There in Europe would be most desirable: the classical
are French, Italian, and Spanish translations of no less than the Oriental scholar would derive
this book.
are French, Italian, and Spanish translations of no less than the Oriental scholar would derive
this book.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
38, xxx.
24, 26, 27, 41, xxxi.
4, xxxii.
with C. Aurelius Cotta. Both consuls carried on 29, xxxiv. 45, xlv. 36, &c. )
the war in Sicily against the Carthaginians, and 4. M. SERVILIUS GEMINUS was consul in A. D.
some towns were taken by them. Himera was 3, with L. Aelius Lamia (Val. Max. i. 8. § 11);
among the number ; but its inhabitants had been but it must be observed that his cognomen, though
carried off by the Carthaginians. In B. c. 248 he mentioned by Valerius Maximus, does not occur
was consul a second time, with his former colleague, in the Fisti.
[L. S. )
and besieged Lily baeum and Drepann, while Car- GEMINUS, TANU'SIUS, a Roman historian
thalo endeavoured to make a diversion by a descent who seems to have lived about the time of Cicero.
upon the coast of Italy. (Zonar. viii. 14, 16. ) The exact nature of his work is uncertain, although
2. CN. SERVILIUS, P. F. Q. N. GEMINUR, a son we know that in it he spoke of the time of Sulla.
of No. 1, was consul in B. c. 217, with C. Flami- (Suet. Caes. 9. ) Plutarch (Caes. 22) mentions an
nius. He entered his office on the ides of March, historian whom he calls ravúolos, and whom Vos-
and had Gaul for his province. He afterwards sius (de Hist. Iat. i. 12) considers to be the same
gave up his army to the dictator, Q. Fabius, and as our Tanusius. Seneca (Epist. 93) speaks of
wbile his colleague fought the unfortunate battle of one Tamusius as the author of annals ; and it is
Jake Trasimenus, Cn. Servilius sailed with a fleet not improbable that this is merely a slight mistake
of 120 ships round the coasts of Sardinia and in the name, for Tanusius ; and if this be bo,
Corsica in chase of the Carthaginians; and having | Tanusilis Geminus wrote annals of his own time,
received hostages everywhere, he crossed over into which are lost with the exception of a fragment
Africa. On his voyage thither he ravaged the quoted by Suetonius.
(L. S. )
island of Meninx, and spared Cercina only on the GEMINUS, TU'LLIUS, a poet of the Greek
receipt of ten talents from its inhabitants. After Anthology. There are ten epigrams in the An-
he had landed with his troops in Africa, they in-thology under the name of Geminus (Brunck, Anal.
dulged in the same system of plunder ; but being vol. ii. p. 279; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 254),
careless and unacquainted with the localities, they of which the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and
were taken by surprise and put to flight by the tenth are inscribed, in the Vatican MS. simply
inhabitants. About one thousand of them were repivov, and the eighth Taipivov : the first is in
killed, the rest sailed to Sicily, and the fleet being scribed, in the Planudean Anthologs, Tuddiov
there entrusted to P. Sura, who was ordered to reuívou, and the seventh has the same heading in
take it back to Rome, Cn Servilius himself tra- the Vatican MS: the 9th is inscribed, in the Pla-
velled on foot through Sicily ; and being called nudean, Tulliou reuívou, and, in the Vatican,
back by the dictator, Q. Fabius Maximus, he crossed Tulliou Labývov (i. e. Sabini). It is doubtful
the straits, and went to Italy. About the autumn whether the Tullius, whose epigrams were in-
he undertook the command of the army of Minu- cluded in the collection of Philip, was Tullius Ge
cius, and, in conjunction with his colleague M. minus or Tullius Laurea. Most of the epigrams of
Atilius Regulus, he carried on the war against Geminus are descriptions of works of art. They are
Hannibal, though he carefully avoided entering written in a very affected manner. (Jacobs, Anth.
into any decisive engagement. His imperium was Graec. vol. xiii. p. 897 ; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol.
prolonged for the year 216; and before the battle iv. p. 498. )
(P. S. )
of Cannae he was the only one who agreed with GEMINUS, VETUʼRIUS. (CICURINUS. ]
the consul L. Aemilius Paullus in the opinion that GEMISTUS, GEOʻRGIUS (reáprios ó leur
a battle should not be ventured upon. However, OTÓS), or GEOʻRGIUS PLETHO (ó naúbwv).
the battle was fought, and Cn. Servilius himself one of the later and most celebrated Byzantine
was found among the dead. (Liv. xxi. 57, xxii. writers, lived in the latter part of the fourteenth
1, 31, 32, 43, 49; Polyb. iii. 75, 77, 88, 96, 106, and in the beginning of the fifteenth century. He
114, 116 ; Appian, Annib. 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22 was probably a native of Constantinople, but passed
---24; Cic. Tusc. i. 37. )
most of his life in the Peloponnesus. In 1426 he
3. M. Servilius, C. F. P. N. PALEX GE- held a high office, under the emperor Manuel Pa-
NINUS, was elected augur in B. C. 211, in the Laeologus. He was called Teulotós, or flañowe, ou
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
GEMISTUS.
