No More Learning

KAHL: School as a space of dense atmospheres swelling with possibilities? You have been occupied for years with understanding
Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself 69
what spheres are and not getting stuck with congealed substances like knowledge.
SLOTERDIJK: My theory of enthusiasms, that is, of public spirits, tries to reduce overblown romantic-nationalist concepts to the level of specific groups. Schools must become boarding schools! Not literally, of course, but rather in the sense of emphasizing the intrinsic character of school life. I’m seeing that with my daughter, who is lucky to be in an excellent schooling situation. In her case, you can see clearly what it means to spend time in an environment for encouraging enthusiasm.
KAHL: What grade is she in?
SLOTERDIJK: She is in the second year at the Montessori branch of an ordinary elementary school. You can see how a dif- ferent climatic policy in the school encourages a different way of speaking to the pupils and a different language among the pupils themselves. This school begins by assuming that the learning libido is the real capital. The children bring their curiosity, their enthusi- asm, that priceless medium of happy anticipation of their own self, into the learning process. What matters is expectation of the next state to be reached. A form of didactics that respects this operates quite differently and with better results than a school where teachers have the attitude: you’re going to be astonished, and I’m the one who is going to show you how things are.
KAHL: That’s what nourishes the evil eye, which is probably related to the frustration of teaching staff. They basically remain like school pupils from the ages of six to sixty-five, and that’s really mortifying.
SLOTERDIJK: I think it’s time for teachers to carry on the work Nietzsche did for priests. Teachers are an authority that is under-criticized and deserves to be given liberating and destructive criticism. In fact, people mostly accuse teachers of the wrong things.
KAHL: The accusation of laziness, for example.
SLOTERDIJK: That’s lazy itself.
KAHL: It may apply to some people who are already practically
retired from the job, usually due to mental overload. But isn’t the teaching profession a case of overload in structural terms?
SLOTERDIJK: That’s why teachers should be helped with adequate criticism. The analysis of job-specific mortification and experiences of failure is needed just as much as the analysis of resentment against the profession. That would be the most valu- able kind of enlightenment. We must link up with teachers to revitalize the school starting from its strongest position. Where is its renewable, enthusiastic source point? Schools must come forward energetically and say: we offer opportunities, here is our knowledge,
70 Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself
here is our art of living – we are inviting you to all that. The gesture of invitation is perhaps the most important thing. It turns schools into guesthouses of knowledge and places for the intelligence to go on outings, so to speak.
KAHL: You mean the end of compulsory school, which insists, like a surreal restaurant, on forced feeding and pupils being com- pelled to eat everything on their plate?
SLOTERDIJK: We have to break with the most harmful of all ancient European concepts: the idea of knowledge transfer. This idea of instilling is wrong in terms of system theory, it is morally wrong . . .
KAHL: Unsustainable in terms of cognitive psychology . . .
SLOTERDIJK: And despite that, the school is built around that idea, around the truly accursed and harmful idea of transfer.
KAHL: They are still distributing Communion wafers.
SLOTERDIJK: The institution of school is based on the perverse communion that says: ‘We have and we share out. ’ But learning just doesn’t function that way. We have to respect that we’re always dealing with people who are accomplished in their own personal way. Up until now they have been complete and without any real deficiency. The next state or condition can only be constructed on the basis of the work the person has already done. Teachers can only disturb the process, unless they become something like a host, a coach or – in a good sense – a seducer who is already at the place the child’s next step leads to. In such ‘guesthouses’ the principle of happy anticipation could seal the pedagogical pact. Watching my daughter, I am fascinated by this. At the age of two, she already strikes me as a person who has something I have never seen properly described, either in psychoanalysis or any other kind of psychologi- cal description. I discovered from her that the libido of wakefulness is shown by the fact she is excited about her next state. She is happy about her own becoming. It is as if she were wearing a safety lamp on her head that lights up the next chapter of life for her discreetly and always auspiciously. She always sees light at the end of the tunnel. It is the light from her own inbuilt projector.
