of Austria,' a heroic poem (1846); Lyric
Poems, and Epic and Lyric Poetry. )
Franklin, Benjamin. A celebrated Ameri-
can philosopher, statesman, and didactic writer;
born in Boston, Jan. 16, 1706; died in Phila-
delphia, April 17, 1790. Bred a printer from
early boyhood, he was a hard student, and
a wide and judicious reader. He early con-
tributed political articles to the local press.
Removing to Philadelphia, he established a
printing business and founded the Pennsyl.
vania Gazette. He was a promoter of every
enterprise for the public good. His talent for
invention and practical scientific research soon
made itself felt. In 1752 he made his memor-
able discovery of the electrical nature of thun-
derstorms. He issued the first Poor Richard's
Almanac in 1732, to supplant the current al-
manacs — full of worthless astrological predic-
tions and stupid jests — with maxims of thrift
and homely practical philosophy. As Deputy
Postmaster-General he organized a paying
postal system for the colonies. He was twice
agent of Pennsylvania at London to procure
redress of grievances; he passed several years
abroad in public service before the Revolution,
returning to Philadelphia in 1775. Thencefor-
ward, both at home and especially as agent
and diplomat in foreign countries, his life was
devoted to his country's interests. He wrote
his (Autobiography,' reaching down to the year
1757; it has been edited by John Bigelow, and
published in 3 vols. (3d ed. 1893). His (Works)
(19 vols. , 1887-89) contain also his fugitive
pieces - many of them classics for style and
matter, and furnishing some proverbial say.
ings- and his correspondence. *
Franul von Weissenthurn, Johanna (frän'-
öl fōn vis'en-törn). A German dramatist and
actress; born at Grünberg in Coblentz, 1773;
died in Vienna, May 17, 1845. Her interpreta-
tions of stage emotions and characters made
her an international celebrity; and her plays,
in the edition of Newest Dramas) (1821), are
works of great power.
Franzén, Frans Michael (fränt-sān'). A
Swedish poet; born at Uleåborg in Finland,
Feb. 9, 1772; died Aug. 14, 1847. He was pro-
fessor of literature and ethics in the University
of Åbo; but after the annexation of Finland to
Russia he settled in Sweden, and in 1831 was
made Bishop of Hernösand. As a poet he
refused to adopt the didactic manner then
regnant in Swedish poetry, and wrote in an
unaffected idyllic vein with singular grace of
style. His collected works were published in
5 vols. (1824-36).
Franzos, Karl Emil (fränt-sõs'). An Aus-
trian novelist ; born in Podolia, Oct. 25, 1848, of
Jewish parentage. First studying jurisprudence,
he became a newspaper correspondent, traveled
extensively in Europe and Asia, edited an illus-
trated paper in Vienna, and finally studied in
Berlin as a man of letters. His first volume-
(Semi-Asia : Pictures of Life in Galicia, Buko-
wina, Southern Russia, and Roumania) (1876)
- was a brilliant success all over Europe, being
translated everywhere; and he has maintained
high rank. Among his lively and graceful
novels are: (A Struggle for the Right' (1881);
(Tragic Stories) (1880); Judith Trachtenberg
(1890); (The Old Doctor's God' (1892); “The
Truth-Seeker) (1894).
Frapan, Ilse (fräpſän), pseudonym of Ilse
Levien. A German story-writer; born in Ham-
burg, Feb. 3, 1852. She is most at home in
delineations of the life and traits of the people;
as in “Bitter-Sweet) (1891), (Familiar Faces)
(1893), and other stories in this field.
Fraser, Alexander Campbell. A Scotch
philosophical writer; born at Ardchattan, Ar-
gyleshire, September 1819. He was a lecturer
on mental philosophy in the New College, Edin-
burgh, 1846; editor of the North British Review
1850 -50; professor of logic in Edinburgh Uni-
versity. His principal productions are: (Es-
says in Philosophy) (1856); (Rational Phi-
losophy) (1858); a memoir of Bishop Berkeley,
with a collected edition of his works (1871);
an annotated edition of Locke's Essay on
Human Understanding' (1894).
Fraser, James Baillie. An English traveler
and man of letters; born at Reelick, Inverness-
shire, June 11, 1783; died January 1856. He
went to the West Indies, and thence to India,
in 1815 making explorations in the Himala-
yas. He wrote (A Historical and Descriptive
Account of Persia,' and other works.
Frauenlob (frou'en-lõb), pseudonym of Hein-
rich von Meissen. A German mastersinger
(1250-1318). He was a roving minstrel, prac-
ticing his art in the courts of the princes of
southern and northern Germany; at last he
settled in Mayence, and is believed to have
## p. 201 (#217) ############################################
FRÉCHETTE - FRENCH
201
a
established there the first school of minstrelsy.
His pseudonym or nickname, “Panegyric of
Woman, he won from contending in a poetical
competition for the word lady » (frau) instead
of “woman » (weib). Tradition
says that
women bore his corpse to the cathedral.
Fréchette, Louis Honoré (frā-shet'). A
French-Canadian poet; born at Quebec about
1839. He has written many odes and lyrics
exquisite in form and inspired by genuine
passion: they are collected in the volumes (My
Leisure Hours); Pell-Mell); (The Legend
of a People. He translated for the Théâtre
Français of Paris several of Shakespeare's plays.
His poem Northern Blooms) was crowned
by the French Academy. *
Frederic, Harold. An American journalist
and novelist; born in Utica, N. Y. , Aug. 19,
1856. He has for several years been London
correspondent for the American press. Among
his stories are: (The Lawton Girl); "In the
Valley); “The Copperhead,' a tale of the Civil
War; "The Damnation of Theron Ware);
(March Hares,' a study of contemporary social
life. *
Frederica, Paul (fred-er-ek'). A Belgian
historian; born in Ghent, Aug. 12, 1850. Ac-
curacy of scholarship, liberality view, and
ease of style are manifest in his (Essay on the
Political and Social Part Played by the Dukes
of Burgundy in the Low Countries! (1875),
(The Netherlands under the Emperor Charles
V. (1885), and other studies in Flemish and
Netherlandish chronicles.
Fredro, Count Alexander (frād'ro). A nota-
ble Polish dramatist, called “the Molière of
Poland » ; born at Suchorow in Galicia, 1793;
died at Lemberg, July 15, 1876. He is the
founder of Polish comedy, those who preceded
him having worked over French plays. Mr.
Moneybags) (his first piece, 1821), 'Ladies and
Hussars, Man and Wife,' and Revenge,' are
his titles. The scenes are taken from real life.
Fredro, Johann Alexander. A Polish dram-
atist, son of Count Alexander (1829-91). Не
served in the Polish-Hungarian legion in the
Hungarian revolt of 1848, and after its sup-
pression lived in exile till 1857. Of his numer-
ous comedies these may be mentioned : Before
Breakfast! (1864); Foreign Elements) (1872);
(The Goloshes (1879); "Poor or Rich) (1880).
