No More Learning

)
known, they renounced their design. The first CI'PIUS, a person who gave rise to the pro-
edition is that of Cornelius Tollius, with a Latin | verb " non omnibus dormio," was called Para-
translation and some notes of no great consequence, renchon (napapéyxwv), because he pretended to be
Utrecht, 1652, 4to. Tollius dedicated this edi- asleep, in order to give facility to his wife's adul-
tion, which he divided into four books, to the states tery. (Festus, s. v. Non omnibus dormio ; Cic.
of Utrecht, and in his preface gives a brilliant de- ad Fam. vii. 24. ) There are two coins extant
scription of the literary merits of Cinnamus. The
second edition is that in the Paris collection of the
Byzantines by Du Cange, published at Paris, 1670,
fol. , together with the description of the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople, by Paulus Silentia-
rius, and the editor's notes to Nicephorus Bryen-
nius and Anna Comnena. It is divided into six
books. Du Cange corrected the text, added a new
Latin translation, such of the notes of Tollius as
were of some importance, and an excellent philo with the name M. Cipi. M. F. upon them, but it
logico-historical commentary of his own; he dedi- is not impossible that they may belong to the
cated his edition to the minister Colbert, one of Cispia gens, as the omission of a letter in a name
the principal protectors of the French editors of is by no means of uncommon occurrence on Roman
the Byzantines. This edition has been reprinted coins.
in the Venice collection, 1729, fol. Cinnamus has CIPUS or CIPPUS, GENU'CIUS, a Roman
lately been published at Bonn, 1836, 8vo. , together praetor, to whom an extraordinary prodigy is said
with Nicephorus Bryennius, by Augustus Meineke; to have happened. For, as he was going out of the
the work is divided into seven books. The editor gates of the city, clad in the paludamentum, horns
gives the Latin translation of Du Cange revised in suddenly grew out of his head, and it was said by
several instances, and the prefaces, dedications, the haruspices that if he returned to the city, he
and commentaries of Tollius and Du Cange. (Han- would be king : but lest this should happen, he
kius, De Script. Byzant. Graec. p. 516, &c. ; Fa- imposed voluntary exile upon himself. (Val. Max.
bric. Bibl. Graec. vii. p. 733, &c. ; the Prefaces v. 6. § 3; Ov. Met. xv. 565, &c. ; Plin. H. N. xi.
and Dedications of Tollius and Du Cange ; Leo 37. s. 45. )
Allatius, De Psellis, p. 24, &c. ) (W. P. ] CIRCE (Klpan), a mythical sorceress, whom
CI'NYRAS (Kıvúpas), a famous Cyprian hero. Homer calls a fair-locked goddess, a daughter of
According to the common tradition, he was a son Helios by the oceanid Perse, and a sister of Aeëtes.
of Apollo by Paphos, king of Cyprus, and priest (Od. x. 135. ) She lived in the island of Aeaea;
of the Paphian Aphrodite, which latter office re- and when Odysseus on his wanderings came to
mained hereditary in his family, the Cinyradae. her island, Circe, after having changed several of
(Pind. Pyth. ii. 26, &c. ; Tac. Hist. ii. 3 ; Schol. his companions into pigs, became so much attached
ad Theocrit. i. 109. ) Tacitus describes him as hav- to the unfortunate hero, that he was induced to
ing come to Cyprus from Cilicia, from whence he remain a whole year with her. At length, when
introduced the worship of Aphrodite ; and Apollo he wished to leave her, she prevailed upon him to
dorus (iii. 14. § 3) too calls him a son of Sandacus, descend into the lower world to consult the seer
who had emigrated from Syria to Cilicia. Cinyras, Teiresias. After bis return from thence, she ex-
after his arrival in Cyprus, founded the town of plained to him the dangers which he would yet
Paphos. He was married to Methamne, the daugh- have to encounter, and then dismissed him. (od.
ter of the Cyprian king, Pygmalion, by whom he lib. x. -xii. ; comp. Hygin. Fab. 125. ) Her des-
had several children. One of them was Adonis, cent is differently described by the poets, for some
whom, according to some traditions, he begot un- call her a daughter of Hyperion and Aërope (Orph.