KAHL: What a drama it would be if the safety lamp were blown out and only the gaffer on set switched the lights on and off! Maybe blowing out one’s own light was a systemic compulsion of old industrial capitalism, against which it was futile to rebel. Enterprises today are also increasingly unable to cope with burned-out cases. They can deal with them as consumers, but not in the role of ‘staff members’.
SLOTERDIJK: Professional teaching must forge the link again with the dynamic libido that illuminates one’s own ability to
Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself 71
become. Instead of that, I have heard that teachers of German- language classes invited staff from the Employment Office in Karlsruhe to visit schools to teach school students how to fill in unemployment benefit forms. I know it’s an extreme example, but it illustrates where the problem lies. Many teachers, when they operate as creators of the bad climate, practise the didactics of discourage- ment. They often do it, even without wanting to, when they secretly project their own failure or their self-pity on to their young clients.
KAHL: That provokes running battles and power struggles.
SLOTERDIJK: Most of all, the latent message comes through: ‘You’ll be astonished. I myself stopped being astonished a long time ago. ’ These two pieces of lethal information turn people into first- class climate polluters. Children should be protected against adult pessimism with their own special anti-pollution law. To refer to my daughter again, she has the advantage of an exceptional situation: she has a teacher with an amazing way of tapping the source that generates happiness. Like a good demon, he links into the children’s love of learning. He lights up when he sees the children’s faces light- ing up. This is awesome, and sets a standard. But along come the parents with their concept of realism, their pessimism and their fearful projections, and try to curtail this space of didactic miracles and to colonize it from outside.
KAHL: What do the parents say?
SLOTERDIJK: ‘Aren’t you giving the children the wrong picture of life? ’ ‘Can’t you make things more structured? ’ ‘Can’t you be a bit stricter? ’ Statements like that show how ‘realists’ try to impose their climatic monopoly. We have to create a counter-climate to oppose this. Basically, in my work as a university teacher and as a writer, I see myself mainly as a creator of spheres and a didactic proponent of atmospheres. What people learn is not all that important in the first place; far more important is for them to enter a climate that makes them aware that being able to learn is, in itself, the best opportunity of their life. In my opinion, this work of climate creation that some people attack as unjustified shamanism is indispensable for the moral regeneration of our community.
KAHL: If using productive atmospheres works, something could develop that we never experience when only standard results are presented and the special atmospheres are sacrificed to the require- ments of rigid purity rules.
SLOTERDIJK: That’s when the poison of boredom starts to spread. The school is an epicentre of boredom and is run by profes- sional bores who daub, gum up and insult children’s intelligence. Many people never recover. That is the real educational disaster. In the end, atmospheres must be seen as the most real things of all.
72 Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself
Today, we create situations for young people in which they have everything to hand and no desire for anything. We lose more than ten years in the elementary education process, and the best students need another ten years after the first educational experience to find their own second chance. By then, if all goes well, we have an original thirty-year-old who, after the process of school and regen- eration, can start his or her own career as a creative person attuned to atmospheres.
KAHL: Most people in Germany would think it is a strange idea that everything else depends on atmospheres in institutions and around people.
SLOTERDIJK: The problem is more acute in Germany. The catastrophe of National Socialism with its monstrous perversion of collective enthusiasm has resulted in a super-abstinence of com- munal energy in this country. In French and Anglo-Saxon culture, and in the USA, the school system is governed by different climatic factors. There is much more emphasis on the relation between the institution and the public spirit that animates people. In Germany, we have a very bureaucratic school atmosphere, always combined with resignation and dogmatic scepticism.
KAHL: The German preference for being victims – or any- thing rather than active players because that could make them perpetrators – is particularly widespread in teachers’ staff rooms.
SLOTERDIJK: It’s not only victim passion that exists, but also victim didactics and victim simulation. At our university we recently experienced the problem of individual students having to put up with restrictions and inconveniences because of reorganization in some subjects.
