\ If they are one, since things are precisely that which is
\ Impermanent, how can they have duration?
\ Impermanent, how can they have duration?
Aryadeva - Four Hundred Verses
)
.
( -- Assertion: Future things exist because they are produced later when the conditions obtain. That which is previously non-existent, like a barren woman's child, will not be produced later.
-- Answer: If a thing to be produced later is substantially existent prior to its production, the contention that things are inherently established as causeless held by Niyativadins and those asserting that things are not created by peoples' activity and are without cause is not erroneous. Yet their assertion are wrong for they contradict everything that is both seen and unseen. )
.
L7: [(4) Consequence that things already produced are produced again]
.
\ ###
\ 260.
\ To say something which will be made to occur
\ Already exists is unreasonable.
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\ If that which exists is produced,
\ What has been produced will arise again.
.
(i. e. If the future exist, now, then is there another production? )
.
( -- Moreover even if the future were substantially existent, it would be unreasonable to say that a thing which will be made to occur later is substantially existent prior to its production. If that which already exist is produced later, what has already been produced will come into existence again, which is purposeless. As a consequence the effect would find no opportunity for production, since the cause must reproduce itself until the end. )
.
L7: [(5) Refuting that Yogic perception of wished for objects directly perceives future things] L8: [(a) Actual meaning]
.
\ ###
\ 261.
\ If future things are seen,
\ Why is the non-existent not seen?
\ For one for whom the future exists
\ There can be no distant [time].
.
(i. e. The Middle-Way about the nature of the three times: not existent, not non-existent, not both, not neither. It is false to pretend that one can see the future as if really existing now. But still this doesn't mean that the future is completely non-existent either. A Buddha can directly see their real non-dual nature: the beginningless chain of causes, and the endless chain of effects. A flow of interdependence without any inherently existing entities in it. )
.
( -- Assertion: The future exist because there is Yogic perception of wished-for objects which focuses on future things, and because predictions concerning the future are later seen to turn out just as predicted. This is impossible in relation to a barren woman's child.
-- Answer ab: If future things are directly perceived by way of their own entity in the period before their production, why are non-existent things not seen? It follows that they would be seen, for it is not feasible to make distinctions between what is seen and not seen with regard to the non-existent. Such fallacies arise for those who assert that the past and future exist by way of their own entity, but no fallacies accrue to us who assert the three times as arising dependently without inherent existence.
Buddhas directly perceive in the present even those things which will occur after ten millions aeons. Though they are future at the time of the consciousness perceiving them, they are neither non-functional nor permanent for they will not remain for a second moment after their formation. There is no need for a Buddha to cognize the present explicitly and the past and future implicitly, for though the latter do not exist at that time, they are in general directly perceived. Similarly it is not contradictory for objects of aspiration, though they do not exist at that time, to appear clearly to Yogic perception of that which is wished for, just as a dream appears to be real.
Even though the barley seed exists, the sprout which has not yet come into existence may be called future but the sprout itself must not be called future. An understanding of the other two times should be inferred from this. In our own
system we accept that Buddhas perceive all three times directly and not at all assert to trainees that they merely appear to do so.
-- cd: Moreover there cannot be a distant time for a protagonist for whom the future exists by way of its own entity because the future exists in terms of its own entity. )
.
L8: [(b) Consequence that fresh restraint from non-virtue and so forth are unnecessary if the future is substantially existent]
.
\ ###
\ 262.
\ If virtue exists though nothing is done,
\ Resolute restraint is meaningless.
\ If even a little is done
\ The effect cannot exist.
.
(i. e. If the future already exist. There is no need to work on it, no need for a path. ) .
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( -- If, because the future is substantially existent, virtue exists without actions such as safeguarding one's ethical conduct once one's faculties have become mature through meeting a spiritual friend and listening to teaching, resolute restraint from unethical conduct and so forth for the sake of future results [such as a high rebirth] is meaningless, for virtue will exist even if that has not been done. If even the slightest thing is done to enhance one's capability, future effects cannot be substantially existent. It is impossible! )
.
L8: [(c) If impermanent it is contradictory for something to exist prior to its production]
.
\ ###
\ 263.
\ If they are impermanent
\ How can it be said effects exist?
\ That which has a beginning and end
\ is called impermanent in the world.
.
(i. e. Future is not existent: To say that something exist inherently and is impermanent is a contradiction. All future (effects) are empty of inherent existence. The future is not something existing, nor non-existing. )
.
( -- In accordance with the assertion that all composite things are impermanent, all functional things are impermanent. -- How can it be said that an effect exist prior to its production? It is unreasonable since impermanence and existence prior to production are contradictor. Anything which has a beginning, in that it is newly produced, and an end, in that it does not last for a second moment after the time of its formation, is called impermanent in the world. )
.
L6: [b. Refuting the assertions of Sautrantikas and so forth]
.
\ ###
\ 264.
\ Liberation will occur without exertion.
\ For the liberated there is no future,
\ Or otherwise, if this were so,
\ Desire would arise without attachment.
.
(i. e. Future is not non-existent: At the other extreme: future is not non-existent at all; otherwise there would be no causality at all, no bounding, and no possibility for liberation. -- Liberation is not an effect, a future; it is not produced through our own effort, or following an absolute path. Liberation is beyond causality space and time. But, still, without a path combining the accumulation of merit and wisdom we will probably remain in samsara for an eternity. The Middle-Way not accepting a path as absolute, not rejecting all virtuous paths as if useless. We need both method and wisdom together all the time. )
.