wittingly in an incestuous intercourse with his Argon. 1215), and others a daughter of Aeëtes and
own daughter, Smyma. He afterwards killed Hecate. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 200. ) Ac-
himself on discovering this crime, into which he cording to Hesiod (Theog. 1011) she became by
had been led by the anger of Aphrodite. (Hygin. Odysseus the mother of Agrius. The Latin poets
Fab. 58, 242; Antonin. Lib. 34; Ov. Met. x. too inake great use of the story of Circe, the sor-
310, &c. ) According to other traditions, he had ceress, who metamorphosed Scylla and Picus, king
promised to assist Agamemnon and the Greeks in of the Ausonians. (Ov. Met. xiv. 9, &c. ) [L. S. ]
their war against Troy; but, as he did not keep CIRRHA (Rippa), a nymph from whom the
his word, he was cursed by Agamemnon, and town of Cirrha in Phocis was believed to have de-
Apollo took vengeance upon him by entering into rived its name. (Paus. x. 37. § 4. ) (L. S. )
a contest with him, in which he was defeated and CI'SPIA GENS, plebeian, which came origin-
slain. (Hom. ll. xi. 20, with the note of Eustath. ) ally froin Anagnia, a town of the Hernici. An
His daughters, fifty in number, leaped into the ancient tradition related that Cispius Laevus, of
sea, and were metamorphosed into alcyones. He Anagnia, came to Rome to protect the city, while
is also described as the founder of the town of Tullus Hostilius was engaged in the siege of Veii,
Cinyreia in Cyprus. (Plin. H. N. v. 31 ; Nonn. and that he occupied with his forces one of the
Dionys. xiii. 451. )
[L. S. )
two hills of the Esquiline, which was called after
cios (Kios), a son of Olympus, from whom him the Cispius mons, in the same way as Oppius
Cios (Prusa) on the Propontis derived its name, as of Tusculum did the other, which was likewise
he was beliered to have led thither a band of colo-called after him the Oppius mons. (Festus, s. vrt
nists from Miletus. (Schol. ad Theocrit. xiii. 30; Sprimontio, Cispis mons ; Vair. L L. v. 50, ed.


## p. 758 (#778) ############################################

768
CITIIA ERON.
CIVILIS.
Müller, where the name is also written Cespeus | Boeotia, from whom mount Cithacron was believed
and Cispius. )
to have derived its name. Once when Hera was
No persons of this name, however, occur till angry with Zeus, Cithaeron advised the latter to
the very end of the republic. The only cognomen take into his chariot a wooden statue and dress it
of the gens is LAEVUS: for those whose surname up so as to make it resemble Plataea, the daughter
is not mentioned, see Cisrius.
of Asopus. Zeus followed his counsel, and as he
CI'SPIUS. 1. M. Cispius, tribune of the was riding along with his pretended bride, Hera,
plebs, B. C. 57, the year in which Cicero was re- overcome by her jealousy, ran up to him, tore the
called from banishment, took an active part in Ci- covering from the suspected bride, and on discover-
cero's favour. The father and brother of Cispius ing that it was a statue, became reconciled to
also exerted themselves to obtain Cicero's recall, Zeus. (Paus. ix. l. Ø 2, 3. § 1. ) Respecting
although he had had in former times a law-suit the festival of the Daedala, celebrated to com-
with the fainily. On one occasion the life of Cis memorate this event, see Dic. of Ant. s. o. [L. S. ]
pius was in danger through his support of Cicero; CI'VICA CEREA'LIS. [CEREALIS. ]
he was attacked by the mob of Clodius, and driven CIVILIS, CLAU'DIUS, was the leader of the
out of the forum. In return for these services Batavi in their revolt from Rome, A. D. 69-70.
Cicero defended Cispius when he was accused of The Batavi were a people of Germanic origin, who
bribery (ambitus), but was unable to obtain a ver- had left the nation of the Catti, of which they
dict in his favour. (Cic. pro. Planc. 31, post red. were a part, and had settled in and about the island
in Sen. 8, pro Sext. 35. )
which is formed by the mouths of the Rhenus
2. L. Cispius, one of Caesar's officers in the (Rhine) and Mosa (Maas). The important posi-
African war, commanded part of the fleet. (Hirt. tion which they occupied led the Romans to culti-