KAHL: You are referring to the School of Design in Karlsruhe, to which you were appointed rector this year.
SLOTERDIJK: That’s right. And what happened? We had 120 students applying for credits for two semesters of their course because they feel they are victims of the move to the new centre, which offers them access to one of Europe’s most impressive uni- versity buildings, not to mention one of the best teaching bodies and fabulous teacher–student ratios. The temptation to describe our own life in the light of discrimination has become so strong that even young people have now developed this resigned, senior- citizen-type attitude, combined with an aggressive kind of moralist demanding, as if it were perfectly natural. To counter this, we must try to interest them in the idea of entrepreneurial life so that they don’t already behave like social security clients at the age of twelve. In any case, victim hysteria relates back to childish patterns – to over-dramatization of minor injuries.
Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself 73
KAHL: The foundling, exposed, all alone in the world.
SLOTERDIJK: Betrayed by all – and besides, my parents are not my real parents. My teachers are not my real teachers. Everyone abandoned me. I’m only looking for the mailbox where I can post my complaints letter . . .
KAHL: The agony column . . .
SLOTERDIJK: . . . the world’s agony column. This attitude can only be corrected by activating a conspiracy of knowing better. Philosophy, literature and art must be the starting point for putting an end to the era we have lived in for fifty, sixty years now, handing in our homework as a model nation with collective depression. We are at the beginning of a generational change. It should be inter- preted openly and energetically.
KAHL: Couldn’t a new education debate be a medium for that? We must transpose to society as a whole the image of ‘joyful antici- pation of oneself’ as the heart and soul of the learning process.
SLOTERDIJK: Yes, we should have this debate, because soci- eties have no centre and no ego, they only have the public as a medium for giving wake-up calls and creating disturbances. We must finally abandon the dangerous spectres that have driven the twentieth century into disasters, the idea that society is totally itself at some point. After all, the crazy illusion of a Führer is nothing but the political interpretation of a fallacy that our culture has blithely fostered for centuries, namely, that there is a place where it could be completely itself. This realization is the entrance charge we have to pay if we want to attain the second wave of sociological enlighten- ment. We must understand that societies use atmospheres to control and climatize themselves. The topics we are talking about form a semantic air-conditioning system. Right now, all the signs are that we are programming it wrongly.
KAHL: Humans are, so to speak, the subtenants of the world, responsible for small precincts, but not for the atmosphere, not for the intermediate parts. We hold ‘the state’ and ‘society’ responsible for that.
SLOTERDIJK: And that leads to running away, disablement or avoidance panic. We feel trapped in the ‘system’. This is the basis for the psychology of employees and public servants today. Instead, we must start with a good understanding of the perspec- tive of an entrepreneur, an entrepreneur of life, and use this kind of thinking to reanimate the public service as well. Perhaps this will lead to the emergence of a new generation of teachers. I think the impulse for this has to come from artists and from independent media. Philosophy and art set the tone – they retune the general atmosphere.
74 Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself
KAHL: Maybe we should begin by imagining a school with dif- ferent architecture. Looking at classrooms where everybody sits in rows leaves me speechless.
SLOTERDIJK: The nineteenth century built schools, museums and barracks – three atmospheric conditioning systems that pre- form social synthesis with the aid of state techniques for influencing people. Schools must be liberated from this tradition. Hopefully, the idea of a new kind of school will become enough of a political issue in the coming years that a new phase of experimentation can begin. With luck, we could have a really good, productive row about education quite soon . . .
KAHL: It could happen . . .
SLOTERDIJK: There’s enough tinder for it. Then, after the abreaction phase in which people have collectively got over the duty and the tendency to complain, we could start a productive discus- sion and try to design a school that fits the level of our knowledge and experience. Given the amount of accumulated discontent, the time is ripe. As far as positive forces are concerned, we will first have to reorganize what little we have left to see if it is enough for an offensive.