( -- According to Sautrantikas and so forth who assert that future functional things do not have the slightest existence, liberation will occur without any exertion to generate the paths of the Exalted in order to prevent future disturbing emotions and suffering, because future things do not exist. This would be like liberated Foe Destroyers for whom there are no future disturbing emotions and so forth and who thus do not need to exert themselves because of them. If the future were non-existent and desire were to arise without there being a person, consciousness and so forth or predispositions for attachment as a basis, it follows that desire would arise in a Foe Destroyer too.
-- The words "or otherwise" imply "or otherwise the future is not non-existent. ")
.
L4: [B. Refutation by examining whether the effect exists or not]
.
\ ###
\ 265.
\ For those who assert effects exist,
\ And for those who assert they do not exist,
\ Adornments like pillars and so forth
\ For a home are purposeless.
.
(i. e. The Middle Way about future, avoiding both extremes: accepting future or effect as if inherently existing (realism), rejecting future as if completely not-existing (nihilism). In both case morality would be useless. )
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.
(-- Samkhyas say that since what is non-existent cannot be produced, and since the effect is present in the cause in a potential form, the fallacy that anything arises from anything does not occur.
-- Some Vaibhasikas assert that the three times are substantially existent and that effects exist prior to their production. -- Sautrantikas and so forth assert that although things are truly existent, future effects are non-existent.
It follows that for all of these, adornments such as pillars for a resultant home are purposeless, since according to some it exist from the outset, while according to others the future home is non-existent, like a barren woman's child. For proponents of dependent arising free from inherent existence, there is no possibility of error and thus everything is properly established.
In meditative equipoise the Exalted who are still learning do not perceive dependently arising phenomena as existent. Failure to distinguish between this non-perception and the perception of phenomena as non-existent, as well as inability to posit conventional valid cognition in one's own system, seem to give rise to numerous errors. One must therefore master the meaning of the establishment of the two truths by valid cognition in our own system. )
.
L4: [C. Refuting a truly existent present]
.
\ ###
\ 266.
\ The transformation of things also
\ Is not perceived even by the mind.
\ Those who lack wisdom nevertheless
\ Think that the present exists.
.
(i. e. Emptiness of present: It is contradictory to think that things exist and change. Actual change, production, origination or cessation, . . . are not seen. So there is no clear present. )
.
( -- Assertion: Although existence of the past and future are being refuted, the present exists. Since it does, the future exist too, for the principal, giving up its state of futurity, assumes the state of present curd. Thus the present exists.
-- Answer: It is not feasible for the principal, which is matter and permanent by nature, also to undergo temporary changes into things like milk and curd. Such transformations are not perceived even by mental consciousness that engages with extremely subtle objects, let alone observed by the five kinds of sense consciousness. Although transformation with respect to the present and its causes is not observed, those who lack wisdom and are ignorant about the meaning of suchness consider the present truly existent. )
.
L3: [II. Refuting the proof [of substantially established time]]
L4: [A. Refuting existence of substantially established functional things as a basis for time] L5: [1. Refutation by examining whether or not things have duration]
L6: [a. Actual meaning]
.
\ ###
\ 267.
\ How can there be things with no duration?
\ Being impermanent, how can they endure?
\ If they had duration first,
\ They would not grow old in the end.
.
(i. e. No objective absolute basis for time: Time is usually measured by the duration of something; but there is no real origination, duration, or cessation. Nothing functional is truly existing as shown in another chapter. )
.
( -- Assertion: Time exists because functional things which acts as the basis for imputing time exist. Since time may be investigated by considering functional things but not on its own, time is truly existent.
-- Answer: How can functional things, the basis for time, be truly existent? It follows that they are not because of not having inherent duration. How could they have inherent duration, since they are continually consumed by impermanence? Moreover, if they had inherent duration at the start, they would not grow old in the end, because that which is inherently existent cannot cease. )
.
L6: [b. Proving that duration is not inherently existent]
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.
\ ###
\ 268.
\ Just as a single consciousness
\ Cannot apprehend two objects,
\ Similarly two consciousnesses
\ Cannot apprehend one object.
.
(i. e. Duration is not directly perceptible; so it is no objective absolute basis to measure time. )
.
( -- Furthermore there is no inherent duration, for just as a single moment of consciousness does not apprehend two consecutive objects actually presenting their own likeness, two consecutive moments of consciousness do not apprehend a single object simultaneously, for they undergo momentary production and disintegration.
-- Objection: Well, that contradicts the assertion in the sutras of knowledge that five objects such as visual form are each apprehended by two kinds of consciousness.
-- Answer: If one does not accept momentary disintegration, one is not a Buddhist. If one does, the object of observation of a visual consciousness cannot act as object of observation for a subsequently arising consciousness. The sutra passage means that the visual consciousness cognizes the form clearly and the mental consciousness which is produced subsequently cognizes it in an unclear way. )
.
L5: [2. Refutation by examining whether or not time has duration]
.
\ ###
\ 269.
\ If time has duration
\ Duration is not time.
\ If it has not, without duration
\ There will also be no end.
.
(i. e. Duration cannot be used to define or prove the existence of an absolute time - or vice versa: Like the characteristics and the characterized, time and duration are not two separate things, nor the same. One cannot be used to prove the other. They are interdependent, two co-dependently arisen concepts. )
.
(-- Assertion: Duration has inherent existence because of being the characteristic of present time.
-- Answer: If time and duration are different and have an inherently established relationship, they must act as basis and that which is based upon it.