Freeman, Edward Augustus. A distin-
guished English historian; born at Harborne
in Staffordshire, Aug. 2, 1823; died at Alicante
in Spain, March 16, 1892. He was appointed
professor of history at Oxford, 1884. The prin-
cipal of his very numerous works are: (His-
tory and Conquests of the Saracens) (1856);
History of the Norman Conquest of England'
(6 vols. , 1867-79); "General Sketch of European
History) (1872); "Growth of the English Con-
stitution' (1872); Reign of William Rufus and
Accession of Henry L. (2 vols. , 1882); (Fifty
Years European History) (1888 At the
time of his death he was engaged on a great
(History of Sicily, of which four volumes have
been published. Among his miscellaneous
writings are: Lectures to American Audi-
ences) (1882) and (Some Impressions of the
United States) (1883). His contributions to
the periodicals of his day were frequent and
of great weight; and he was a fiery and un-
varying champion of national freedom. *
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (fri'lig-rät). A nota-
ble German poet; born in Detmold, June 17,
1810; died in Cannstatt, March 18, 1876. His
first volume of Poems) (1838), full of grand
Oriental imagery, won universal favor - and a
royal pension, which he renounced as discredit-
ing his liberalism, publishing a 'Confession of
Faith) in verse (1844). Banished as a sower
of sedition, he took refuge in London till the
revolution of 1848. Returning, he was tried
for high treason for his poem (The Dead to
the Living, but acquitted ; then threatened with
prosecution for Political and Social Poems);
and once more flying to London, lived there
till 1808. His poems are imaginative and pas-
sionate, with ringing and spirited diction ; many
of his songs are widely popular. He was
an admirable translator, notably from Scott,
Shakespeare, and Longfellow. *
Frémont, Mrs. Jessie Benton. An Ameri-
can prose-writer, wife of John Charles ; born in
Virginia, 1824. Her father was Thomas H.
Benton of Missouri. She has published : 'Story
of the Guard : A Chronicle of the War, with
a German translation (1863); a sketch of her
father prefixed to her husband's memoirs (1886);
(Souvenirs of my Time) (1887); and (The Will
and the Way Stories.
Frémont, John Charles. An American ex-
plorer, politician, general, and writer; born in
Savannah, Ga. , Jan. 21, 1813; died in New
York city, July 13, 1890. Не was the first
Republican nominee for the Presidency, and
served as major-general in the United States
army during the Civil War. His publications
include : (Report of the Exploring Expedition
to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Ore-
gon and Northern California in 1843-44'; 'Fré-
mont's Explorations); and Memoirs of my
Life) (1886).
French, Alice. See Thanet.
French, Henry Willard. An American lect-
urer and author; born in Connecticut in 1853.
Among his numerous works are :'Castle Foam
(1880), a Russian story; 'Ego) (1880), a novel ;
"Gems of Genius) (1880); (Vuna, the Brahmin
Girl? (1881); (Our Boys in China (1883);
(Through Arctics and Tropics) (1892).
French, L. Virginia (Smith). An Ameri-
can poet; born in Maryland in 1830; died at
McMinnville, Tenn. , March 31, 1881. She was
associate editor of the Southern Lady's Book,
a fashion magazine, published in New Orleans
(1852). Her collected works are : (Wind
Whispers,' poems (1856); "Iztalilxo,' a tragedy
(1859); and (Legends of the South) (1867).
:
## p. 202 (#218) ############################################
FRENEAU – FRIEDRICHS
202
Freneau, Philip. An American poet; born
in New York city, Jan. 2, 1752; died near
Freehold, N. J. , Dec. 18, 1832. His connection
with Jefferson and other men of the time made
him conspicuous. "The Home of Night,' an
imaginative poem, possesses merit and will en-
dure. (The College Examination,' 'Eutaw
Springs, and “The Indian Student,' are favor-
ably remembered. A competent critic com-
mends his "Lines to a Wild Honeysuckle) as
sincere and delicate.
Frenzel, Karl Wilhelm (frents'el). A Ger-
man novelist and essayist; born at Berlin, Dec.
6, 1827. He has published several volumes of
historical essays, as (Poets and Women) (3
vols. , 1859-06), Busts and Pictures) (1864),
(Renaissance and Rococo) (1878), all marked
by fine discernment and just historical per-
spective; also two volumes of dramatic criti-
cism, Berlin Dramaturgy) (1877). Among his
numerous historical novels of the eighteenth
century are: Pope Ganganelli) (1864); (Char-
lotte Corday!
(1864); La Pucelle) (1871);
Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time) (1873).
Outside the field of historical fiction he has
written many stories, as Mrs. Venus) (1880);
(Chambord) (1883); (Weary of Life) (1886);
(Woman's Rights) (1892). He is also author
of (German Voyages) (1868).
Frere, John Hookham. An English poet,
translator, and diplomatist; born in London
(not Norfolk), May 21, 1709; died in Malta,
Jan. 7, 1846. He was a Cambridge graduate,
and one of the founders of the Anti-Jacobin
(see Canning). After a career in the diplo-
matic service, he produced his original Pro-
spectus and Specimen of an Intended National
Work . . Relating to King Arthur and his
Round Table) (1817), better known as “The
Monks and the Giants); a literary burlesque,
but full of charming verse and of excellent
character-drawing. It naturalized in English
the ottava rima afterward used by Byron in
(Beppo) and Don Juan. A version of a large
part of Aristophanes succeeded this effort.
Frey, Adolf (fri). A German poet, biogra-
pher, and essayist; born Feb. 18, 1855. In his
(Poems) (1886), and (Recollections of Gottfried
Keller) (1892), culture and scholarship are con-
spicuous; and a volume on Albrecht von Hal-
ler and his Importance in German Literature)
(1879) shows great critical acumen.
Frey, Friedrich Hermann. See Greif.
Frey, Jakob. A Swiss novelist; born at
Gutenschwyl in Aargau, May 13, 1824. His
novels are few in number, but they are to be
classed with the finest productions of Swiss
literary genius. They are : (Between Jura and
Alps) (1858); (The Orphan Girl of Hollizen)
(1863); “Swiss Portraits (in three parts, 1864-77).
Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius (fri'.
ling-hou'zen). A German theologian and
hymnist; born in Gandersheim, Dec. 2, 1670;
died in Halle, Feb. 12, 1739. His Song-Book
(1704) is one of the most voluminous and
meritorious compilations of sacred verse ever
made; and his work on the Foundation of
Theology) is the masterpiece of the Pietist
movement of Halle.
Freytag, Gustav (fri'täg). A distinguished
German poet and novelist; born at Kreuzburg
in Silesia, July 13, 1816; died at Wiesbaden,
April 30, 1895. His first dramatic composition
was (The Bridal Tour,' a comedy (1844); it
was followed by a little one-act tragedy, “The
Savant) (1844), and by a small volume of poems
(In Breslau) (1845); after which he produced
(The Valentine) (1846), (Count Valdemar)
(1847), and “The Journalists (1853). Among
his works outside of the drama may be men-
tioned his great novel of social life, Debit and
Credit) (3 vols. , 1855; 40th ed. 1893), followed by
another novel of social life, (The Lost MS.
(1864; 23d ed. 1893). His next work, Ances.
tors,' is a cycle of six stories portraying the
German civilization from the beginning of his.
toric times. *
Fric, Joseph Václav (frich). A Czech jour-
nalist, dramatist, agitator, and poet; born in
Prague, Sept. 5, 1829; died there, Oct. 14, 1890.