KAHL: How shall we start? Isn’t it important first of all to bring other adults into schools instead of only lifelong teachers? This could evolve into a kind of co-evolution. If teachers work as people gatherers, bringing ‘third parties’ into schools, they will become more adult themselves. It will be good for them and for the school.
SLOTERDIJK: That would be a first step. At the same time, a new viewpoint on people has to be constructed in the media. I don’t think it would be too difficult to show that interesting people are more fascinating than the average entertainment. If the fascina- tion value of being involved with a living person who has become an adult can’t compete with regression programmes offered by sex, crime and co. , we have lost the game. Windows should be opened in the media . . .
KAHL: And ‘third parties’ should be brought in everywhere.
SLOTERDIJK: Exactly. We don’t know the interesting people in our own society. That means our society doesn’t know itself and doesn’t know that it doesn’t know itself. If the media can success- fully convey this enthusiasm for interesting people, they will also trigger a new learning process in schools of bringing in remarkable people with interesting jobs. That would be a broad move to de- professionalize curricula.
KAHL: Parents would worry that their children wouldn’t learn anything any more.
SLOTERDIJK: You can deal with the panic aroused by the
Learning Is Joyful Anticipation of Oneself 75
suspicion that competency is being compromised by emphasizing that nothing is more educational than the opportunity to see suc- cessful people at close quarters. By the way, concerning universities of the arts, that is also my response to the outdated master-class principle. If we want to preserve anything of the idea of the master, we have to translate it into the form of watching successful crea- tors of art at work and observing their success curve. That is highly instructive under any circumstances, regardless of whether students react by positive association or by rejection. Both are equally informative, provided that students have an authentic opportunity to see a creative person fully in action. This is precisely the concept of our art school in Karlsruhe.
KAHL: Dialogues worthy of the name consist of finely tuned agreements and refusals.
SLOTERDIJK: Allowing scope for productive scepticism in relation to a successful position is never a waste of time. Even people who react by turning away have learned a great deal from it. Perhaps we live in a period in which people learn more by rejec- tion than by borrowing. The cowardly teacher is the bad teacher. The good teacher is the person who is open to rejection. The same applies to good writers, who must always risk enough that they are worth reading even if we reject them.
KAHL: That brings us to the well-known Sloterdijkian concept of ‘de-idiotizing’: expending our own stupidity, for how can we get rid of it otherwise?
SLOTERDIJK: How can we get rid of it, if not in dealing with potential imitators who are smart enough to refuse to imitate at the last minute?
11
POSTMEN AND FALLEN TOWERS
Interview with Arno Frank*2
FRANK: Mr Sloterdijk, what mandate do you have for breaking into television?
SLOTERDIJK: Definitely not the mandate of the world spirit. It’s more about my feeling that, given the decadence of the universi- ties, philosophy should link up with other media.
FRANK: TV philosopher – is that your mission?
SLOTERDIJK: We can describe every activity a person engages in from two different viewpoints. We can portray it from one side as a mission and from another as a need.
If we describe it as a mission, then we believe that the individual has an idea or a master behind him that sends him ahead. In my case it is not as easy. I don’t have a master or an obsessive idea that decides for me what I should do. If I did, I would feel much more comfortable at the moment.
FRANK: Why?
SLOTERDIJK: Because then I could say: whether or not it works out, the idea or the sender is responsible. I would only be the mes- senger, the postman, and could deliver my message without being responsible for its success.
FRANK: What about the other version . . . ?
SLOTERDIJK: We must interpret it as an expressive action – in other words, I don’t have to trace the sequence of themes back beyond the author. It can start with the author. That means the
* This interview between Peter Sloterdijk and Arno Frank appeared in the taz newspaper under the title ‘Ich bin nicht der Postbote’ [‘I am not the Postman’] (19 January 2002): 3f. Arno Frank is an editor at the taz.
Postmen and Fallen Towers 77
author expresses himself or herself. He or she is an energy field that wants to discharge in that direction and no other.
FRANK: A medium within the medium, so to speak. But phi- losophers don’t usually frequent the footlights . . .