-- If duration relies on time as something separate, duration is not time because they are mutually exclusive. If time does not have duration, then without duration there cannot finally be disintegration. Therefore since time does not have inherent duration, the latter is unsuitable as the present's characteristic. )
.
L5: [3. Refutation by examining whether things and impermanence are one or different]
.
\ ###
\ 270.
\ If impermanence and things are separate
\ Things are not impermanent.
\ If they are one, since things are precisely that which is
\ Impermanent, how can they have duration?
.
(i. e. Impermanence cannot be used to prove the existence (duration) of something. Like the characteristics and the characterized, impermanence and something (a duration) are not separate, not the same. In both case there would be no duration possible. One cannot be used to prove the other. They are interdependent, two co-dependently arisen concepts. It is contradictory to say that something exist and is impermanent. )
.
( -- Assertion: Duration exists because there are impermanent things that have duration.
-- Answer: If impermanence and functional things are separate in nature, it follows that things are not impermanent. If this is accepted, they must be permanent. If things and impermanence are one, since precisely that which is impermanent is a functional thing, how can they have inherent duration? Duration is impossible. )
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L5: [4. Refutation by examining which is stronger, duration or impermanence]
L6: [a. Consequence that subsequent reversal is unfeasible if impermanence is weaker]
.
\ ###
\ 271.
\ If duration is not weak
\ Because impermanence is weak,
\ Why should a reversal
\ Afterwards be seen?
.
(i. e. Refutation of another position: some think duration and impermanence are two alternate characteristics of everything. But that doesn't explain anything. What makes the switch from duration to impermanence if duration is stronger? )
.
( -- Assertion: While things continue to exist, duration is stronger and impermanence weaker, but it is not impossible for the weak to overcome the strong.
-- Answer: How can such a reversal be seen when things later finally become impermanent? It follows that it is unfeasible. If duration is not weaker because impermanence is weaker while things continue to exist, nothing can harm what has inherent strength. )
.
L6: [b. Consequence that nothing will have duration if impermanence is stronger]
.
\ ###
\ 272.
\ If impermanence is not weaker
\ And is present in all things,
\ None of them will have duration
\ Or nor all are impermanent.
.
(i. e. On the other hand, if impermanence is the dominant characteristic, then nothing has duration. Or is it that some things are permanent. )
.
(-- If impermanence is not weaker and is present in functional things at all times, it follows that all functional things do not have inherent duration, for impermanence, which overrides it, is always present. Alternatively, if not all things are impermanent, it follows that those which are not are permanent, because impermanence is weaker and duration has inherent strength. )
.
L6: [c. Consequence that what was permanent will later be impermanent if duration is stronger]
.
\ ###
\ 273.
\ If there is always impermanence
\ There cannot always be duration,
\ or else that which was permanent
\ later becomes impermanent.
.
(i. e. All of this is absurd. Those two cannot be to separate and alternate characteristics. )
.
(-- Furthermore, does impermanence arise together with the products it characterizes or does it arise later?
-- If there is always impermanence because that which is characterized and its characteristics are inevitably concomitant, it follows that duration is not inherently existent. Alternatively, having been permanent, a thing would later become impermanent, and if it remained for a second moment, it would be permanent. Yet one thing cannot be both permanent and impermanent. )
.
.
\ ###
L5: [5. Refuting that both exist together]
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\ 274.
\ If things have duration
\ And impermanence together,
\ Either it is wrong that things are impermanent,
\ or duration is a fallacy.
.
(i. e. Nor can they exist simultaneously. )
.
(-- The characteristics of products are concomitant with one another. Thus if one accepts that the duration of a thing's existence and the impermanence of its existence are simultaneously of one nature with a thing, either it is wrong that things are impermanent or else inherent duration is a fallacy. These two can exist together in false products [which do not exist as they appear] but cannot have a common locus in truly existent functional things. )
.
L4: [B. Refuting proof based on memory of the past]
.
\ ###
\ 275.
\ Things seen do not reappear,
\ Nor does awareness arise again.
\ Thus memory is in fact deceived
\ With regard to a deceptive object.
.
(i. e. The Middle Way about past: the past is not inherently existing, not non-existing either. The causes are not absolute, nor are they without any effect. Memories are not inherently existing, absolute; they are not without any foundation at all either. Empty of inherent existence because dependently arisen. )
.
( -- Assertion: Time exists because there is past time depending on past products. If that were not so, it would be impossible to remember past rebirths, thinking that one was this or that in the past.
-- Answer: This proof of time's true existence is also without the slightest substance. Memory focuses on an object which one has experienced.
-- Though things seen previously do not reappear later, and though awareness observing objects belonging to a past rebirth does not occur again, memory arises with a sense of seeing as one sees present objects. Memory which is in fact mistaken and deceived arises in relation to a so-called remembered object which is false and deceptive like an optical illusion. However, we do not deny that memory focusing on past objects arises dependently. This is certainly accepted in our own system. )
.
L3: [The summarizing stanza:] .
\ ###
\ Not knowing how to posit continuity and transitoriness,
\ They say time is permanent and the three times exist substantially.
\ Having understood that phenomena are like optical illusions,
\ Learn how the three times are perceived.
.
(i. e. There is no need for inherently existing time to support dependent origination / karma: Because we observe some regularity and continuity, and long to be able to control everything, we assume the inherent existence of causes, effects, space and time as if objectively existing. We think dependent origination implies inherent existence. But, on the contrary, dependent origination implies emptiness of inherent existence, and vice versa. Causes, effects, space and time are not inherently existing, not completely non-existing, not both, not neither. They are empty of inherent existence because dependently arisen, co-dependently arisen concepts. )
.