GEMISTI'S.
a
account of the extmordinary amount of knowledge with a Latin translation, and Bessarion's epistle
which he possessed in nearly all the branches or on the siue subject, by H. S. Reimarus, Leiden,
science ; and the great number of writings which 1722, 8vo.
he left prove that his surname was by no means 3. Tepl 'Apetav, De Virtutibras. Editions -
mere fattery. Gemistus was one of the deputies The text, together with some of the minor works
of the Greek church that were present at the of the author, Antwerp. 1552, fol. ; with a Latin
council of Florence, held in 1438, under pope Eu- translation, by Adolphus Orcanus, Baseh1532,
genius IV. , for the purpose of effecting a union 8vo. ; by H. Wolphius, Jena, 1590, 8vo.
between the Latin and Greek churches. Genistus 4. Orationes duae de Rebus Peloponuesiacis con
at first was rather opposed to that union, since his stituendis, one addressed to the emperor Manuel
opinion on the nature of the Holy Ghost differed Palaeologus, and the other to the despot Theodo-
greatly from the belief of the Romish church, but rus. Ed. with a Latin translation, together with
he afterwards gave way, and, without changing the Editio Princeps of the Eclogae of Slovaeus, by
nis opinion on that subject, was active in pro-G. Canterlis, Antwerp, 575, fol.
moting the great object of the council. The union, 5. Περί ών 'Αριστοτέλης προς Πλάτωνα διαφέ-
however, was not accomplished. Gemistus was perai, De Plutonicue atque Aristotelicue Philosophiue
still more renowned ns a philosopher than as a Differentis. Ed. :— The Greek text, with a Latin
divine. In those times the philosophy of Aristotle paraphrase, by Bernardinus Donatus, Venice, 1532,
was prevalent, but it had degenerated into a mere 8vo. ; the same, with a dissertation of Donatus on
science of words. Disgusted with scholastic phi-the same subject, ib. 1540, 8vo. ; the same, with
losophy, Gemistus mnde Plato the subject of long the same dissertation, Paris, 1541, 8vo. ; a Latin
and" deep study, and the propagation of the Plato- translation, bv G. Chariandrus, Biisel, 1574, 4to.
nic philosophy became henceforth his principal | This is one of his most remarkable works.
aim: the celebrated cardinal Bessarion was one of 5. Μαγικά λογία των από Ζωροάστρου εξηγη-
his numerous disciples. During his stay at Flo- derta. The Greek title differs in the MSS: the
rence he was introduced to Cosmo de Medici ; and work is best known under its Latin title, Oracula
having succeeded in persuading this distinguished Magica Zoroastris, and is an essay on the religion
man of the superiority of the system of Plato over of the ancient Persians. Ed. :— The text, with a
that of Aristotle, he became the leader of a new Latin translation, by T. Opsopoeus, Paris, 1599,
school of philosophy in the West. Plato's phi- 8vo. ; by Thryllitsch, Leipzig, 1719, 4to.
losophy became fashionable at Florence, and had Besides these works, Gemistus made extracts of
soon gained so much popularity in Italy as to over- Appian's Syriaca, his object being to elucidate the
shadow entirely the philosophy of Aristotle. But history of the Macedonian kings of Syria : of
Gemistus and his disciples went too far : it was Theophrastus (History of Plants) ; Aristotle (His-
even said that he had attempted to substitute Pla- tory of Animals, &c. ); Diodorus Siculus (with
tonism for Christianism; and before the end of the regard to the kingdoms of Assyria and Media);
century Plato had ceased to be the model of Xenophon, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, and several
Italian philosophers. Gemistus is, nevertheless, other writers, whose works are either partly or
justly considered as the restorer of Platonic phi- entirely lost. He further wrote Prolegomena Artis
losophy in Europe. He was, of course, involved Rhetoricae, Funeral Orations (G. Gemistii sive
in numberless controversies with the Aristotelians, Plethonis et Michaelis Apostolii Orationes Fune-
in the West as well as in the East, among whom bres Duae, in quibus de Immortalitate Animae er.