SLOTERDIJK: The studio has no ramp. In conventional theatre there is a border between the stage and the auditorium. On the TV podium you are surrounded by spectators – the TV situation is like being encircled. The question is: what can motivate people to let themselves be surrounded by spectators?
FRANK: Exhibitionists love situations like that. SLOTERDIJK: Maybe. But that’s really not my concern. FRANK: Not a trace of vanity?
SLOTERDIJK: I am a person who likes keeping one side hidden,
even when I appear in public. I have a mysterious aversion to the idea of people looking at me from the right-hand side.
FRANK: In a metaphorical, political sense?
SLOTERDIJK: No, spatially. In television you can’t stand with your back to a pillar like a figure in a Gothic cathedral and imagine that you’re drawing strength out of the stone. Television is a can- nibalistic medium that devours people optically. We are going to experiment with being eaten.
FRANK: You recently suggested interpreting nations as insti- tutions that maintain concentrated postal and communications systems – with telecommunications firms as secular churches. What do you mean by that?
SLOTERDIJK: Modern media societies have no brain, no central organ, only dense concentrations in the nervous system. How is such a complex and brainless system supposed to control itself? If modern societies were organized like churches, for example, Telekom would be the provider of both the network and the content of democracy. That is a lovely ecclesiological illusion: if we were like churches we could avoid the impression that no genuine internal connection exists in society. We would be limbs of a large commu- nitarian body. I am thinking about a map Dietmar Kamper1 once showed me. It was drawn by a medieval monk who had projected the body of Christ in the crucifix position on to the map of Europe, so that altogether the points representing the monasteries of Europe formed something like a visualization of the Corpus Christi spectre. A mystical EU.
1 Dietmar Kamper (1936–2001) was a German writer, philosopher and sociologist. He was professor of sociology at the Free University Berlin from 1979.
78 Postmen and Fallen Towers
FRANK: What is a society today when it isn’t a society?
SLOTERDIJK: The question is: how can we envisage social rela- tionships at all if we describe society as a whole as a body without a central organ?
FRANK: And the answer?
SLOTERDIJK: The answer would be a media theory for our times, and a number of people in the contemporary scene are working on that. Think of the work of Norbert Bolz, or Friedrich Kittler, or Jochen Hörisch, to mention only the older ones. 2 Those three men are intellectuals of my generation I feel related to because I am doing analogous work. Each of the three, in his own way, has experienced similar kinds of trouble with their former comrades.
FRANK: The same academic allergy against new approaches?
SLOTERDIJK: These three authors are like litmus tests for the resentment of the social environment. They are cheerful theo- reticians who see their intellectual practice additionally as leisure practice. I regard them as partners in crime. We are atmospheric felons in a cultural society that continues to claim a monopoly when it comes to defining moralist smog. In that context such enlighteners or clarifiers are not welcome at first. But I am convinced that within a generation their work will be canonical. It may sound strange, but I believe we have an avant-garde impact even today. Yet the inhabit- ants of the intellectual field aren’t amused when you tell them you are ahead in some way – you get sent to purgatory like a backward pupil.
FRANK: In your major work, Sphären [Spheres], you develop a theory of ‘ensouled spaces’, from bubbles to globes to foam . . .
SLOTERDIJK: I think foam is the defining metaphor for mul- tiple spaces for which the phrase ‘dreams are foam’ no longer holds. The substantialist aversion against anything fleeting and fragile – against foam – is also only lack of thought. If you think about multi-chambered systems under the premises of spatial logic, you quickly stop wanting to use foam, or scum, as a metaphor for something despicable. Quite the opposite: we realize that foam is a cosmogonic principle without which life and environmental effects would simply be impossible. But that is a theme I will develop calmly, like the plot of a stage play. If all goes well, we can talk about it again in eighteen months’ time.