Political activity and journalistic independ.
ence resulted in his exile, but he was granted
amnesty after wandering through Europe and
writing anti-Austrian books and papers.
His
place in his country's literature is due to
Laments of the Bohemian Crown) (1868), a
political pamphlet; (The Vampire) (1849), a
patriotic poem; “Ulric von Hutten) and (Ma.
zeppa, dramas; and various other productions.
Friedländer, Ludwig (frēd'len-der). A Ger-
man classical philologist and scholar; born in
Königsberg, July 16, 1824. His most represent-
ative work is (Typical Studies in the History
of Roman Manners and Morals) (6th ed. 1889),
written in popular style. (The Remains of
Nicanor's Emendations of the Punctuation of
the Riad (1850), and like theses, constitute
him an authority in Homeric criticism.
Friedmann, Alfred (frēd'man). A German
poet and story-teller; born at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Oct. 26, 1845. His poems have every
grace of form, but lack original inspiration.
Among them are : (Merlin. Orpheus) (1874),
two ballads ; ( Biblical Stars) (1875), compris.
ing three idylls ; Love's Fire Test. Angio-
letta); Lays of the Heart) (1888). He is the
author of many novels, including: (Two Mar-
riages); "Suddenly Rich (1891); (The Wild
Rose) (1893).
Friedrich, Friedrich (frēd'rich). A German
novelist; born in Gross-Vahlberg, Little Bruns-
wick, May 2, 1828; died in Plauen, near Dres-
den, April 13, 1890. He was the author of
many pleasing romances; the best of them -
(War Scenes) (1860); (The Minister's Wife)
(1871); Frank and Free) (1872); and “The
Honor of the House) (1884) --evincing a con-
siderable degree of constructive ingenuity.
Friedrichs, Hermann (fredrichs). A Ger.
man poet and story-writer; born in St. Goar
## p. 203 (#219) ############################################
FRIES - FROMMEL
203
on the Rhine, June 14, 1854. He has distin-
guished himself in periodical journalism, and
shown taste as a maker of polite literature in
( The Revenge of the Bayadere) (1880), a
lyric; (Love Ordeals) ( 1888 ), a volume of
stories; and (Forms and Passions) (1889),
poems, all uniting tropical intensity to rhetorical
grace and purity of diction.
Fries, Jakob Friedrich (frēs). A German
philosopher; born in Barby, Aug. 23, 1773;
died at Wartburg, Aug. 10, 1843. He is a link
between Kant's system and the so-called his-
torical school. The New or Anthropological
Critique of Reason (1807) is his most important
book; although his Handbook to Psychical
Anthropology) (1820), “System of Metaphysics)
(1824), and two or three besides, must be con-
sidered in an estimation of his position in Ger-
man letters.
Friis, Jens Andreas (frēs). A Norwegian
philologist, ethnologist, and sketch-writer; born
in Sogndal, 1821 (? ). He has exhaustively investi-
gated the language and literature of the Finns
and Laps; a Lap Grammar) (1856), Lap
Mythology) (1871), and like works, giving him
pre-eminence in this field. (Holidays among
Crags and Mountains) (1876) -- hunting and
fishing sketches, with the mountains of his
country as background -give another side
of his literary power.
Friman, Klaus (frē'män). A Danish poet;
born in Selloe, Norway, Aug. 4, 1746 ; died in
Dawigen, Norway, Oct. 16, 1829. He was a
country clergyman. Ilis descriptive poem
(Hornelen' (1777) had merits; but the grace-
ful pastoral lyrics which followed constitute
him a poet of strongly individualized charm.
Friman, Peder Harboe.
A Danish poet,
brother of Klaus; born in Selloe, Nov. 19,
1752; died in Copenhagen, Sept. 31, 1839. He
also exploited Hornelen in a pleasing metrical
description (1777). He wrote odes, and a poem,
"St. Sunniva's Cloister, of much beauty.
Froebel, Friedrich (fré'bel). A notable Ger-
man educator; born at Oberweissbach, April
21, 1782; died at Marienthal, June 21, 1852. He
was for some time associated with Pestalozzi,
but evolved a theory of education of his own.
To explain it he wrote (The Education of
Man) (Vol. i. , 1826), a work of deep and ori-
ginal thought. He opened the first Kinder-
garten or Children's Garden at Blankenburg,
Thuringia, 1840. *
Froebel, Julius. A German journalist, polit-
ical and descriptive writer, and publicist ; born
in Griesheim, near Stadtilm, July 16, 1805;
died in Zürich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. He
was active in the popular movements preced-
ing and during 1848. He wrote: (The Re-
publicans, a political drama; (Theory of
Politics) (1861-64); (America: Experiences,
Studies, and Travels' (1857-58), the latter work
the fruit of much personal observation and a
residence there of nine years; and (A System
of Social Politics) (2d ed. 1847). He was a
remarkably keen and accurate observer, and a
writer of rare plausibility.
Fröhlich, Abraham Emanuel (fre’lich). A
Swiss poet and fabulist (1796-1865). His first
work was a volume of (Fables) (1825), fol-
lowed (1827) by a small volume of Swiss
Lays. (The Gospel of St. John in Songs )
(1835) explains itself. He also wrote (Elegies
on Cradle and Bier) (1835); three epics on
the Reformers Zwingli, Ulrich von Hutten,
and Calvin ; a volume of (Rhymed Proverbs)
(1850); “Selected Psalms and Spiritual Songs)
(2d ed. 1845).
Fröhlich, Karl Hermann. A German juve-
nile poet and artist; born in Stralsund, April
8, 1821. His silhouettes and figures, accom-
panied by verse, have delighted childhood in
two continents. Fables and Tales) (1853-54),
and New Silhouettes and Rhymes) (1855),
are particular favorites.
Frohschammer, Jakob (fro'shäm-er). A
German philosopher; born in Illkosen, Bavaria,
Jan. 6, 1821 ; died at the Kreuth, June 14, 1893.
He was a Catholic priest when he began the
series of writings which called public attention
to him and cost him his pastorate. These
include Christianity and Modern (Nature )
Science) (1868); “The Imagination (Phantasie)
as the Fundamental Factor (Grundprinzip) in
Cosmic Evolution (Weltprozess (1877); and
(Outline System of Philosophy) (Part 1, 1892):
in which, and other works, mysticism, "other-
worldliness, and the phenomena of the im-
agination are incorporated among the more
ordinary particles of the philosophic mosaic.
Froissart, Jean (froi'särt or frwä-sär'). A
celebrated French chronicler and poet; born
at Valenciennes in Hainault, 1337; died at.
Chimay, 1416(? ). He began at 20 to write the
history of the wars of his time. His Chron-
icle ) (as the title is usually abbreviated) cov-
ering the years 1326-1400, is of capital impor-
tance for its period. To a collection of the
verses of Wenceslaus of Brabant, Froissart
added some of his own, and gave to the
whole the title (Meliador, or the Knight of
the Golden Sun. All his extant poems were
published at Brussels in 3 vols. , 1870-72. *
Fromentin, Eugène (fro-mon-tan'). A French
artist, critic, and writer of travel sketches; born
in La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820; died in St.