Georgius, of Trebizond, held a high rank, and ponitur, nunc primum ex MSS. editae, by Professor
much bitterness and violence were displayed on Fülleborn, Leipzig, 1793, 8vo. ); Essays on
each side. In 1441 Gemistus was again in the Music, Letters to Cardinal Bessarion, and other
Peloponnesus as an officer of the emperor: he was celebrated contemporaries, &c. &c. , which are ex-
then advanced in years. He is said to have lived tant in MS. in different libraries of Europe. His
one hundred years, but we do not know when he geographical labours deserve particular notice. The
died.
Royal Library at Munich has a MS. of Gemistus,
(Gemistus wrote a surprising number of scientific entitled Διαγραφή απάσης Πελοποννήσου παραλίου
works, dissertations, treatises, compilations, &c. Kal negoyelov, being a description of the Pelopon-
concerning divinity, history, geography, philosophy. nesus, in which he fixes the positions according to
and miscellaneous subjects. Several of theịn have the system of Ptolemy, with the writer's own cor-
been printed. The principal are:-
rections and additions. Gemistus wrote also a
1. Εκ των Διοδώρου και Πλουτάρχου, περί των Topography of Thessaly, and two small treatises,
μετά την εν Μαντινεία μάχην, έν κεφαλαίοις διά- | the one on the form and size of the globe, and the
Antes, being extracts of Diodorus Siculus and Plu- other on some geographical errors of Strabo, which
tarchus, which are better known under their Latin are contained in the Anecdota of Siebenkees La-
title, De Gestis Graecorum post pugnam ad Man- porte Dutheil, the translator of Strabo, derived
tineam Duobus Libris Digesta. Editions :-The considerable advantage from extracts of Gemistus,
Greek text, Venice, 1503, fol. ; a Latin translation, from the 7th, 8th, and Ilth book of Strabo ; and
by Marcus Antonius Antimachus, Basel, 1540, the celebrated Latin edition of Ptolemy, published
4to. ; the Greek text, together with Herodotus in 1478, and dedicated to pope Sixtus IV. , by
Basel, 1541; the Greek text, by Zacharias Orthus, Calderino, was revised after an ancient Greek MS.
professor at the university of Greifswald, Rostock, of Ptolemy, in which Gemistus had written his
1575, 8v0. ; the same by professor Reichard, under corrections. A publication of all the different in-
the title Γεωργίου Γεμίστου του και Πλήθωνος | edited MSS. of Geinistus extant in various libraries
'Emanui Bibaía B, Leipzig, 1770, 8vo.
There in Europe would be most desirable: the classical
are French, Italian, and Spanish translations of no less than the Oriental scholar would derive
this book.
equal advantage from such an undertaking. (Fa-
2. Περί Ειμαρμένης, De Fato. Edition : Ibric. Bibl. Graec, vol. viii. p. 79, not. dd, xii. p. 35,
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
GENETYLLIS.
243
GENIUS.
&c. ; Leo Allatius, De Georgiis, No. 55 ; Wharton (Aristoph. Nub. 52, with the Schol. ), and as a
in Appendix to Cave, Hisi. Lit. p. 141 ; Boivin, distinct divinity and a companion of Aphrodite.
Académie des Belles Lettres, vol. ii. p. 716 ; Ham- (Suidas. ) Genetyllis was also considered as a sur-
berger, Nachrichten von den vornchmsten Schrift name of Artemis, to whom women sacrificed dogs.
stellern, vol. iv. p. 712, &c. )
(W. P. ) (Hesych. s. v. Tevetuais ; Aristoph. Lys. 2. ). We
GENEʻSIUS (revéolos), that is, “ the father," also find the plural, revetumides, or Tevvatdes, as
a surname of Poseidon, under which he had a class of divinities presiding over generation and
a sanctuary near Lerna, on the sea-coast. (Paus. birth, and as companions of Aphrodite Colias.
ii. 38. § 4. ) The name is identical in meaning (Aristoph. Thesmophi
. 130 ; Paus. i. 1. $ 4; Alciph,
with Genethlius (gevédalos), under which the same iii. 2; comp. Bentley ad llor. Carm. Saec.
god had a sanctuary at Sparta (Paus. iii. 15. 16. )
(L. S. )
$ 7. )
(L. S. ) GEʻNITRIX, that is," the mother, 'is used by
GENE'SIUS, JOSE'PHUS, or JOSEʻPHUS Ovid (Md. xiv. 536) as a surname of Cybele, in
BYZANTI'NUS, a Byzantine writer who lived the place of mater, or magna mater, but it is better
in the middle of the tenth century, is the author known, in the religious history of Ronie, as a sur-
of a Greek history, which he wrote by order of the name of Venus, to whom J. Caesar dedicated a
emperor Constantine (VII. ). Porphyrogenitus. temple at Rome, as the mother of the Julia gens
This history, which is divided into four books, and (Suet. Caes. 61, 78, 84; Serv. ad Aen. i. 724. )
is entitled Baoinewv B. baía A, begins with the in like manner, Elissa (Dido), the founder of Car-
year 813, and contains the reigns of Leo V. , the thage, is called Genitrix. (Sil. Ital. i. 81. ) (L. S. ]
Armenian, Michael II. , the Suammerer, Theophi- GE’NIUS, a protecting spirit, analogous to
lus, Michael 111. , and Basil I. , the Macedonian, guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome.