2 Norbert Bolz (b. 1953) is a German philosopher, media theorist and design theorist. Friedrich Kittler (1943–2011) was a media theorist and philosopher known as ‘the Derrida of the digital age’. Jochen Hörisch (b. 1951) is a German literary and media theorist.
Postmen and Fallen Towers 79
FRANK: In Spheres II you wrote that a city shows in the vertical what it plans to do in the horizontal. Following your theory, wasn’t the attack on the World Trade Center in New York also an annihi- lating attack on a semantic level?
SLOTERDIJK: Islamist terror dealt a blow at the level of real existing symbolism, which is why the Americans’ counter-attack has been so remarkably flat and helpless. The reason is that the attacker can’t be hit symmetrically. The Americans don’t dare to attack the strong symbol that belongs to the perpetrators. We simply have to consider what the equivalent, in the Islamists’ worldview, is to what they think the World Trade Center means to us. It involves a very small number of objects. The list would be headed by the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, followed by the Ka’aba in Mecca. Who could justify military assaults on those two objectives?
FRANK: But a war is already being fought on the symbolic level.
SLOTERDIJK: What the Americans and their friends in the Western world find very difficult to grasp is that they have lost – lost at the first shot. This is about a war that consisted of a single battle and led to a pure defeat that can never be compensated for. The twin towers fell. Everybody saw it and that means, however odd it may sound, that the show is already over, and everything you might want to write as a sequel is playing out on another level. The sight of collapsing tower blocks is doubly painful in a culture whose sources prepare it for such a process. On the one hand, we have the myth of David and Goliath, which has been subverted in the most unpleas- ant fashion here in Germany. We are used to pitting the small good person against the big bad one, and are suddenly forced to let the big good one enter the ring against the small bad one. That stiffens all the remaining moral feathers on our already well-plucked con- science. Only the fully plucked can unreservedly come to terms with this new situation. The great good against the small bad – will that be the new battle line-up of the twenty-first century? That’s really a joke.
FRANK: And the second myth?
SLOTERDIJK: That, on the other hand, concerns the Tower of Babel, which represents the first time theological resentment against a tall building was articulated – in fact, against the Others’ tall building. This myth expresses the enslaved Jews’ discontent with Babylonian arrogance. It is a lustful destruction fantasy about the text: ‘God reduces heathen towers to rubble and ashes. ’ This is a constitutive theme for our culture. The trauma of September 11 is so big because it concerns an attack on the dominant illusion- ary system of world power. The people of the United States don’t know how to keep on dreaming their neo-Babylonian dream of total
80 Postmen and Fallen Towers
security of the inner world by total control of the external world without destroying themselves. An evil virus has indeed infiltrated into the hegemony of the United States. We should realize that it is in our own interests that this virus doesn’t cause too much aliena- tion in the American mentality. At the moment I see the greatest danger in terms of global politics of resentment. Thank God, American democracy has a degree of resilience, and American civil society in particular has miraculous moral resources. But it is a severe infection.
FRANK: Because there is no way to compensate for it any longer?
SLOTERDIJK: The message of the towers has already become imprinted in historical memory because in our culture the sym- bolism of the tower is very deeply imbued with theological and ethno-narcissistic elements. A fallen tower signifies a divine judge- ment beyond which there is no possibility of return.
FRANK: As the author of spherological theory, do you welcome the introduction of a single currency in Europe as an affluent sphere? SLOTERDIJK: I see the euro as an admission that the Europeans don’t have a unified concept at the moment. The question is: why don’t they have it? Are they so united and content with their European existence that they don’t demand anything else? Or are they in a condition of malignant weakness whose outcome doesn’t look good – a kind of weakness that expresses the extinction of this civilization’s power to solve problems? I tend to think the first case is the answer. I think something very unique is emerging in Europe, namely a great structure whose internal constitution no longer has an imperial agenda. That’s something we have never seen before in history: the great power that appears imperial without a
programme.
FRANK: In contrast to American greatness?