\ ###
\ This is the eleventh chapter from the Four Hundred on the Yogic Deeds, showing how to meditate on refuting time.
.
This concludes the commentary on the eleventh chapter, showing how to meditate on refuting time, from Essence of Good Explanations, Explanation of the "Four Hundred on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas".
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L2: [Chapter 12 - Refuting Wrong Views - We need a gradual path combining virtuous methods and wisdom. There is no final view to arrive to. -- P. 239]
(i. e. SHOWING HOW TO MEDITATE ON REFUTING VIEWS. -- Refuting the true existence of that which is viewed.
.
-- Importance of a gradual path
-- Danger -- Do not present emptiness to an unprepared student; he might react in rejecting everything, or misunderstand completely -- going to the other extreme. He might even kill you :-)
-- Required qualities: open-minded and unbiased, intelligent and interested -- in the absence of these qualities the consequences may be grave.
-- Even though, ultimately, the right view is preferable to the right conduct, it is preferable to start with morality based on protecting a self; until they are calm and their great fear is appeased enough.
-- So it should not be presented to the beginners, they would have great fear, or misunderstand it
.
-- Non receptivity may be due to:
-- fear of annihilation, based on unfamiliarity
-- misinterpretation of emptiness, due to knowing just a little
-- resistance to change
-- attachment to one's own views and practices -- thinking they are impartial, exact, absolute -- identifying self with those, being proud of those
-- pride, conceit, partisanship
-- People judge from their own erroneous position thinking it is impartial; when they do not understand, they accuse the teacher
-- (Because of past successes, they have adopted views, the have invested in them; and they will question them only if they fail; and they will fail)
-- Fear is caused by unfamiliarity
-- People fear emptiness thinking it is annihilation
-- Emptiness destroys all views
-- Importance: Emptiness is the only final antidote (all other methods, practices, and views, are to gradually prepare the student for it)
.
-- Emptiness destroys all other views
-- All views are flawed because they are all based on inherent existence of something or another
-- All views are flawed; all other paths are attachment
-- It destroys all other views, but not in order to gain personal advantages in debates -- that would be like taking side for some views against others
.
-- It fights all extremes
-- desire and fear
-- attachment due to eternalism, fear due to annihilationism
-- liberating from unfulfilled desires, obsessions, fears,
.
-- The only to things you need
-- Methods: temporary antidotes, based on non-violence (morality, then love and compassion), based on dependent origination, things, self . . .
-- Wisdom: the final antidote, based on emptiness
-- (The two accumulations: merit and wisdom)
-- The truth is very subtle and hard to appreciate; people are more attracted first with short term superficial easy solutions -- it takes a shock to start looking for something deeper
-- See for yourself the truth about dependent origination and emptiness; do not rely just on scriptures and blind faith -- You do not need to adopt any other views, knowledge, practices
-- Why waste time with superficial inefficient ridiculous solutions
-- Do not get impressed by those superficialities; they are dead ends
.
L3: [I. Why most ordinary people do not follow this teaching] L4: [A. Difficulty of finding a listener with the prerequisite qualities]
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L5: [1. Prerequisite qualities of the listener]
.
\ ###
\ 276.
\ An unprejudiced, intelligent and interested
\ Listener is called a vessel.
\ Neither the teacher's nor the student's
\ Good qualities will be taken as faults.
.
(i. e. Prerequisites: Not everybody is receptive enough at first. Many find faults in the teachings because they are conditioned by their own accumulated karma. One has to be open-minded, intelligent and interested. )
.
(-- The twelfth chapter begins by examining what qualities make one an ideal recipient for explanations concerning emptiness. Only benefit ensues for both student and teacher when the nature of reality is explained to such a person, while in the absence of these qualities the consequences may be grave.
-- The ideal recipient for instruction on emptiness is therefore open-minded, intelligent and interested.
-- Question: even though you have explained selflessness very clearly and extensively and the Tathagata fully understood and gave instruction on it, why do most people not follow this teaching?
-- Answer: Although the one who formulated it and those who elucidate it may be the perfect embodiment of greatness, a listener with great qualities is extremely hard to find.
-- What qualities does one need?
-- Answer: One should be unprejudiced, without attachment to one's own position or aversion to others' positions. Heart of the Middle Way says:
~ One will never know peace
~ While prejudice afflicts the mind.
-- If one is not unprejudiced one will fail to understand a good explanation because of thinking it is someone else's. One must have the intelligence to distinguish between good and bad explanations, otherwise one may reject correct explanations and adopt incorrect ones. A keen interest in good explanations is needed, for without that one will make no effort and simply be like the lifeless picture of a human being. One should appreciate and be attentive to the teaching and the teacher. A listener with these five qualities is said to be a vessel for the teaching. Someone with all these attributes will recognize the teacher's good qualities and fully understand the clarity and orderliness of the teaching, as well as the good intentions of other listeners. The teacher's lack of self-interest and the like will not be seen as faults and other than as they are, but only as virtues. Nor will the good qualities of the listeners be construed as faults. )
.
L5: [2. Disadvantages of not possessing the prerequisite qualities]
.
\ ###
\ 277.
\ He explained existence and its causes,
\ The means to peace and peace itself.
\ What people do not understand
\ Is seen as the Subduer's [fault].
.
(i. e. When with too much bad karma: People judge from their own erroneous position, under the influence of accumulated karma, thinking it is impartial. )
.