who died in 886. The work of Genesius is short, The belief in such spirits existed both in Greece
and altogether a poor compilation, or extract ; but and at Rome. The Greeks called them daluoves,
as it contains the events of a period of Byzantine daemons, and appear to have believed in them
history, of which we have but scanty information, from the earliest times, though Homer does not
it is nevertheless of importance. A MS. of this mention them. Hesiod (Op. et Dies, 235) speaks
work was discovered at Leipzig in the sixteenth of baluoves, and says that they were 30,000 in
century, and attracted the attention of scholars. number, and that they dwelled on earth unseen by
Godfrey Olearius translated it into Latin, but mortals, as the ministers of Zeus, and as the guar-
death prevented him from publishing his trans- dians of men and of justice. He further conceives
lation. It has been said that there was an edition them to be the souls of the righteous men who
of Genesius of 1. 570, published at Venice, but this lived in the golden age of the world. (Op. et Dies,
is a mistake. The first edition was published at 107; comp. Diog. Laert. vii. 79. ) The Greek
Venice by the editors of the Venetian Collection philosophers took up this idea, and developed a
of the Byzantines, in 1733, in fol. , under the title complete theory of daemons. Thus we read in
“ Josephi Genesii de Rebus Constantinopolitanis, Plato (Phaedr. p. 107), that daemons are assigned
&c. , Libri IV. ," with a Latin translation by to men at the moment of their birth, that thence-
Bergler. The editors perused the Leipzig MS. forward they accompany men through life, and that
mentioned above, but they mutilated and misun- after death they conduct their souls to Hades.
derstood the text. The best edition is by Lach- Pindar, in several passages, speaks of a yevéoncos
mann in the Bonn edition of the Byzantines, 1834, Sainwr, that is, the spirit watching over the fate of
8vo. Joannes Scylitza is the only earlier writer man from the hour of his birth, which appears to
who mentions the name of Genesius. Fabricius be the same as the di genitales of the Romans. (Ol.
shows that it is a mistake to suppose that Josephus viii. 16, xii. 101, Pyth. iv. 167; comp. Aeschyl.
Genesius and Josephus Byzantinus were two differ- Sept. 639. ) The daemons are further described as
ent persons. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 529; | the ministers and companions of the gods, who
Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. p. 97 ; Hamberger, Na- carry the prayers of men to the gods, and the
chrichten von den vornehmsten Schriftstellern, vol. gifts of the gods to men (Plat. Sympos. p. 202 ;
iii. p. 686. )
[W. P. ) Appul. de Deo Socrat. 7), and accordingly float in
GENETA EUS (Terntalos), a surname of Zeus, immense numbers in the space between heaven and
which he derived from Cape Genetus on the Eux- earth. The daemons, however, who were exclu-
ine, where he was worshipped as eufelvos, i. e. sively the ministers of the gods, seem to have con-
“ the hospitable,” and where he had a sanctuary. stituted a distinct class ; thus, the Cory bantes,
(Apollon. Rhod. ii. 378, 1009; Val. Flacc. v. Dactyls, and Cabeiri are called the ministering
148 ; Strab. xii. p. 548. )
(L. S. ) daemons of the great gods (Strab. X. p. 472);
GENE'THLIUS (revé02100), of Patrae, in Gigon, Tychon, and Orthages are the daemons of
Palestine, a Greek rhetorician, who lived between Aphrodite (Hesych. s. v. Peyvar; Tzetz. ad Ly-
the reigns of the emperors Philippus and Constan-cophr. 538); Hadres, the daemon of Demeter
tine. He was a pupil of Mucianus and Agapetus, (Etym. Magn. s. v. 'Adpeús), and Acratus, the dae
and taught rhetoric at Athens, where he died at mon of Dionysus. (Paus. i. 2. § 4. ) It should, how-
the early age of twenty-eight. He was an enemy ever, be observed that all daemons were divided
and a rival of his countryman Callinicus. Suidas into two great classes, viz. good and evil daemons.