B. Afr. 62, 67.
) He is perhaps the same as the vate their friendship, and they rendered good ser-
Cispius Laevus, whom Plancus mentions in a letter vice to Rome in the wars in Germany and Britain,
to Cicero in B. C. 43. (Cic. ad Fum. x. 21. ) under the early emperors. When Rome gave up
3. Cispius, a debtor of Cicero's. (Cic. ad Att. ' the idea of subduing Germany, the nations west of
xii. 24, xiii. 33. )
Whether he is the same as the Rhine, especially those of Germanic origin, be-
either of the preceding, is uncertain,
gan to feel a hope of setting themselves free. The
CISSEUS (Kigeus), a king in Thrace, and civil wars afforded an opportunity for the attempt,
father of Theano or, according to others, of Hecabe. and the oppressions of the imperial legates furnish-
(Hom. II. vi. 295, xi. 223; Eurip. Hec. 3 ; Hygin. ed the provocation. It was out of such an act of
Fab. 91; Virg. Aen. vii. 720. ; Serv. ad Aen. v. 535. ) oppression that the rebellion of Civilis sprung. *
There are two other mythical beings of the name Julius Paulus and Claudius Civilis were brotherst
of Cisseus. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Virg. Aen. x. of the Batavian royal race, and excelled all their
317. )
(L. S. ] nation in personal accomplishments. On a false
CI'SSIDAS (Knocidas), a Syracusan, command charge of treason, Nero's legate, Fonteius Capito,
ed the body of auxiliaries which Dionysius I. sent, put Julius Paulus to death, A. D. 67 or 68, and sent
for the second time, to the aid of Sparta. (B. C. Civilis in chains to Nero at Rome, where he was
367. ) He assisted Archidamus in his successful heard and acquitted by Galba. He was afterwards
attack on Caryae, and in his expedition against prefect of a cohort, but under Vitellius he became
Arcadia in the same year. But during the cam- an object of suspicion to the army, who demanded
paign in Arcadia he left him, as the period fixed his punishment. (Compare Tac. Hist. i. 59. ) He
for his stay by Dionysius had now expired. On escaped the danger, but he did not forget the af-
his march towards Laconia he was intercepted by a front. He thought of Hannibal and Sertorius, like
body of Messenians, and was obliged to send to whom he had lost an eye; and, being endowed, says
Archidamus for assistance. The prince having Tacitus, with greater mental power than is common
joined him with his forces, they changed their among barbarians, he began the execution of his
route, but were again intercepted by the combined schemes of enmity to Rome under the pretence of
troops of the Arcadians and Argives. The result supporting the cause of Vespasian. In order to
was, the defeat of the latter in that which has understand the events which occurred at this period
been called the “Tearless Battle. ” (Xen. Hell. ri. in the Germanies and Gaul, it must be remembered
1. SS 28–32; see p. 267, b. )
(E. E. ] that the legions of Germany were Vitellius's own
CITE'RIUS SIDO'NIÚS, the author of an troops, who had called him to the purple, and who
epigram on three shepherds, which has no poetical remained steadfast to his cause to the very last.
merits, and is only remarkable for its quaintness. The legates, on the other hand, early chose the side
It is printed in Wernsdorff's Poëtae Latini Mi- of Vespasian, and it was not without reason that
nores (vol. ii. p. 215), and in the Anthologia Latina they were accused by their soldiers of treasonable
(ii. Ep. 257, ed. Burmann, Ep. 253, ed. Meyer).
Its author appears to be the same as the Ci- * In the following narrative it is necessary to
terius, one of the professors at Bourdeaux, and bear in mind the distinction between Germany, pro-
the friend of Ausonius, commemorated in a poem perly so called, and the two Gallic provinces on the
of the latter. (Prof. Burdig. xiii. ) We learn left bank of the Rhine, which, from their popula-
from Ausonius that Citerius was born at Syracuse, tion being chiefly of Germanic origin, were called
in Sicily, and was a grammarian and a poet. In the Germanies (Germania Inferior, and Germania
his hyperbolical panegyric, Ausonius compares him Superior). The scene of the war with Civilis was
to Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and says that his on the left bank of the Rhine, and chiefly in Ger-
poems, written at an early age, were superior to mania Inferior.
those of Simonides. Citerius afterwards settled at + Tacitus (Hist. i. 59) also calls Civilis Julius,
Bourdeaux, married a rich and noble wiſe, but died and so do other writers. (Plut. Erot. 25, p. 770:
without leaving any children.
where, however, Julius Tutor is possibly meant
CITHAERON (K10aipuv), a mythical king in | Frontin. Strat. iv. 3. § 14. )


## p. 759 (#779) ############################################

CIVILIS.
753
CIVILIS.