Maurice near La Rochelle, Aug. 27, 1876. A
journey undertaken in the interest of art re-
sulted in "A Year in the Sahel (5th ed. 1884)
and (A Summer in the Sahara) (9th ed. 1888).
He has also entered another department of lit-
erature with «The Masters of a Former Day).
(1876), a happy bit of appreciation of old
painters.
Frommel, Emil (from'el). A German popu-
lar story-writer and theologian; born in Karls-
ruhe, Jan. 5, 1828. He was a brave army
chaplain, and turned out good sermons to the
general edification; but (Tales for the People)
>
## p. 204 (#220) ############################################
204
FRONTAURA - FUN-FUSINATO
(9 vols. , 1873-86), and similar collections of
humorous and realistic compositions, will form
his memorials in the future.
Frontaura, Carlos (fron-tou'rä). A Spanish
story-writer and dramatist; born in Madrid,
Sept. 4, 1834. (The Philanthropist,' a comedy,
and Fortunes and Misfortunes of Rosita, a
novel, illustrate his talent at its best. His
compositions are characterized in general by
a light gayety. He was a very prolific writer.
Frontinus, Sextus Julius. A Roman gen-
eral, public official, and author; born about 40
A. D. ; died probably in 103 A. D. He was
urban prætor of Rome in 70, and as governor
of Britain (76-78) acquired a great reputation
by the conquest of the warlike Silures. He
was twice consul, and during the reign of Nerva
became superintendent of aqueducts, to which
appointment we owe his valuable treatise (On
the Aqueducts of Rome. Of the other works
attributed to him, the only genuine one is the
(Strategematicon,' treating of military tactics.
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (fron'tő). A
Roman rhetorician and epistolary writer; born
in Cirta, Numidia, about 100 A. D. ; died in
Rome (? ), 180 (? ). It is in his letters, first
brought to light in 1815, that he is revealed as
a writer of ability and importance.
Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon. An
American Unitarian clergyman and religious
writer; born in Boston, Mass. , July 23, 1793;
died there, April 4, 1870. He was author of
Deism or Christianity); “Sermons in the Or-
der of a Twelvemonth) (1852); and Metrical
Pieces) (1855). His writings are marked by
grace and refinement.
Frothingham, Octavius Brooks. An Ameri-
can Unitarian clergyman, son of Nathaniel ;
'born in Massachusetts, 1822; died 1895. His
radical views led to the resignation of his pas-
torate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass.
He preached in Jersey City, 1855-59; then or-
ganized the Third Unitarian Church in New
York city, where he preached very radical and
advanced views until the dissolution of the
church in 1879. The remainder of his life
was devoted to travel and literary pursuits,
his home being in Boston. His works were :
(Stories from the Lips of the Teacher); (Stories
from the Old Testament); (The Religion of
Humanity); 'The Cradle of the Christ); Me.
moir of W. H. Channing); (The Safest Creed);
(Beliefs of the Unbelievers); Creed and Con-
duct); (The Spirit of the New Faith); (The
Rising and the Setting Faith'; 'Lives of Ger-
rit Smith, George Ripley, Theodore Parker);
(Transcendentalism in New England); (Rec-
ollections and Impressions); etc.
Froude, James Anthony (fröd). A notable
English historian; born at Dartington in Devon-
shire, April 23, 1818; died in London Oct. 20,
1894. In the beginning of the Tractarian con-
troversy he was a close friend of Newman, and
was a contributor to the Lives of the English
Saints. He took orders in the Anglican Church
(1844). Among his works may be mentioned :
Luther : A Short Biography) (1833); “Shadows
of a Cloud) (1847); (Nemesis of Faith) (1848);
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey
to the Death of Elizabeth) (12 vols. , 1850–70);
"Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish
Character) (1867); “The English in Ireland in
the Eighteenth Century' (3 vols. , 1872); Cæsar:
A Sketch) (1879); (Thomas Carlyle) (1882);
(Spanish Story of the Armada! (1892). He
was the successor of E. A. Freeman in the pro-
fessorship of modern history at Oxford. *
Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzio Maria (frö-
go'nē). An Italian poet (1692-1768). He was
a Franciscan friar, and was professor of rhet-
oric at Brescia, Bologna, Modena, etc. ; at the
court of Parma he was appointed poet lau-
reate and historiographer.
as (Streaked with Gold); (Rare Good Luck);
(In the Dark); and the cantatas (The Rose
Maiden) and (The Corsair. He delights in
realistic descriptions of scenes of adventure.
Francis d'Assisi, St. An Italian preacher,
poet, and great spiritual force, founder of the
Franciscan order; born at Assisi in Umbria,
Italy, 1182; died Oct. 12, 1226. His literary
works consist of letters, sermons, ascetic trea-
tises, proverbs, moral apothegms, and hymns.
The most celebrated of his hymns is the "Can-
ticle of the Sun. His memory is held in great
reverence and love on account of his devotion
to religion and his love for all living creatures.
Many anecdotes on this point are contained in
a collection called “The Little Flowers of St.
Francis,' which is still very popular in Italy. *
Francis, Philip, Sir. An Irish-English pub-
lic man and writer, the best accredited of the
candidates for authorship of the Junius » let-
ters; born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740; died in
London, Dec. 23, 1818. He entered the civil
service at 23, and was rapidly advanced, owing
partly to his abilities and partly to personal
influence curiously accordant with partialities
shown in the Letters. Suddenly raised to
the lofty position of one of the resident India
council appointed by Parliament to control
those affairs, he went out to India; spent his
time there in a furious contest for supremacy
with Warren Hastings; was finally vanquished,
but achieved a terrible revenge after his return
to England, by inciting Hastings's impeach-
ment and coaching Burke; entered Parliament,
prepared many pamphlets and made many
speeches of much ability and unfailing acri-
mony. The Letters) – savage assaults on the
heads of the party in power, up to George III.
himself --- appeared in the Public Advertiser of
London from 1768 to 1772; ceasing with the
dispersion of the party faction most liked by
Francis, and a year before his great promotion
and his departure from England. The case
for his authorship is most effectively put in
Macaulay's Essay on Warren Hastings.
Franck, Adolphe (fronk). A French phi-
losopher; born in Liocourt, Meurthe, Oct. 9,
1809; died in Paris, April 11, 1893. He has
made a specialty of the Jewish side of meta-
physical and humanist subjects, being himself
of Jewish origin. His works are: (Sketches of
a History of Logic) (1838); (The Cabbala, or
Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews) (1843);
"Oriental Studies) (1861); and many similar
productions.
Franck, Johann (frängk). A German hymn-
writer; born in Guben, 1618; died in the Nie-
derlausitz, 1677. His hymns are distinguished
for a fervent, ecstatic quality, as shown in the
collection (Spiritual Zion (1674); among the
best remembered being Adorn Thyself, Loved
Soul, and Jesus, My Joy. )
Franck, Sebastian. A German prose Pietist
and spiritual and ethical writer; born in Don-
auwörth, 1499; died in Basle, Switzerland, 1543.