(8. o. Tevédalos), to whom we are indebted for this The works which contain most information on
information, enumerates a variety of works which this interesting subject are Appuleius, De Deo
Genethlius wrote, declamations, panegyrics, and Socratis, and Plutarch, De Genio Socratis, and De
commentaries on Demosthenes ; but not a trace of Defectu Oraculorum. Later writers apply the tenn
them has come down to us. (Comp. Eudoc. p. 100; Baluoves also to the souls of the departed.
with C. Aurelius Cotta. Both consuls carried on 29, xxxiv. 45, xlv. 36, &c. )
the war in Sicily against the Carthaginians, and 4. M. SERVILIUS GEMINUS was consul in A. D.
some towns were taken by them. Himera was 3, with L. Aelius Lamia (Val. Max. i. 8. § 11);
among the number ; but its inhabitants had been but it must be observed that his cognomen, though
carried off by the Carthaginians. In B. c. 248 he mentioned by Valerius Maximus, does not occur
was consul a second time, with his former colleague, in the Fisti.
[L. S. )
and besieged Lily baeum and Drepann, while Car- GEMINUS, TANU'SIUS, a Roman historian
thalo endeavoured to make a diversion by a descent who seems to have lived about the time of Cicero.
upon the coast of Italy. (Zonar. viii. 14, 16. ) The exact nature of his work is uncertain, although
2. CN. SERVILIUS, P. F. Q. N. GEMINUR, a son we know that in it he spoke of the time of Sulla.
of No. 1, was consul in B. c. 217, with C. Flami- (Suet. Caes. 9. ) Plutarch (Caes. 22) mentions an
nius. He entered his office on the ides of March, historian whom he calls ravúolos, and whom Vos-
and had Gaul for his province. He afterwards sius (de Hist. Iat. i. 12) considers to be the same
gave up his army to the dictator, Q. Fabius, and as our Tanusius. Seneca (Epist. 93) speaks of
wbile his colleague fought the unfortunate battle of one Tamusius as the author of annals ; and it is
Jake Trasimenus, Cn. Servilius sailed with a fleet not improbable that this is merely a slight mistake
of 120 ships round the coasts of Sardinia and in the name, for Tanusius ; and if this be bo,
Corsica in chase of the Carthaginians; and having | Tanusilis Geminus wrote annals of his own time,
received hostages everywhere, he crossed over into which are lost with the exception of a fragment
Africa. On his voyage thither he ravaged the quoted by Suetonius.
(L. S. )
island of Meninx, and spared Cercina only on the GEMINUS, TU'LLIUS, a poet of the Greek
receipt of ten talents from its inhabitants. After Anthology. There are ten epigrams in the An-
he had landed with his troops in Africa, they in-thology under the name of Geminus (Brunck, Anal.
dulged in the same system of plunder ; but being vol. ii. p. 279; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. ii. p. 254),
careless and unacquainted with the localities, they of which the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and
were taken by surprise and put to flight by the tenth are inscribed, in the Vatican MS. simply
inhabitants. About one thousand of them were repivov, and the eighth Taipivov : the first is in
killed, the rest sailed to Sicily, and the fleet being scribed, in the Planudean Anthologs, Tuddiov
there entrusted to P. Sura, who was ordered to reuívou, and the seventh has the same heading in
take it back to Rome, Cn Servilius himself tra- the Vatican MS: the 9th is inscribed, in the Pla-
velled on foot through Sicily ; and being called nudean, Tulliou reuívou, and, in the Vatican,
back by the dictator, Q. Fabius Maximus, he crossed Tulliou Labývov (i. e. Sabini). It is doubtful
the straits, and went to Italy. About the autumn whether the Tullius, whose epigrams were in-
he undertook the command of the army of Minu- cluded in the collection of Philip, was Tullius Ge
cius, and, in conjunction with his colleague M. minus or Tullius Laurea. Most of the epigrams of
Atilius Regulus, he carried on the war against Geminus are descriptions of works of art. They are
Hannibal, though he carefully avoided entering written in a very affected manner. (Jacobs, Anth.
into any decisive engagement. His imperium was Graec. vol. xiii. p. 897 ; Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. vol.
prolonged for the year 216; and before the battle iv. p. 498. )
(P. S. )
of Cannae he was the only one who agreed with GEMINUS, VETUʼRIUS. (CICURINUS. ]
the consul L. Aemilius Paullus in the opinion that GEMISTUS, GEOʻRGIUS (reáprios ó leur
a battle should not be ventured upon. However, OTÓS), or GEOʻRGIUS PLETHO (ó naúbwv).
the battle was fought, and Cn. Servilius himself one of the later and most celebrated Byzantine
was found among the dead. (Liv. xxi. 57, xxii. writers, lived in the latter part of the fourteenth
1, 31, 32, 43, 49; Polyb. iii. 75, 77, 88, 96, 106, and in the beginning of the fifteenth century. He
114, 116 ; Appian, Annib. 8, 12, 16, 18, 19, 22 was probably a native of Constantinople, but passed
---24; Cic. Tusc. i. 37. )
most of his life in the Peloponnesus. In 1426 he
3. M. Servilius, C. F. P. N. PALEX GE- held a high office, under the emperor Manuel Pa-
NINUS, was elected augur in B. C. 211, in the Laeologus. He was called Teulotós, or flañowe, ou
## p. 240 (#256) ############################################
240
GEMISTUS.