(-- Someone who is not genuinely open-minded and unbiased easily misunderstand even what has been well and clearly explained.
-- Although the teacher may be perfect, if the listeners lack the prerequisite qualities, they will not recognize their own faults but will consider faults as virtues and virtues as faults.
-- The Subduer taught about worldly existence in the form of the five contaminated and suffering aggregates and about true sources, the cause of worldly existence. He taught about true paths, the means to peace, such as the eightfold path of the Exalted, and also about peace, liberation and nirvana. He taught the four noble truths for those who seek liberation, but ordinary people who make no effort to hear, think and meditate are unaware that they do not possess all the qualities of a suitable vessel. Whatever they fail to understand correctly, they see as the Subduer's fault, saying he did not explain it in sufficient detail. However, merely that does not mean the Teacher is to blame. A blind person's inability to see is not the sun's fault. )
.
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L5: [3. Eliminating arguments]
L6: [a. Proving the Subduer's omniscience]
L7: [(1) Appropriateness of being glad about the teaching of emptiness which annihilates suffering and its sources]
.
\ ###
\ 278.
\ These strange people all agree that by
\ Giving up everything one attains nirvana.
\ For what reason do they dislike
\ That which puts an end to all?
.
(i. e. Grasping at the Hinayana approach: Some people can accept the Hinayana teachings but refuse to see the benefits of the Mahayana teachings because they are grasping at their own views as if it was an absolute truth, an absolute path. )
.
(-- Although one may accept that liberation can be achieved by overcoming faulty states of mind, lack of open- mindedness prevents one from recognizing that only a correct understanding of reality can eradicate them completely. -- Assertion: Although the Subduer's discussion of high rebirth is extremely clear, we do not understand or approve of his discussion of definite goodness, since the teaching that everything is without inherent existence refutes the very nature of things.
-- Answer: These strange Samkhyas, Vaisesikas and the like, who believe in liberation, all agree that one attains nirvana by giving up attachment to everything associated with disturbing emotions, such as pleasure, pain and so forth.
.
( -- Assertion: Future things exist because they are produced later when the conditions obtain. That which is previously non-existent, like a barren woman's child, will not be produced later.
-- Answer: If a thing to be produced later is substantially existent prior to its production, the contention that things are inherently established as causeless held by Niyativadins and those asserting that things are not created by peoples' activity and are without cause is not erroneous. Yet their assertion are wrong for they contradict everything that is both seen and unseen. )
.
L7: [(4) Consequence that things already produced are produced again]
.
\ ###
\ 260.
\ To say something which will be made to occur
\ Already exists is unreasonable.
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\ If that which exists is produced,
\ What has been produced will arise again.
.
(i. e. If the future exist, now, then is there another production? )
.
( -- Moreover even if the future were substantially existent, it would be unreasonable to say that a thing which will be made to occur later is substantially existent prior to its production. If that which already exist is produced later, what has already been produced will come into existence again, which is purposeless. As a consequence the effect would find no opportunity for production, since the cause must reproduce itself until the end. )
.
L7: [(5) Refuting that Yogic perception of wished for objects directly perceives future things] L8: [(a) Actual meaning]
.
\ ###
\ 261.
\ If future things are seen,
\ Why is the non-existent not seen?
\ For one for whom the future exists
\ There can be no distant [time].
.
(i. e. The Middle-Way about the nature of the three times: not existent, not non-existent, not both, not neither. It is false to pretend that one can see the future as if really existing now. But still this doesn't mean that the future is completely non-existent either. A Buddha can directly see their real non-dual nature: the beginningless chain of causes, and the endless chain of effects. A flow of interdependence without any inherently existing entities in it. )
.
( -- Assertion: The future exist because there is Yogic perception of wished-for objects which focuses on future things, and because predictions concerning the future are later seen to turn out just as predicted. This is impossible in relation to a barren woman's child.
-- Answer ab: If future things are directly perceived by way of their own entity in the period before their production, why are non-existent things not seen? It follows that they would be seen, for it is not feasible to make distinctions between what is seen and not seen with regard to the non-existent. Such fallacies arise for those who assert that the past and future exist by way of their own entity, but no fallacies accrue to us who assert the three times as arising dependently without inherent existence.
Buddhas directly perceive in the present even those things which will occur after ten millions aeons. Though they are future at the time of the consciousness perceiving them, they are neither non-functional nor permanent for they will not remain for a second moment after their formation. There is no need for a Buddha to cognize the present explicitly and the past and future implicitly, for though the latter do not exist at that time, they are in general directly perceived. Similarly it is not contradictory for objects of aspiration, though they do not exist at that time, to appear clearly to Yogic perception of that which is wished for, just as a dream appears to be real.
Even though the barley seed exists, the sprout which has not yet come into existence may be called future but the sprout itself must not be called future. An understanding of the other two times should be inferred from this. In our own
system we accept that Buddhas perceive all three times directly and not at all assert to trainees that they merely appear to do so.
-- cd: Moreover there cannot be a distant time for a protagonist for whom the future exists by way of its own entity because the future exists in terms of its own entity. )
.
L8: [(b) Consequence that fresh restraint from non-virtue and so forth are unnecessary if the future is substantially existent]
.
\ ###
\ 262.
\ If virtue exists though nothing is done,
\ Resolute restraint is meaningless.
\ If even a little is done
\ The effect cannot exist.
.
(i. e. If the future already exist. There is no need to work on it, no need for a path. ) .