He was a priest who enlisted warmly in the
cause of the Reformation, and wrote two com-
pilations, (Proverbs (1541) and a World-Book)
(1534), abounding in instructive and edifying
miscellany; in addition to which he produced
historical and descriptive tracts and monographs.
Francke, Kuno. An American scholar and
author; born in Schleswig, Germany, in 1855.
He is professor of German literature in Har-
vard University. His notable book (Social
Forces in German Literature appeared in 1896.
Franco, Niccolò (frän'ko). An Italian poet
(1505-69). He was long the intimate friend
of Pietro Aretino, and his rival in licentious-
ness of verse; at Rome he was punished re-
peatedly for his offenses against decency, and
at last hanged for his satires against Pius V.
Among his works are : Popular Epistles)
(1538); Piscatorial Eclogues); Priapea.
François, Luise von (frän'swä' or fron-
swä'). A German novelist (1817-93). Her
first considerable story, (The Last Recken-
burgerin (1871), was very warmly praised by
the critics for its power in character delinea-
tion: it was followed by Frau Erdmuthen's
Twin Boys) (1872); (Climacteric Years of a
Lucky Fellow! (1877); Judith the House-
keeper) (1868), a peasant counterpart to (The
Last Reckenburgerin,' aná next after that
her best story. She wrote a Popular History
of the Prussian War of Liberation, 1813-15);
and a comedy relating to the Seven Years'
War, “Woman's Station (1882).
## p. 200 (#216) ############################################
200
FRANÇOIS DE NEUFCHÂTEAU – FRAUENLOB
François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas Louis,
Count (fron-swä' dè né-shä-to'). A French
public man and minor poet; born in Saffais,
Meurthe, April 17, 1750; died in Paris (? ), Jan.
10, 1828. He was admitted into the Academy
as the author of Discourse on the Way to Read
Verse) (1775); New Moral Tales in Verse)
(1781); (Fables and Tales in Verse) (1814); and
similar productions.
Francq van Berkhey, Johannes le (frangk
fvan berkſhi). A Dutch poet and naturalist;
born in Leyden, Jan. 23, 1729; died there (? ),
March 13, 1812. He was a physician in Am-
sterdam, whose (Flora and Fauna of Holland
(1769-79), and Natural History of Horned
Cattle (1805-11), received high praise. In his
(Poems) (1776-79), and the (Song of Gratitude)
(1773), he shows talent.
Frankl, Ludwig August, Chevalier von
Hochwart (fränkl). An Austrian poet (1810-
94). His literary début was made with (A
Lay of Hapsburg) (1832), a series of historical
ballads, followed (1836) by the romantic epic
(Christopher Columbus); the Biblical romantic
poem (Rachel (1842); a poem (The Univer-
sity' (1848), the first publication in Austria not
subjected to the official censorship; Don
John of Austria,' a heroic poem (1846); Lyric
Poems, and Epic and Lyric Poetry. )
Franklin, Benjamin. A celebrated Ameri-
can philosopher, statesman, and didactic writer;
born in Boston, Jan. 16, 1706; died in Phila-
delphia, April 17, 1790. Bred a printer from
early boyhood, he was a hard student, and
a wide and judicious reader. He early con-
tributed political articles to the local press.
Removing to Philadelphia, he established a
printing business and founded the Pennsyl.
vania Gazette. He was a promoter of every
enterprise for the public good. His talent for
invention and practical scientific research soon
made itself felt. In 1752 he made his memor-
able discovery of the electrical nature of thun-
derstorms. He issued the first Poor Richard's
Almanac in 1732, to supplant the current al-
manacs — full of worthless astrological predic-
tions and stupid jests — with maxims of thrift
and homely practical philosophy. As Deputy
Postmaster-General he organized a paying
postal system for the colonies. He was twice
agent of Pennsylvania at London to procure
redress of grievances; he passed several years
abroad in public service before the Revolution,
returning to Philadelphia in 1775. Thencefor-
ward, both at home and especially as agent
and diplomat in foreign countries, his life was
devoted to his country's interests. He wrote
his (Autobiography,' reaching down to the year
1757; it has been edited by John Bigelow, and
published in 3 vols. (3d ed. 1893). His (Works)
(19 vols. , 1887-89) contain also his fugitive
pieces - many of them classics for style and
matter, and furnishing some proverbial say.
ings- and his correspondence. *
Franul von Weissenthurn, Johanna (frän'-
öl fōn vis'en-törn). A German dramatist and
actress; born at Grünberg in Coblentz, 1773;
died in Vienna, May 17, 1845. Her interpreta-
tions of stage emotions and characters made
her an international celebrity; and her plays,
in the edition of Newest Dramas) (1821), are
works of great power.
Franzén, Frans Michael (fränt-sān'). A
Swedish poet; born at Uleåborg in Finland,
Feb. 9, 1772; died Aug. 14, 1847. He was pro-
fessor of literature and ethics in the University
of Åbo; but after the annexation of Finland to
Russia he settled in Sweden, and in 1831 was
made Bishop of Hernösand. As a poet he
refused to adopt the didactic manner then
regnant in Swedish poetry, and wrote in an
unaffected idyllic vein with singular grace of
style. His collected works were published in
5 vols. (1824-36).
Franzos, Karl Emil (fränt-sõs'). An Aus-
trian novelist ; born in Podolia, Oct. 25, 1848, of
Jewish parentage. First studying jurisprudence,
he became a newspaper correspondent, traveled
extensively in Europe and Asia, edited an illus-
trated paper in Vienna, and finally studied in
Berlin as a man of letters. His first volume-
(Semi-Asia : Pictures of Life in Galicia, Buko-
wina, Southern Russia, and Roumania) (1876)
- was a brilliant success all over Europe, being
translated everywhere; and he has maintained
high rank. Among his lively and graceful
novels are: (A Struggle for the Right' (1881);
(Tragic Stories) (1880); Judith Trachtenberg
(1890); (The Old Doctor's God' (1892); “The
Truth-Seeker) (1894).
Frapan, Ilse (fräpſän), pseudonym of Ilse
Levien. A German story-writer; born in Ham-
burg, Feb. 3, 1852. She is most at home in
delineations of the life and traits of the people;
as in “Bitter-Sweet) (1891), (Familiar Faces)
(1893), and other stories in this field.
Fraser, Alexander Campbell. A Scotch
philosophical writer; born at Ardchattan, Ar-
gyleshire, September 1819. He was a lecturer
on mental philosophy in the New College, Edin-
burgh, 1846; editor of the North British Review
1850 -50; professor of logic in Edinburgh Uni-
versity. His principal productions are: (Es-
says in Philosophy) (1856); (Rational Phi-
losophy) (1858); a memoir of Bishop Berkeley,
with a collected edition of his works (1871);
an annotated edition of Locke's Essay on
Human Understanding' (1894).
Fraser, James Baillie. An English traveler
and man of letters; born at Reelick, Inverness-
shire, June 11, 1783; died January 1856. He
went to the West Indies, and thence to India,
in 1815 making explorations in the Himala-
yas. He wrote (A Historical and Descriptive
Account of Persia,' and other works.