:
connivance at the progress of the insurrection on the army ; but, being still unwilling to commit himself
Rhine. (See especially Tacit. Hist. iv. 27. ) Thus to an open contest with the Roman power, he
Civilis was urged by a letter from Antonius Primus, caused his followers to take the oath to Vespasian,
And by a personal request from Hordeonius Flaccus, and sent enroys to the two legions which, as above
to prevent the German legions from marching into related, had taken refuge in Vetera Castra, to in-
Italy to the support of Vitellius, by the appearance duce them to take the same oath. Enraged at
of a Germanic insurrection; an appearance which their refusal, he called to arms the whole ration of
Civilis himself resolved to convert into a reality. the Batavi, who were joined by the Bructeri and
His designs were aided by an edict of Vitellius, Teucteri, while emissaries were sent into Germany
calling for a levy of the Batavians, and still more to rouse the people. The Roman legates, Mummius
by the harshness with which the command was Lupercus and Numisius Rufus, sirengthened the
executed; for feeble old men were compelled to pay fortifications of Vetera Castril. Civilis marched
for exemption from service, and beautiful boys were down both banks of the Rhine, having ships also
seized for the vilest purposes. Irritated by these on the river, and blockaded the camp, after a fruit-
cruelties, and urged by Civilis and his confederates, less atteinpt to storm it. The operations of Hor-
the Batavians refused the levy; and Civilis having, deonius Flaccus were retarded by his weakness, his
according to the ancient German custom, called a anxiety to serve Vespasian, and the mistrust of his
solemn meeting at night in a sacred grove, easily soldiers, to whom this inclination was no secret ;
bound the chiefs of the Batavians by an oath to re- and he was at last compelled to give up the com-
volt. Messengers were sent to secure the assistance mand to Dillius Vocula. The dissensions at this
of the Canninefates, another Germanic tribe, living period in the Roman camp are described elsewhere.
on the same island, and others to try the fidelity of (HORDEONIUS Flaccus; HERENNIUS Gallus ;
the Batarian cohorts, which had formerly served in Dillius Vocula. ] Civilis, in the meantime,
Britain, and were now stationed at Magontiacum, having been joined by large forces from all Germany,
as a part of the Roman army on the Rbine. The proceeded to harass the tribes of Gaul west of the
first of these missions was completely successful. Mosal
, even as far as the Menapii and Morini, on
The Canninefates chose Brinno for their chief ; and the sea shore, in order to shake their fidelity to the
he, having joined to himself the Frisii, a nation be Romans. His efforts were more especially directed
yond the Rhine, atuncked the furthest winter against the Treviri and the Ubii. 'The Übii were
quarters of the Romans, and compelled them to re firm in their faith, and suffered severely in conse-
tire from their forts. Upon this, Civilis, still dis-quence. He then pressed on the siege of Vetera
sembling, accused the prefects, because they had | Castra, and, yielding to the ardour of his new allies
deserted the camp, and declared that with his single beyond the Rhine, tried again to storm it. The
cohort he would repress the revolt of the Cannine effort failed, and he had recourse to attempts to
fates, while the rest of the army might betake tamper with the besieged soldiery.
themselves quietly to their winter quarters. His These events occurred towards the end of A. D.
treachery was, however, seen through, and he found 69, before the battle of Cremona, which decided the
himself compelled openly to join the insurgents. victory of Vespasian over Vitellius. (VESPASIANUS. )
At the head of the Canninefates, Frisii, and Batavi, When the news of that battle reached the Roman
he engaged the Romans on the bank of the Rhine. army on the Rhine, ALPINUS MONTANUS was sent
In the midst of the battle, a cohort of the Tungri de to Civilis to summon him to lay down bis arms,
serted to Civilis, and decided the battle on the land; since his professed object was now accomplished.
while the Roman fleet, which had been collected on The only result of this mission was, that Civilis
the river to co-operate with the legions, was carried sowed the seeds of disaffection in the envoy's mind.