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( -- If, because the future is substantially existent, virtue exists without actions such as safeguarding one's ethical conduct once one's faculties have become mature through meeting a spiritual friend and listening to teaching, resolute restraint from unethical conduct and so forth for the sake of future results [such as a high rebirth] is meaningless, for virtue will exist even if that has not been done. If even the slightest thing is done to enhance one's capability, future effects cannot be substantially existent. It is impossible! )
.
L8: [(c) If impermanent it is contradictory for something to exist prior to its production]
.
\ ###
\ 263.
\ If they are impermanent
\ How can it be said effects exist?
\ That which has a beginning and end
\ is called impermanent in the world.
.
(i. e. Future is not existent: To say that something exist inherently and is impermanent is a contradiction. All future (effects) are empty of inherent existence. The future is not something existing, nor non-existing. )
.
( -- In accordance with the assertion that all composite things are impermanent, all functional things are impermanent. -- How can it be said that an effect exist prior to its production? It is unreasonable since impermanence and existence prior to production are contradictor. Anything which has a beginning, in that it is newly produced, and an end, in that it does not last for a second moment after the time of its formation, is called impermanent in the world. )
.
L6: [b. Refuting the assertions of Sautrantikas and so forth]
.
\ ###
\ 264.
\ Liberation will occur without exertion.
\ For the liberated there is no future,
\ Or otherwise, if this were so,
\ Desire would arise without attachment.
.
(i. e. Future is not non-existent: At the other extreme: future is not non-existent at all; otherwise there would be no causality at all, no bounding, and no possibility for liberation. -- Liberation is not an effect, a future; it is not produced through our own effort, or following an absolute path. Liberation is beyond causality space and time. But, still, without a path combining the accumulation of merit and wisdom we will probably remain in samsara for an eternity. The Middle-Way not accepting a path as absolute, not rejecting all virtuous paths as if useless. We need both method and wisdom together all the time. )
.
( -- According to Sautrantikas and so forth who assert that future functional things do not have the slightest existence, liberation will occur without any exertion to generate the paths of the Exalted in order to prevent future disturbing emotions and suffering, because future things do not exist. This would be like liberated Foe Destroyers for whom there are no future disturbing emotions and so forth and who thus do not need to exert themselves because of them. If the future were non-existent and desire were to arise without there being a person, consciousness and so forth or predispositions for attachment as a basis, it follows that desire would arise in a Foe Destroyer too.
-- The words "or otherwise" imply "or otherwise the future is not non-existent. ")
.
L4: [B. Refutation by examining whether the effect exists or not]
.
\ ###
\ 265.
\ For those who assert effects exist,
\ And for those who assert they do not exist,
\ Adornments like pillars and so forth
\ For a home are purposeless.
.
(i. e. The Middle Way about future, avoiding both extremes: accepting future or effect as if inherently existing (realism), rejecting future as if completely not-existing (nihilism). In both case morality would be useless. )
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.
(-- Samkhyas say that since what is non-existent cannot be produced, and since the effect is present in the cause in a potential form, the fallacy that anything arises from anything does not occur.
-- Some Vaibhasikas assert that the three times are substantially existent and that effects exist prior to their production. -- Sautrantikas and so forth assert that although things are truly existent, future effects are non-existent.
It follows that for all of these, adornments such as pillars for a resultant home are purposeless, since according to some it exist from the outset, while according to others the future home is non-existent, like a barren woman's child. For proponents of dependent arising free from inherent existence, there is no possibility of error and thus everything is properly established.
In meditative equipoise the Exalted who are still learning do not perceive dependently arising phenomena as existent. Failure to distinguish between this non-perception and the perception of phenomena as non-existent, as well as inability to posit conventional valid cognition in one's own system, seem to give rise to numerous errors. One must therefore master the meaning of the establishment of the two truths by valid cognition in our own system. )
.
L4: [C. Refuting a truly existent present]
.
\ ###
\ 266.
\ The transformation of things also
\ Is not perceived even by the mind.
\ Those who lack wisdom nevertheless
\ Think that the present exists.
.
(i. e. Emptiness of present: It is contradictory to think that things exist and change. Actual change, production, origination or cessation, . . . are not seen. So there is no clear present. )
.
( -- Assertion: Although existence of the past and future are being refuted, the present exists. Since it does, the future exist too, for the principal, giving up its state of futurity, assumes the state of present curd. Thus the present exists.
-- Answer: It is not feasible for the principal, which is matter and permanent by nature, also to undergo temporary changes into things like milk and curd. Such transformations are not perceived even by mental consciousness that engages with extremely subtle objects, let alone observed by the five kinds of sense consciousness. Although transformation with respect to the present and its causes is not observed, those who lack wisdom and are ignorant about the meaning of suchness consider the present truly existent. )
.
L3: [II. Refuting the proof [of substantially established time]]
L4: [A. Refuting existence of substantially established functional things as a basis for time] L5: [1. Refutation by examining whether or not things have duration]
L6: [a. Actual meaning]
.
\ ###
\ 267.
\ How can there be things with no duration?
\ Being impermanent, how can they endure?
\ If they had duration first,
\ They would not grow old in the end.
.
(i. e. No objective absolute basis for time: Time is usually measured by the duration of something; but there is no real origination, duration, or cessation. Nothing functional is truly existing as shown in another chapter. )
.
( -- Assertion: Time exists because functional things which acts as the basis for imputing time exist. Since time may be investigated by considering functional things but not on its own, time is truly existent.
-- Answer: How can functional things, the basis for time, be truly existent? It follows that they are not because of not having inherent duration. How could they have inherent duration, since they are continually consumed by impermanence? Moreover, if they had inherent duration at the start, they would not grow old in the end, because that which is inherently existent cannot cease. )
.