GEMISTI'S.
a
account of the extmordinary amount of knowledge with a Latin translation, and Bessarion's epistle
which he possessed in nearly all the branches or on the siue subject, by H. S. Reimarus, Leiden,
science ; and the great number of writings which 1722, 8vo.
he left prove that his surname was by no means 3. Tepl 'Apetav, De Virtutibras. Editions -
mere fattery. Gemistus was one of the deputies The text, together with some of the minor works
of the Greek church that were present at the of the author, Antwerp. 1552, fol. ; with a Latin
council of Florence, held in 1438, under pope Eu- translation, by Adolphus Orcanus, Baseh1532,
genius IV. , for the purpose of effecting a union 8vo. ; by H. Wolphius, Jena, 1590, 8vo.
between the Latin and Greek churches. Genistus 4. Orationes duae de Rebus Peloponuesiacis con
at first was rather opposed to that union, since his stituendis, one addressed to the emperor Manuel
opinion on the nature of the Holy Ghost differed Palaeologus, and the other to the despot Theodo-
greatly from the belief of the Romish church, but rus. Ed. with a Latin translation, together with
he afterwards gave way, and, without changing the Editio Princeps of the Eclogae of Slovaeus, by
nis opinion on that subject, was active in pro-G. Canterlis, Antwerp, 575, fol.
moting the great object of the council. The union, 5. Περί ών 'Αριστοτέλης προς Πλάτωνα διαφέ-
however, was not accomplished. Gemistus was perai, De Plutonicue atque Aristotelicue Philosophiue
still more renowned ns a philosopher than as a Differentis. Ed. :— The Greek text, with a Latin
divine. In those times the philosophy of Aristotle paraphrase, by Bernardinus Donatus, Venice, 1532,
was prevalent, but it had degenerated into a mere 8vo. ; the same, with a dissertation of Donatus on
science of words. Disgusted with scholastic phi-the same subject, ib. 1540, 8vo. ; the same, with
losophy, Gemistus mnde Plato the subject of long the same dissertation, Paris, 1541, 8vo. ; a Latin
and" deep study, and the propagation of the Plato- translation, bv G. Chariandrus, Biisel, 1574, 4to.
nic philosophy became henceforth his principal | This is one of his most remarkable works.
aim: the celebrated cardinal Bessarion was one of 5. Μαγικά λογία των από Ζωροάστρου εξηγη-
his numerous disciples. During his stay at Flo- derta. The Greek title differs in the MSS: the
rence he was introduced to Cosmo de Medici ; and work is best known under its Latin title, Oracula
having succeeded in persuading this distinguished Magica Zoroastris, and is an essay on the religion
man of the superiority of the system of Plato over of the ancient Persians. Ed. :— The text, with a
that of Aristotle, he became the leader of a new Latin translation, by T. Opsopoeus, Paris, 1599,
school of philosophy in the West. Plato's phi- 8vo. ; by Thryllitsch, Leipzig, 1719, 4to.
losophy became fashionable at Florence, and had Besides these works, Gemistus made extracts of
soon gained so much popularity in Italy as to over- Appian's Syriaca, his object being to elucidate the
shadow entirely the philosophy of Aristotle. But history of the Macedonian kings of Syria : of
Gemistus and his disciples went too far : it was Theophrastus (History of Plants) ; Aristotle (His-
even said that he had attempted to substitute Pla- tory of Animals, &c. ); Diodorus Siculus (with
tonism for Christianism; and before the end of the regard to the kingdoms of Assyria and Media);
century Plato had ceased to be the model of Xenophon, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, and several
Italian philosophers. Gemistus is, nevertheless, other writers, whose works are either partly or
justly considered as the restorer of Platonic phi- entirely lost. He further wrote Prolegomena Artis
losophy in Europe. He was, of course, involved Rhetoricae, Funeral Orations (G. Gemistii sive
in numberless controversies with the Aristotelians, Plethonis et Michaelis Apostolii Orationes Fune-
in the West as well as in the East, among whom bres Duae, in quibus de Immortalitate Animae er.
Georgius, of Trebizond, held a high rank, and ponitur, nunc primum ex MSS. editae, by Professor
much bitterness and violence were displayed on Fülleborn, Leipzig, 1793, 8vo. ); Essays on
each side. In 1441 Gemistus was again in the Music, Letters to Cardinal Bessarion, and other
Peloponnesus as an officer of the emperor: he was celebrated contemporaries, &c. &c. , which are ex-
then advanced in years. He is said to have lived tant in MS. in different libraries of Europe. His
one hundred years, but we do not know when he geographical labours deserve particular notice. The
died.