over to the German bank by the rowers, many Civilis now sent against Vocula his veteran cohorts
of whom wore Batavians, who overpowered the and the bravest of the Germans, under the com-
pilots and centurions. Civilis followed up his vic- mand of Julius Maximus, and Claudius Victor, his
tory by sending messengers through the two Ger- sister's son, who, having taken on their march the
manies and the provinces of Gaul, urging the peo- winter quarters of an auxiliary ala, at Asciburgium,
ple to rebellion ; and aimed at the kingdom of the fell suddenly upon the camp of Vocula, which was
Germanies and Gauls. Hordeonius Flaccus, the only saved by the arrival of unexpected aid. Civi-
governor of the Germanies, who had secretly en- lis and Vocula are both blamed by Tacitus, the
couraged the first efforts of Civilis, now ordered his former for not sending a sufficient force, the latter
legate, Mummius Lupercus, to march against the for neglecting to follow up his victory. Civilis now
enemy. Civilis gave him battle; and Lupercus attempted to gain over the legions who were be-
was immediately deserted by an ala of Batavians; sieged in Vetera Castra, by pretending that he had
the rest of the auxiliaries fied; and the legionary conquered Vocula, but one of the captives whom he
soldiers were obliged to retreat into Vetera Castra, paraded before the walls for this purpose, shouted
the great station which Augustus had formed on out and rerealed the truth, his credit, as Tacitus
the left bank of the Rhine, as the head quarters for obserres, being the more established by the fact,
operations against Germany. About the same time that he was stabbed to death by the Germans on
some veteran cohorts of Batavians and Cannine- the spot. Shortly afterwards, Vocula marched up
fates, who were on their march into Italy by the to the relief of Vetera Castra, and defeated Civilis,
order of Vitellius, were induced by the emissaries but again neglected to follow up his victory, most
of Civilis to mutiny and to march back into lower probably from design. [VOCULA. ] Civilis soon
Germany, in order to join Civilis, which they were again reduced the Romans to great want of provi-
enabled to effect by the indecision of Hordeonius sions, and forced them to retire to Gelduba, and
Flaccus ; defeating, on their way, the forces of thence to Novesium, while he again invested Ve-
Herennius Gallus, who was stationed at Bonn, and tera Castra, and took Gelduba. The Romans, pa-
who was forced by his soldiers to resist their ralyzed by new dissensions [HORDEONIUS Flaco
march. Civilis was now at the head of a complete cus; l'ocula), suffered another defeat from Ciri-


## p. 760 (#780) ############################################

760
CIVILIS.
CLARUS.
racter.
lis ; but some of them, rallying under Vocula, re- brave stand. The Canninefates destroyed the
took Magontiacum.
greater part of a Roman flect, and defeated a body
At the beginning of the new year (A. D. 70), of the Nervii, who, after submitting to Fabius
the war assumed a fresh and more formidable cha- Priscus, the Roman legate, had of their own accord
The news of the death of Vitellius exas- attacked their former allies. Having renewed his
perated the Roman soldiers, encouraged the insur- army from Germany, Civilis encamped at Vetera
gents, and shook the fidelity of the Gauls; while Castra, whither Cerealis also marched with increased
a rumour was moreover circulated that the winter forces, both leaders being cager for a decisive battle.
quarters of the Moesian and Pannonian legions were it was soon fought, and Cercalis gained the victory
besieged by the Dacians and Sarmatians; and by the treachery of a Batavian; but, as the Ro-
above all the burning of the Capitol was esteemed mans had no fleet, the Gerinans escaped across the
an omen of the approaching end of the Roman em- Rbine. Here Civilis was joined by reinforcements
pirc. Civilis, whose last remnant of dissimulation from the Chauci; and, after making, with Verax,
was necessarily torn away by tbe death of Vitel- Classicus, and Tutor, one more effort which was
lius, gave his undivided energies to the war, and partially successful, to hold his ground in the island
was joined by Classicus and Julius Tutor, who at of the Batavi, he was again defeated by Cerealis,
length gained over the army of Vocula. [Classi- and driven back across the Rhine. Emissaries
cus; TUTOR; Sabinus. ] The besieged legions at were sent by Cerealis to make private offers of
Vetera Castra could now hold out no longer; they peace to the Batavians, and of pardon to Civilis,
capitulated to Civilis, and took the oath to the em- who found that he had no alternative but to sur-
pire of the Gauls (in verba Galliarum), but as they render. He obtained an interview with Cerealis
marched away, they were all put to death by the on a bridge of the river Vahalis. The History of
Germans, probably not without the connivance of Tacitus breaks off suddenly just after the com-
Civilis. That chieftain, having at length performed mencement of his speech. (Tac. Hist. iv. 12–37,
his vow of enmity to the Romans, now cut off his 54-79, v. 14–26. Joseph. Bell, Jud. vii. 4. § 2;
hair which, according to the custom of the Germanis, Dion Cass. Ixvi. 3. )
[P. S. )
he had suffered to grow since the beginning of his CLANIS, the name of two mythical beings.
enterprise. (Tac. Germ. 31. ) Neither Civilis nor (Ov. Met. v. 140, xii. 379. )
(L. S. )
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
and Tutor, for they trusted that, after having dis She was married to Cornelius Repentinus, who was
posed of the Romans, they should be able to over- appointed praefectus urbi in the room of Flavius
power their Gallic allies. Civilis and Classicus now Sulpicianus; she received the title of Augusta upon
destroyed all the Roman winter camps, except her father's accession, and was deprived of it at
those at Magontiacum and Vindonissa. "The Ger- his death. Her effigy appears upon coins, but
mans demanded the destruction of Colonia Agrip- these are of great rarity.