L6: [b. Proving that duration is not inherently existent]
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.
\ ###
\ 268.
\ Just as a single consciousness
\ Cannot apprehend two objects,
\ Similarly two consciousnesses
\ Cannot apprehend one object.
.
(i. e. Duration is not directly perceptible; so it is no objective absolute basis to measure time. )
.
( -- Furthermore there is no inherent duration, for just as a single moment of consciousness does not apprehend two consecutive objects actually presenting their own likeness, two consecutive moments of consciousness do not apprehend a single object simultaneously, for they undergo momentary production and disintegration.
-- Objection: Well, that contradicts the assertion in the sutras of knowledge that five objects such as visual form are each apprehended by two kinds of consciousness.
-- Answer: If one does not accept momentary disintegration, one is not a Buddhist. If one does, the object of observation of a visual consciousness cannot act as object of observation for a subsequently arising consciousness. The sutra passage means that the visual consciousness cognizes the form clearly and the mental consciousness which is produced subsequently cognizes it in an unclear way. )
.
L5: [2. Refutation by examining whether or not time has duration]
.
\ ###
\ 269.
\ If time has duration
\ Duration is not time.
\ If it has not, without duration
\ There will also be no end.
.
(i. e. Duration cannot be used to define or prove the existence of an absolute time - or vice versa: Like the characteristics and the characterized, time and duration are not two separate things, nor the same. One cannot be used to prove the other. They are interdependent, two co-dependently arisen concepts. )
.
(-- Assertion: Duration has inherent existence because of being the characteristic of present time.
-- Answer: If time and duration are different and have an inherently established relationship, they must act as basis and that which is based upon it.
-- If duration relies on time as something separate, duration is not time because they are mutually exclusive. If time does not have duration, then without duration there cannot finally be disintegration. Therefore since time does not have inherent duration, the latter is unsuitable as the present's characteristic. )
.
L5: [3. Refutation by examining whether things and impermanence are one or different]
.
\ ###
\ 270.
\ If impermanence and things are separate
\ Things are not impermanent.
\ If they are one, since things are precisely that which is
\ Impermanent, how can they have duration?
.
(i. e. Impermanence cannot be used to prove the existence (duration) of something. Like the characteristics and the characterized, impermanence and something (a duration) are not separate, not the same. In both case there would be no duration possible. One cannot be used to prove the other. They are interdependent, two co-dependently arisen concepts. It is contradictory to say that something exist and is impermanent. )
.
( -- Assertion: Duration exists because there are impermanent things that have duration.
-- Answer: If impermanence and functional things are separate in nature, it follows that things are not impermanent. If this is accepted, they must be permanent. If things and impermanence are one, since precisely that which is impermanent is a functional thing, how can they have inherent duration? Duration is impossible. )
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L5: [4. Refutation by examining which is stronger, duration or impermanence]
L6: [a. Consequence that subsequent reversal is unfeasible if impermanence is weaker]
.
\ ###
\ 271.
\ If duration is not weak
\ Because impermanence is weak,
\ Why should a reversal
\ Afterwards be seen?
.
(i. e. Refutation of another position: some think duration and impermanence are two alternate characteristics of everything. But that doesn't explain anything. What makes the switch from duration to impermanence if duration is stronger? )
.
( -- Assertion: While things continue to exist, duration is stronger and impermanence weaker, but it is not impossible for the weak to overcome the strong.
-- Answer: How can such a reversal be seen when things later finally become impermanent? It follows that it is unfeasible. If duration is not weaker because impermanence is weaker while things continue to exist, nothing can harm what has inherent strength. )
.
L6: [b. Consequence that nothing will have duration if impermanence is stronger]
.
\ ###
\ 272.
\ If impermanence is not weaker
\ And is present in all things,
\ None of them will have duration
\ Or nor all are impermanent.
.
(i. e. On the other hand, if impermanence is the dominant characteristic, then nothing has duration. Or is it that some things are permanent. )
.
(-- If impermanence is not weaker and is present in functional things at all times, it follows that all functional things do not have inherent duration, for impermanence, which overrides it, is always present. Alternatively, if not all things are impermanent, it follows that those which are not are permanent, because impermanence is weaker and duration has inherent strength. )
.
L6: [c. Consequence that what was permanent will later be impermanent if duration is stronger]
.
\ ###
\ 273.
\ If there is always impermanence
\ There cannot always be duration,
\ or else that which was permanent
\ later becomes impermanent.
.
(i. e. All of this is absurd. Those two cannot be to separate and alternate characteristics. )
.
(-- Furthermore, does impermanence arise together with the products it characterizes or does it arise later?
-- If there is always impermanence because that which is characterized and its characteristics are inevitably concomitant, it follows that duration is not inherently existent. Alternatively, having been permanent, a thing would later become impermanent, and if it remained for a second moment, it would be permanent. Yet one thing cannot be both permanent and impermanent. )
.
.
\ ###
L5: [5. Refuting that both exist together]
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\ 274.
\ If things have duration
\ And impermanence together,
\ Either it is wrong that things are impermanent,
\ or duration is a fallacy.
.
(i. e. Nor can they exist simultaneously. )
.
(-- The characteristics of products are concomitant with one another. Thus if one accepts that the duration of a thing's existence and the impermanence of its existence are simultaneously of one nature with a thing, either it is wrong that things are impermanent or else inherent duration is a fallacy. These two can exist together in false products [which do not exist as they appear] but cannot have a common locus in truly existent functional things. )
.