SLOTERDIJK: Yes, American greatness still follows an imperial code. The European structure is post-imperial, and in that respect the far more interesting structure. It gives more scope for thought and is more worthy of imitation. It inspires fewer jealousy conflicts. In fact, at the moment world history has a hot centre, which is the internal monotheistic athletic contest of megalomanias. That is the reason why we are seeing an American–Islamic world war front, at least at the semantic level. A war of jealousy is being fought here. It is about occupying the position of the leading monotheist people. And anybody who is a loyal follower of Mohammed and positions himself or herself like that obviously has a problem with America. The USA is the triumphant ruling theocracy at the moment.
FRANK: A religious state? In which sense?
Postmen and Fallen Towers 81
SLOTERDIJK: America occupies the exact place at God’s right hand that can only be occupied once. We could say this results in a Jacob and Esau problem on the global political level, the purest form of a theodrama. We are watching two interconnected crusades – an oriental and a Western crusade are intertwined in astounding symmetry. René Girard, the great analyst of triangular conflicts, tried to show this in an article for Le Monde. 3 The struggle of imita- tive jealousies relates to a property that is first constituted within this competition, namely the privilege of being the culture on which the hand of the One God rests most visibly.
FRANK: How do you recognize this?
SLOTERDIJK: On the one hand, Bush says, ‘God is not neutral in the battle between America and its enemies. ’ The twenty-first century will be an experimental set-up to process the manic content of that statement. On the other hand, Bin Laden’s key phrase is, ‘What happened in New York is good terror. ’ The sooner people grasp the symmetry between these statements, the better for us.
FRANK: And in Europe?
SLOTERDIJK: Europe will only thrive if it understands where its advantage and its strengths lie in this situation.
FRANK: What might they be?
SLOTERDIJK: It is an advantage to have no interests in this affair beyond fully conditional, or rather, ironical support of the United States. Europe is already immersed in a post-monotheistic situation. Perhaps that would be the most positive definition we could offer for the introduction of the euro. If we want to venture very far ahead in the beautiful art of positive thinking, we can describe the procedure on 1 January 2002 in these terms: the monetary union is the final step in recognizing that we are already living in a post-imperialist structure in which the idea of cultural or quantitative greatness has become totally decoupled from the manic propulsion programmes of imperial culture. From a long-term per- spective, when the situation has stabilized, Europe will outstrip the United States as the homeland of the art of living.
3 René Girard is a French-born American literary critic, historian and philosopher specializing in social sciences. He is particularly known for his work on mimicry and scapegoats.
Raising Our Heads: Pampering Spaces/Time Drifts
12
RAISING OUR HEADS Pampering Spaces and Time Drifts
Conversation with Thomas Macho*4
MACHO: I would like to begin with the idea that the possible improvement, perfection and optimizing of human beings is a project that has been conceived and planned for just a little over 200 years. Time – whether past or present – was not actually a theme in pre-industrial agrarian cultures. Those cultures doubtless had their stories of origin, more or less detailed chronicles and – usually apocalyptic – ideas of the future. But the horizons of remem- brance are just as limited as the horizons of planning. Even in the eighteenth century, a scholar could still work with creation dates calculated from biblical texts, such as 7 October 3761 BC. And we learn from the story of Joseph the Egyptian that in a great empire, a high culture of the ancient world based on writing, a man able to plan ahead for a timespan of twice seven years could rise to become the Pharaoh’s chief adviser. For agrarian cultures, time is simply a function of destiny. The history of the earth and of life and, most of all, the history of humankind, first became visible in the nineteenth century as a timespan to be calculated in millions of years. Perhaps it was only in the twentieth century that – with the aid of new sci- ences such as statistics and prognosis – the future could appear spread out as an incalculable open continuum. Politics, economics
* This conversation between Peter Sloterdijk and Thomas Macho appeared under the title ‘Den Kopf heben: Über Räume der Verwöhnung und das Driften in der Zeit’, in Petra Lutz, Thomas Macho and Gisela Staupe (eds), Der (im)perfekte Mensch: Metamorphosen von Normalität und Abweichung (Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau Verlag), 2003, pp. 379–405.