Frauenlob (frou'en-lõb), pseudonym of Hein-
rich von Meissen. A German mastersinger
(1250-1318). He was a roving minstrel, prac-
ticing his art in the courts of the princes of
southern and northern Germany; at last he
settled in Mayence, and is believed to have
## p. 201 (#217) ############################################
FRÉCHETTE - FRENCH
201
a
established there the first school of minstrelsy.
His pseudonym or nickname, “Panegyric of
Woman, he won from contending in a poetical
competition for the word lady » (frau) instead
of “woman » (weib). Tradition
says that
women bore his corpse to the cathedral.
Fréchette, Louis Honoré (frā-shet'). A
French-Canadian poet; born at Quebec about
1839. He has written many odes and lyrics
exquisite in form and inspired by genuine
passion: they are collected in the volumes (My
Leisure Hours); Pell-Mell); (The Legend
of a People. He translated for the Théâtre
Français of Paris several of Shakespeare's plays.
His poem Northern Blooms) was crowned
by the French Academy. *
Frederic, Harold. An American journalist
and novelist; born in Utica, N. Y. , Aug. 19,
1856. He has for several years been London
correspondent for the American press. Among
his stories are: (The Lawton Girl); "In the
Valley); “The Copperhead,' a tale of the Civil
War; "The Damnation of Theron Ware);
(March Hares,' a study of contemporary social
life. *
Frederica, Paul (fred-er-ek'). A Belgian
historian; born in Ghent, Aug. 12, 1850. Ac-
curacy of scholarship, liberality view, and
ease of style are manifest in his (Essay on the
Political and Social Part Played by the Dukes
of Burgundy in the Low Countries! (1875),
(The Netherlands under the Emperor Charles
V. (1885), and other studies in Flemish and
Netherlandish chronicles.
Fredro, Count Alexander (frād'ro). A nota-
ble Polish dramatist, called “the Molière of
Poland » ; born at Suchorow in Galicia, 1793;
died at Lemberg, July 15, 1876. He is the
founder of Polish comedy, those who preceded
him having worked over French plays. Mr.
Moneybags) (his first piece, 1821), 'Ladies and
Hussars, Man and Wife,' and Revenge,' are
his titles. The scenes are taken from real life.
Fredro, Johann Alexander. A Polish dram-
atist, son of Count Alexander (1829-91). Не
served in the Polish-Hungarian legion in the
Hungarian revolt of 1848, and after its sup-
pression lived in exile till 1857. Of his numer-
ous comedies these may be mentioned : Before
Breakfast! (1864); Foreign Elements) (1872);
(The Goloshes (1879); "Poor or Rich) (1880).
Freeman, Edward Augustus. A distin-
guished English historian; born at Harborne
in Staffordshire, Aug. 2, 1823; died at Alicante
in Spain, March 16, 1892. He was appointed
professor of history at Oxford, 1884. The prin-
cipal of his very numerous works are: (His-
tory and Conquests of the Saracens) (1856);
History of the Norman Conquest of England'
(6 vols. , 1867-79); "General Sketch of European
History) (1872); "Growth of the English Con-
stitution' (1872); Reign of William Rufus and
Accession of Henry L. (2 vols. , 1882); (Fifty
Years European History) (1888 At the
time of his death he was engaged on a great
(History of Sicily, of which four volumes have
been published. Among his miscellaneous
writings are: Lectures to American Audi-
ences) (1882) and (Some Impressions of the
United States) (1883). His contributions to
the periodicals of his day were frequent and
of great weight; and he was a fiery and un-
varying champion of national freedom. *
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (fri'lig-rät). A nota-
ble German poet; born in Detmold, June 17,
1810; died in Cannstatt, March 18, 1876. His
first volume of Poems) (1838), full of grand
Oriental imagery, won universal favor - and a
royal pension, which he renounced as discredit-
ing his liberalism, publishing a 'Confession of
Faith) in verse (1844). Banished as a sower
of sedition, he took refuge in London till the
revolution of 1848. Returning, he was tried
for high treason for his poem (The Dead to
the Living, but acquitted ; then threatened with
prosecution for Political and Social Poems);
and once more flying to London, lived there
till 1808. His poems are imaginative and pas-
sionate, with ringing and spirited diction ; many
of his songs are widely popular. He was
an admirable translator, notably from Scott,
Shakespeare, and Longfellow. *
Frémont, Mrs. Jessie Benton. An Ameri-
can prose-writer, wife of John Charles ; born in
Virginia, 1824. Her father was Thomas H.
Benton of Missouri. She has published : 'Story
of the Guard : A Chronicle of the War, with
a German translation (1863); a sketch of her
father prefixed to her husband's memoirs (1886);
(Souvenirs of my Time) (1887); and (The Will
and the Way Stories.
Frémont, John Charles. An American ex-
plorer, politician, general, and writer; born in
Savannah, Ga. , Jan. 21, 1813; died in New
York city, July 13, 1890. Не was the first
Republican nominee for the Presidency, and
served as major-general in the United States
army during the Civil War. His publications
include : (Report of the Exploring Expedition
to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Ore-
gon and Northern California in 1843-44'; 'Fré-
mont's Explorations); and Memoirs of my
Life) (1886).
French, Alice. See Thanet.
French, Henry Willard. An American lect-
urer and author; born in Connecticut in 1853.
Among his numerous works are :'Castle Foam
(1880), a Russian story; 'Ego) (1880), a novel ;
"Gems of Genius) (1880); (Vuna, the Brahmin
Girl? (1881); (Our Boys in China (1883);
(Through Arctics and Tropics) (1892).
French, L. Virginia (Smith). An Ameri-
can poet; born in Maryland in 1830; died at
McMinnville, Tenn. , March 31, 1881. She was
associate editor of the Southern Lady's Book,
a fashion magazine, published in New Orleans
(1852). Her collected works are : (Wind
Whispers,' poems (1856); "Iztalilxo,' a tragedy
(1859); and (Legends of the South) (1867).
:
## p. 202 (#218) ############################################
FRENEAU – FRIEDRICHS
202
Freneau, Philip. An American poet; born
in New York city, Jan. 2, 1752; died near
Freehold, N. J. , Dec. 18, 1832. His connection
with Jefferson and other men of the time made
him conspicuous. "The Home of Night,' an
imaginative poem, possesses merit and will en-
dure. (The College Examination,' 'Eutaw
Springs, and “The Indian Student,' are favor-
ably remembered. A competent critic com-
mends his "Lines to a Wild Honeysuckle) as
sincere and delicate.
Frenzel, Karl Wilhelm (frents'el). A Ger-
man novelist and essayist; born at Berlin, Dec.
6, 1827. He has published several volumes of
historical essays, as (Poets and Women) (3
vols. , 1859-06), Busts and Pictures) (1864),
(Renaissance and Rococo) (1878), all marked
by fine discernment and just historical per-
spective; also two volumes of dramatic criti-
cism, Berlin Dramaturgy) (1877). Among his
numerous historical novels of the eighteenth
century are: Pope Ganganelli) (1864); (Char-
lotte Corday!
(1864); La Pucelle) (1871);
Lucifer: A Story of Napoleon's Time) (1873).