Royal Library at Munich has a MS. of Gemistus,
(Gemistus wrote a surprising number of scientific entitled Διαγραφή απάσης Πελοποννήσου παραλίου
works, dissertations, treatises, compilations, &c. Kal negoyelov, being a description of the Pelopon-
concerning divinity, history, geography, philosophy. nesus, in which he fixes the positions according to
and miscellaneous subjects. Several of theịn have the system of Ptolemy, with the writer's own cor-
been printed. The principal are:-
rections and additions. Gemistus wrote also a
1. Εκ των Διοδώρου και Πλουτάρχου, περί των Topography of Thessaly, and two small treatises,
μετά την εν Μαντινεία μάχην, έν κεφαλαίοις διά- | the one on the form and size of the globe, and the
Antes, being extracts of Diodorus Siculus and Plu- other on some geographical errors of Strabo, which
tarchus, which are better known under their Latin are contained in the Anecdota of Siebenkees La-
title, De Gestis Graecorum post pugnam ad Man- porte Dutheil, the translator of Strabo, derived
tineam Duobus Libris Digesta. Editions :-The considerable advantage from extracts of Gemistus,
Greek text, Venice, 1503, fol. ; a Latin translation, from the 7th, 8th, and Ilth book of Strabo ; and
by Marcus Antonius Antimachus, Basel, 1540, the celebrated Latin edition of Ptolemy, published
4to. ; the Greek text, together with Herodotus in 1478, and dedicated to pope Sixtus IV. , by
Basel, 1541; the Greek text, by Zacharias Orthus, Calderino, was revised after an ancient Greek MS.
professor at the university of Greifswald, Rostock, of Ptolemy, in which Gemistus had written his
1575, 8v0. ; the same by professor Reichard, under corrections. A publication of all the different in-
the title Γεωργίου Γεμίστου του και Πλήθωνος | edited MSS. of Geinistus extant in various libraries
'Emanui Bibaía B, Leipzig, 1770, 8vo.
There in Europe would be most desirable: the classical
are French, Italian, and Spanish translations of no less than the Oriental scholar would derive
this book.
equal advantage from such an undertaking. (Fa-
2. Περί Ειμαρμένης, De Fato. Edition : Ibric. Bibl. Graec, vol. viii. p. 79, not. dd, xii. p. 35,
## p. 241 (#257) ############################################
GENETYLLIS.
243
GENIUS.
&c. ; Leo Allatius, De Georgiis, No. 55 ; Wharton (Aristoph. Nub. 52, with the Schol. ), and as a
in Appendix to Cave, Hisi. Lit. p. 141 ; Boivin, distinct divinity and a companion of Aphrodite.
Académie des Belles Lettres, vol. ii. p. 716 ; Ham- (Suidas. ) Genetyllis was also considered as a sur-
berger, Nachrichten von den vornchmsten Schrift name of Artemis, to whom women sacrificed dogs.
stellern, vol. iv. p. 712, &c. )
(W. P. ) (Hesych. s. v. Tevetuais ; Aristoph. Lys. 2. ). We
GENEʻSIUS (revéolos), that is, “ the father," also find the plural, revetumides, or Tevvatdes, as
a surname of Poseidon, under which he had a class of divinities presiding over generation and
a sanctuary near Lerna, on the sea-coast. (Paus. birth, and as companions of Aphrodite Colias.
ii. 38. § 4. ) The name is identical in meaning (Aristoph. Thesmophi
. 130 ; Paus. i. 1. $ 4; Alciph,
with Genethlius (gevédalos), under which the same iii. 2; comp. Bentley ad llor. Carm. Saec.
god had a sanctuary at Sparta (Paus. iii. 15. 16. )
(L. S. )
$ 7. )
(L. S. ) GEʻNITRIX, that is," the mother, 'is used by
GENE'SIUS, JOSE'PHUS, or JOSEʻPHUS Ovid (Md. xiv. 536) as a surname of Cybele, in
BYZANTI'NUS, a Byzantine writer who lived the place of mater, or magna mater, but it is better
in the middle of the tenth century, is the author known, in the religious history of Ronie, as a sur-
of a Greek history, which he wrote by order of the name of Venus, to whom J. Caesar dedicated a
emperor Constantine (VII. ). Porphyrogenitus. temple at Rome, as the mother of the Julia gens
This history, which is divided into four books, and (Suet. Caes. 61, 78, 84; Serv. ad Aen. i. 724. )
is entitled Baoinewv B. baía A, begins with the in like manner, Elissa (Dido), the founder of Car-
year 813, and contains the reigns of Leo V. , the thage, is called Genitrix. (Sil. Ital. i. 81. ) (L. S. ]
Armenian, Michael II. , the Suammerer, Theophi- GE’NIUS, a protecting spirit, analogous to
lus, Michael 111. , and Basil I. , the Macedonian, guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome.