Thomas Macho is a cultural scholar and philosopher. He has been a pro- fessor of cultural history at the Humboldt University of Berlin since 1993.
Raising Our Heads: Pampering Spaces/Time Drifts 83
and new technologies whose impact it may only be possible to evalu- ate after thousands of years impose a kind of thinking in the future without any historical models to rely on. Since the twentieth century we have known in more detail what it means to project the educa- tion or improvement of the human race.
SLOTERDIJK: This approach to consciousness of time raises a controversial point right away. In working on the third volume of my Spheres project I have developed a new approach in philosophi- cal anthropology with a stronger spatial emphasis. It was surprising, even for me, to see how much this theory of the contemporary age – for that is essentially what Spheres III is intended to be – had to delve into anthropology. I would actually go as far as to say that the forms of philosophical anthropology until then had been defined too hastily. At least, as I see it, the shotgun wedding between the concepts ‘philosophy’ and ‘anthropology’ didn’t result in a lasting alliance, either in the Heideggerian form or in the form of Plessner’s or Gehlen’s philosophy. I am aware, of course, that Heidegger would be appalled at anybody making such associations with his works – he saw himself as a resolute anti-anthropologist – but at the same time he wouldn’t really be able to deny the connections to what Plessner did on the one hand and Gehlen on the other. Spheres III has evolved into a book that proposes reshaping philosophical anthropology as topology. My aim was mainly to explain to people by starting from the place where human beings are formed – the surreal place that determines anthropogenesis. I am thinking of Homo sapiens’ characteristic tendency to premature births, and the permanent incubator situation in which the young grow up. I am also thinking of the extraordinary bonding between mothers and their young that flows into the human condition from the ancient primate legacy. All that gives us the right to speak of an exceptional neurological situation in relation to sapiens. Added to that is the exceptional phonotopic situation, life in ‘the house of language’, to cite Heidegger’s great phrase. We realize all too rarely that the house of language is firstly, and usually, a house of nonsense. It is the refuge of redundancy and self-arousal. Its residents live eo ipso in the house of self-referentiality, perhaps even in the house of proto- music. In other words, it is the home of a kind of tonality or sound closer to music than to communication. In this case, Dasein means something like being heard.
MACHO: The ‘house of language’ is a mysterious place. Neither linguists nor palaeo-anthropologists know when and how lan- guage developed in the first place, and the possible preconditions under which it had to develop. The word ‘house’ suggests that people first developed grammatically differentiated languages, with
84 Raising Our Heads: Pampering Spaces/Time Drifts
subject-predicate relations for example, during the ‘Neolithic revo- lution’ when houses and cities were built. We have examples of many different kinds of symbol formation from the period 40,000 to 30,000 BC (in the Spanish and French cave paintings, for example); but if we think about the anatomy of the vocal apparatus among Neanderthals it is still completely unclear whether these images and symbols indicate a sort of language (and it is probably unlikely). Nonetheless, and despite all his criticism of anthropology, Heidegger insisted on the house of language: he argued that humans only became conclusively and unmistakably distinguished from animals through entry into the house of language. On the contrary, I think humans and animals entered the house of language together, and the first things they probably heard – according to Julian Jaynes’s thesis – were commands and imperatives.
SLOTERDIJK: According to the latest information from geneti- cists, Homo sapiens shares 99. 4 per cent of his genetic make-up with chimpanzees. This is horrifying for anthropocentric people. It follows that the whole anthropological difference induced by the break with animality resides in this tiny remainder – provided it can be biologi- cally located. This fact makes it immediately clear that genetics is not adequate as a basis for the human phenomenon. Rather, we have to take account of a topological difference to explain what actually happened when great apes became human beings. ‘Topological dif- ference’ means we are dealing with an essential displacement, and that is what leads to culture. As I see it, humanization is a side effect of exceptional pampering.