Outside the field of historical fiction he has
written many stories, as Mrs. Venus) (1880);
(Chambord) (1883); (Weary of Life) (1886);
(Woman's Rights) (1892). He is also author
of (German Voyages) (1868).
Frere, John Hookham. An English poet,
translator, and diplomatist; born in London
(not Norfolk), May 21, 1709; died in Malta,
Jan. 7, 1846. He was a Cambridge graduate,
and one of the founders of the Anti-Jacobin
(see Canning). After a career in the diplo-
matic service, he produced his original Pro-
spectus and Specimen of an Intended National
Work . . Relating to King Arthur and his
Round Table) (1817), better known as “The
Monks and the Giants); a literary burlesque,
but full of charming verse and of excellent
character-drawing. It naturalized in English
the ottava rima afterward used by Byron in
(Beppo) and Don Juan. A version of a large
part of Aristophanes succeeded this effort.
Frey, Adolf (fri). A German poet, biogra-
pher, and essayist; born Feb. 18, 1855. In his
(Poems) (1886), and (Recollections of Gottfried
Keller) (1892), culture and scholarship are con-
spicuous; and a volume on Albrecht von Hal-
ler and his Importance in German Literature)
(1879) shows great critical acumen.
Frey, Friedrich Hermann. See Greif.
Frey, Jakob. A Swiss novelist; born at
Gutenschwyl in Aargau, May 13, 1824. His
novels are few in number, but they are to be
classed with the finest productions of Swiss
literary genius. They are : (Between Jura and
Alps) (1858); (The Orphan Girl of Hollizen)
(1863); “Swiss Portraits (in three parts, 1864-77).
Freylinghausen, Johann Anastasius (fri'.
ling-hou'zen). A German theologian and
hymnist; born in Gandersheim, Dec. 2, 1670;
died in Halle, Feb. 12, 1739. His Song-Book
(1704) is one of the most voluminous and
meritorious compilations of sacred verse ever
made; and his work on the Foundation of
Theology) is the masterpiece of the Pietist
movement of Halle.
Freytag, Gustav (fri'täg). A distinguished
German poet and novelist; born at Kreuzburg
in Silesia, July 13, 1816; died at Wiesbaden,
April 30, 1895. His first dramatic composition
was (The Bridal Tour,' a comedy (1844); it
was followed by a little one-act tragedy, “The
Savant) (1844), and by a small volume of poems
(In Breslau) (1845); after which he produced
(The Valentine) (1846), (Count Valdemar)
(1847), and “The Journalists (1853). Among
his works outside of the drama may be men-
tioned his great novel of social life, Debit and
Credit) (3 vols. , 1855; 40th ed. 1893), followed by
another novel of social life, (The Lost MS.
(1864; 23d ed. 1893). His next work, Ances.
tors,' is a cycle of six stories portraying the
German civilization from the beginning of his.
toric times. *
Fric, Joseph Václav (frich). A Czech jour-
nalist, dramatist, agitator, and poet; born in
Prague, Sept. 5, 1829; died there, Oct. 14, 1890.
Political activity and journalistic independ.
ence resulted in his exile, but he was granted
amnesty after wandering through Europe and
writing anti-Austrian books and papers.
His
place in his country's literature is due to
Laments of the Bohemian Crown) (1868), a
political pamphlet; (The Vampire) (1849), a
patriotic poem; “Ulric von Hutten) and (Ma.
zeppa, dramas; and various other productions.
Friedländer, Ludwig (frēd'len-der). A Ger-
man classical philologist and scholar; born in
Königsberg, July 16, 1824. His most represent-
ative work is (Typical Studies in the History
of Roman Manners and Morals) (6th ed. 1889),
written in popular style. (The Remains of
Nicanor's Emendations of the Punctuation of
the Riad (1850), and like theses, constitute
him an authority in Homeric criticism.
Friedmann, Alfred (frēd'man). A German
poet and story-teller; born at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Oct. 26, 1845. His poems have every
grace of form, but lack original inspiration.
Among them are : (Merlin. Orpheus) (1874),
two ballads ; ( Biblical Stars) (1875), compris.
ing three idylls ; Love's Fire Test. Angio-
letta); Lays of the Heart) (1888). He is the
author of many novels, including: (Two Mar-
riages); "Suddenly Rich (1891); (The Wild
Rose) (1893).
Friedrich, Friedrich (frēd'rich). A German
novelist; born in Gross-Vahlberg, Little Bruns-
wick, May 2, 1828; died in Plauen, near Dres-
den, April 13, 1890. He was the author of
many pleasing romances; the best of them -
(War Scenes) (1860); (The Minister's Wife)
(1871); Frank and Free) (1872); and “The
Honor of the House) (1884) --evincing a con-
siderable degree of constructive ingenuity.
Friedrichs, Hermann (fredrichs). A Ger.
man poet and story-writer; born in St. Goar
## p. 203 (#219) ############################################
FRIES - FROMMEL
203
on the Rhine, June 14, 1854. He has distin-
guished himself in periodical journalism, and
shown taste as a maker of polite literature in
( The Revenge of the Bayadere) (1880), a
lyric; (Love Ordeals) ( 1888 ), a volume of
stories; and (Forms and Passions) (1889),
poems, all uniting tropical intensity to rhetorical
grace and purity of diction.
Fries, Jakob Friedrich (frēs). A German
philosopher; born in Barby, Aug. 23, 1773;
died at Wartburg, Aug. 10, 1843. He is a link
between Kant's system and the so-called his-
torical school. The New or Anthropological
Critique of Reason (1807) is his most important
book; although his Handbook to Psychical
Anthropology) (1820), “System of Metaphysics)
(1824), and two or three besides, must be con-
sidered in an estimation of his position in Ger-
man letters.
Friis, Jens Andreas (frēs). A Norwegian
philologist, ethnologist, and sketch-writer; born
in Sogndal, 1821 (? ). He has exhaustively investi-
gated the language and literature of the Finns
and Laps; a Lap Grammar) (1856), Lap
Mythology) (1871), and like works, giving him
pre-eminence in this field. (Holidays among
Crags and Mountains) (1876) -- hunting and
fishing sketches, with the mountains of his
country as background -give another side
of his literary power.
Friman, Klaus (frē'män). A Danish poet;
born in Selloe, Norway, Aug. 4, 1746 ; died in
Dawigen, Norway, Oct. 16, 1829. He was a
country clergyman. Ilis descriptive poem
(Hornelen' (1777) had merits; but the grace-
ful pastoral lyrics which followed constitute
him a poet of strongly individualized charm.
Friman, Peder Harboe.
A Danish poet,
brother of Klaus; born in Selloe, Nov. 19,
1752; died in Copenhagen, Sept. 31, 1839. He
also exploited Hornelen in a pleasing metrical
description (1777). He wrote odes, and a poem,
"St. Sunniva's Cloister, of much beauty.
Froebel, Friedrich (fré'bel). A notable Ger-
man educator; born at Oberweissbach, April
21, 1782; died at Marienthal, June 21, 1852. He
was for some time associated with Pestalozzi,
but evolved a theory of education of his own.