who died in 886. The work of Genesius is short, The belief in such spirits existed both in Greece
and altogether a poor compilation, or extract ; but and at Rome. The Greeks called them daluoves,
as it contains the events of a period of Byzantine daemons, and appear to have believed in them
history, of which we have but scanty information, from the earliest times, though Homer does not
it is nevertheless of importance. A MS. of this mention them. Hesiod (Op. et Dies, 235) speaks
work was discovered at Leipzig in the sixteenth of baluoves, and says that they were 30,000 in
century, and attracted the attention of scholars. number, and that they dwelled on earth unseen by
Godfrey Olearius translated it into Latin, but mortals, as the ministers of Zeus, and as the guar-
death prevented him from publishing his trans- dians of men and of justice. He further conceives
lation. It has been said that there was an edition them to be the souls of the righteous men who
of Genesius of 1. 570, published at Venice, but this lived in the golden age of the world. (Op. et Dies,
is a mistake. The first edition was published at 107; comp. Diog. Laert. vii. 79. ) The Greek
Venice by the editors of the Venetian Collection philosophers took up this idea, and developed a
of the Byzantines, in 1733, in fol. , under the title complete theory of daemons. Thus we read in
“ Josephi Genesii de Rebus Constantinopolitanis, Plato (Phaedr. p. 107), that daemons are assigned
&c. , Libri IV. ," with a Latin translation by to men at the moment of their birth, that thence-
Bergler. The editors perused the Leipzig MS. forward they accompany men through life, and that
mentioned above, but they mutilated and misun- after death they conduct their souls to Hades.
derstood the text. The best edition is by Lach- Pindar, in several passages, speaks of a yevéoncos
mann in the Bonn edition of the Byzantines, 1834, Sainwr, that is, the spirit watching over the fate of
8vo. Joannes Scylitza is the only earlier writer man from the hour of his birth, which appears to
who mentions the name of Genesius. Fabricius be the same as the di genitales of the Romans. (Ol.
shows that it is a mistake to suppose that Josephus viii. 16, xii. 101, Pyth. iv. 167; comp. Aeschyl.
Genesius and Josephus Byzantinus were two differ- Sept. 639. ) The daemons are further described as
ent persons. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 529; | the ministers and companions of the gods, who
Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. p. 97 ; Hamberger, Na- carry the prayers of men to the gods, and the
chrichten von den vornehmsten Schriftstellern, vol. gifts of the gods to men (Plat. Sympos. p. 202 ;
iii. p. 686. )
[W. P. ) Appul. de Deo Socrat. 7), and accordingly float in
GENETA EUS (Terntalos), a surname of Zeus, immense numbers in the space between heaven and
which he derived from Cape Genetus on the Eux- earth. The daemons, however, who were exclu-
ine, where he was worshipped as eufelvos, i. e. sively the ministers of the gods, seem to have con-
“ the hospitable,” and where he had a sanctuary. stituted a distinct class ; thus, the Cory bantes,
(Apollon. Rhod. ii. 378, 1009; Val. Flacc. v. Dactyls, and Cabeiri are called the ministering
148 ; Strab. xii. p. 548. )
(L. S. ) daemons of the great gods (Strab. X. p. 472);
GENE'THLIUS (revé02100), of Patrae, in Gigon, Tychon, and Orthages are the daemons of
Palestine, a Greek rhetorician, who lived between Aphrodite (Hesych. s. v. Peyvar; Tzetz. ad Ly-
the reigns of the emperors Philippus and Constan-cophr. 538); Hadres, the daemon of Demeter
tine. He was a pupil of Mucianus and Agapetus, (Etym. Magn. s. v. 'Adpeús), and Acratus, the dae
and taught rhetoric at Athens, where he died at mon of Dionysus. (Paus. i. 2. § 4. ) It should, how-
the early age of twenty-eight. He was an enemy ever, be observed that all daemons were divided
and a rival of his countryman Callinicus. Suidas into two great classes, viz. good and evil daemons.
(8. o. Tevédalos), to whom we are indebted for this The works which contain most information on
information, enumerates a variety of works which this interesting subject are Appuleius, De Deo
Genethlius wrote, declamations, panegyrics, and Socratis, and Plutarch, De Genio Socratis, and De
commentaries on Demosthenes ; but not a trace of Defectu Oraculorum. Later writers apply the tenn
them has come down to us. (Comp. Eudoc. p. 100; Baluoves also to the souls of the departed.