To explain it he wrote (The Education of
Man) (Vol. i. , 1826), a work of deep and ori-
ginal thought. He opened the first Kinder-
garten or Children's Garden at Blankenburg,
Thuringia, 1840. *
Froebel, Julius. A German journalist, polit-
ical and descriptive writer, and publicist ; born
in Griesheim, near Stadtilm, July 16, 1805;
died in Zürich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. He
was active in the popular movements preced-
ing and during 1848. He wrote: (The Re-
publicans, a political drama; (Theory of
Politics) (1861-64); (America: Experiences,
Studies, and Travels' (1857-58), the latter work
the fruit of much personal observation and a
residence there of nine years; and (A System
of Social Politics) (2d ed. 1847). He was a
remarkably keen and accurate observer, and a
writer of rare plausibility.
Fröhlich, Abraham Emanuel (fre’lich). A
Swiss poet and fabulist (1796-1865). His first
work was a volume of (Fables) (1825), fol-
lowed (1827) by a small volume of Swiss
Lays. (The Gospel of St. John in Songs )
(1835) explains itself. He also wrote (Elegies
on Cradle and Bier) (1835); three epics on
the Reformers Zwingli, Ulrich von Hutten,
and Calvin ; a volume of (Rhymed Proverbs)
(1850); “Selected Psalms and Spiritual Songs)
(2d ed. 1845).
Fröhlich, Karl Hermann. A German juve-
nile poet and artist; born in Stralsund, April
8, 1821. His silhouettes and figures, accom-
panied by verse, have delighted childhood in
two continents. Fables and Tales) (1853-54),
and New Silhouettes and Rhymes) (1855),
are particular favorites.
Frohschammer, Jakob (fro'shäm-er). A
German philosopher; born in Illkosen, Bavaria,
Jan. 6, 1821 ; died at the Kreuth, June 14, 1893.
He was a Catholic priest when he began the
series of writings which called public attention
to him and cost him his pastorate. These
include Christianity and Modern (Nature )
Science) (1868); “The Imagination (Phantasie)
as the Fundamental Factor (Grundprinzip) in
Cosmic Evolution (Weltprozess (1877); and
(Outline System of Philosophy) (Part 1, 1892):
in which, and other works, mysticism, "other-
worldliness, and the phenomena of the im-
agination are incorporated among the more
ordinary particles of the philosophic mosaic.
Froissart, Jean (froi'särt or frwä-sär'). A
celebrated French chronicler and poet; born
at Valenciennes in Hainault, 1337; died at.
Chimay, 1416(? ). He began at 20 to write the
history of the wars of his time. His Chron-
icle ) (as the title is usually abbreviated) cov-
ering the years 1326-1400, is of capital impor-
tance for its period. To a collection of the
verses of Wenceslaus of Brabant, Froissart
added some of his own, and gave to the
whole the title (Meliador, or the Knight of
the Golden Sun. All his extant poems were
published at Brussels in 3 vols. , 1870-72. *
Fromentin, Eugène (fro-mon-tan'). A French
artist, critic, and writer of travel sketches; born
in La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820; died in St.
Maurice near La Rochelle, Aug. 27, 1876. A
journey undertaken in the interest of art re-
sulted in "A Year in the Sahel (5th ed. 1884)
and (A Summer in the Sahara) (9th ed. 1888).
He has also entered another department of lit-
erature with «The Masters of a Former Day).
(1876), a happy bit of appreciation of old
painters.
Frommel, Emil (from'el). A German popu-
lar story-writer and theologian; born in Karls-
ruhe, Jan. 5, 1828. He was a brave army
chaplain, and turned out good sermons to the
general edification; but (Tales for the People)
>
## p. 204 (#220) ############################################
204
FRONTAURA - FUN-FUSINATO
(9 vols. , 1873-86), and similar collections of
humorous and realistic compositions, will form
his memorials in the future.
Frontaura, Carlos (fron-tou'rä). A Spanish
story-writer and dramatist; born in Madrid,
Sept. 4, 1834. (The Philanthropist,' a comedy,
and Fortunes and Misfortunes of Rosita, a
novel, illustrate his talent at its best. His
compositions are characterized in general by
a light gayety. He was a very prolific writer.
Frontinus, Sextus Julius. A Roman gen-
eral, public official, and author; born about 40
A. D. ; died probably in 103 A. D. He was
urban prætor of Rome in 70, and as governor
of Britain (76-78) acquired a great reputation
by the conquest of the warlike Silures. He
was twice consul, and during the reign of Nerva
became superintendent of aqueducts, to which
appointment we owe his valuable treatise (On
the Aqueducts of Rome. Of the other works
attributed to him, the only genuine one is the
(Strategematicon,' treating of military tactics.
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (fron'tő). A
Roman rhetorician and epistolary writer; born
in Cirta, Numidia, about 100 A. D. ; died in
Rome (? ), 180 (? ). It is in his letters, first
brought to light in 1815, that he is revealed as
a writer of ability and importance.
Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon. An
American Unitarian clergyman and religious
writer; born in Boston, Mass. , July 23, 1793;
died there, April 4, 1870. He was author of
Deism or Christianity); “Sermons in the Or-
der of a Twelvemonth) (1852); and Metrical
Pieces) (1855). His writings are marked by
grace and refinement.
Frothingham, Octavius Brooks. An Ameri-
can Unitarian clergyman, son of Nathaniel ;
'born in Massachusetts, 1822; died 1895. His
radical views led to the resignation of his pas-
torate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass.
He preached in Jersey City, 1855-59; then or-
ganized the Third Unitarian Church in New
York city, where he preached very radical and
advanced views until the dissolution of the
church in 1879. The remainder of his life
was devoted to travel and literary pursuits,
his home being in Boston. His works were :
(Stories from the Lips of the Teacher); (Stories
from the Old Testament); (The Religion of
Humanity); 'The Cradle of the Christ); Me.
moir of W. H. Channing); (The Safest Creed);
(Beliefs of the Unbelievers); Creed and Con-
duct); (The Spirit of the New Faith); (The
Rising and the Setting Faith'; 'Lives of Ger-
rit Smith, George Ripley, Theodore Parker);
(Transcendentalism in New England); (Rec-
ollections and Impressions); etc.
Froude, James Anthony (fröd). A notable
English historian; born at Dartington in Devon-
shire, April 23, 1818; died in London Oct. 20,
1894. In the beginning of the Tractarian con-
troversy he was a close friend of Newman, and
was a contributor to the Lives of the English
Saints. He took orders in the Anglican Church
(1844). Among his works may be mentioned :
Luther : A Short Biography) (1833); “Shadows
of a Cloud) (1847); (Nemesis of Faith) (1848);
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey
to the Death of Elizabeth) (12 vols. , 1850–70);
"Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish
Character) (1867); “The English in Ireland in
the Eighteenth Century' (3 vols. , 1872); Cæsar:
A Sketch) (1879); (Thomas Carlyle) (1882);
(Spanish Story of the Armada! (1892). He
was the successor of E. A. Freeman in the pro-
fessorship of modern history at Oxford. *
Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzio Maria (frö-
go'nē). An Italian poet (1692-1768). He was
a Franciscan friar, and was professor of rhet-
oric at Brescia, Bologna, Modena, etc. ; at the
court of Parma he was appointed poet lau-
reate and historiographer.