L4: [B. Refuting proof based on memory of the past]
.
\ ###
\ 275.
\ Things seen do not reappear,
\ Nor does awareness arise again.
\ Thus memory is in fact deceived
\ With regard to a deceptive object.
.
(i. e. The Middle Way about past: the past is not inherently existing, not non-existing either. The causes are not absolute, nor are they without any effect. Memories are not inherently existing, absolute; they are not without any foundation at all either. Empty of inherent existence because dependently arisen. )
.
( -- Assertion: Time exists because there is past time depending on past products. If that were not so, it would be impossible to remember past rebirths, thinking that one was this or that in the past.
-- Answer: This proof of time's true existence is also without the slightest substance. Memory focuses on an object which one has experienced.
-- Though things seen previously do not reappear later, and though awareness observing objects belonging to a past rebirth does not occur again, memory arises with a sense of seeing as one sees present objects. Memory which is in fact mistaken and deceived arises in relation to a so-called remembered object which is false and deceptive like an optical illusion. However, we do not deny that memory focusing on past objects arises dependently. This is certainly accepted in our own system. )
.
L3: [The summarizing stanza:] .
\ ###
\ Not knowing how to posit continuity and transitoriness,
\ They say time is permanent and the three times exist substantially.
\ Having understood that phenomena are like optical illusions,
\ Learn how the three times are perceived.
.
(i. e. There is no need for inherently existing time to support dependent origination / karma: Because we observe some regularity and continuity, and long to be able to control everything, we assume the inherent existence of causes, effects, space and time as if objectively existing. We think dependent origination implies inherent existence. But, on the contrary, dependent origination implies emptiness of inherent existence, and vice versa. Causes, effects, space and time are not inherently existing, not completely non-existing, not both, not neither. They are empty of inherent existence because dependently arisen, co-dependently arisen concepts. )
.
\ ###
\ This is the eleventh chapter from the Four Hundred on the Yogic Deeds, showing how to meditate on refuting time.
.
This concludes the commentary on the eleventh chapter, showing how to meditate on refuting time, from Essence of Good Explanations, Explanation of the "Four Hundred on the Yogic Deeds of Bodhisattvas".
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L2: [Chapter 12 - Refuting Wrong Views - We need a gradual path combining virtuous methods and wisdom. There is no final view to arrive to. -- P. 239]
(i. e. SHOWING HOW TO MEDITATE ON REFUTING VIEWS. -- Refuting the true existence of that which is viewed.
.
-- Importance of a gradual path
-- Danger -- Do not present emptiness to an unprepared student; he might react in rejecting everything, or misunderstand completely -- going to the other extreme. He might even kill you :-)
-- Required qualities: open-minded and unbiased, intelligent and interested -- in the absence of these qualities the consequences may be grave.
-- Even though, ultimately, the right view is preferable to the right conduct, it is preferable to start with morality based on protecting a self; until they are calm and their great fear is appeased enough.
-- So it should not be presented to the beginners, they would have great fear, or misunderstand it
.
-- Non receptivity may be due to:
-- fear of annihilation, based on unfamiliarity
-- misinterpretation of emptiness, due to knowing just a little
-- resistance to change
-- attachment to one's own views and practices -- thinking they are impartial, exact, absolute -- identifying self with those, being proud of those
-- pride, conceit, partisanship
-- People judge from their own erroneous position thinking it is impartial; when they do not understand, they accuse the teacher
-- (Because of past successes, they have adopted views, the have invested in them; and they will question them only if they fail; and they will fail)
-- Fear is caused by unfamiliarity
-- People fear emptiness thinking it is annihilation
-- Emptiness destroys all views
-- Importance: Emptiness is the only final antidote (all other methods, practices, and views, are to gradually prepare the student for it)
.
-- Emptiness destroys all other views
-- All views are flawed because they are all based on inherent existence of something or another
-- All views are flawed; all other paths are attachment
-- It destroys all other views, but not in order to gain personal advantages in debates -- that would be like taking side for some views against others
.
-- It fights all extremes
-- desire and fear
-- attachment due to eternalism, fear due to annihilationism
-- liberating from unfulfilled desires, obsessions, fears,
.
-- The only to things you need
-- Methods: temporary antidotes, based on non-violence (morality, then love and compassion), based on dependent origination, things, self . . .
-- Wisdom: the final antidote, based on emptiness
-- (The two accumulations: merit and wisdom)
-- The truth is very subtle and hard to appreciate; people are more attracted first with short term superficial easy solutions -- it takes a shock to start looking for something deeper
-- See for yourself the truth about dependent origination and emptiness; do not rely just on scriptures and blind faith -- You do not need to adopt any other views, knowledge, practices
-- Why waste time with superficial inefficient ridiculous solutions
-- Do not get impressed by those superficialities; they are dead ends
.
L3: [I. Why most ordinary people do not follow this teaching] L4: [A. Difficulty of finding a listener with the prerequisite qualities]
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L5: [1. Prerequisite qualities of the listener]
.
\ ###
\ 276.
\ An unprejudiced, intelligent and interested
\ Listener is called a vessel.
\ Neither the teacher's nor the student's
\ Good qualities will be taken as faults.
.
(i. e. Prerequisites: Not everybody is receptive enough at first. Many find faults in the teachings because they are conditioned by their own accumulated karma. One has to be open-minded, intelligent and interested. )
.
(-- The twelfth chapter begins by examining what qualities make one an ideal recipient for explanations concerning emptiness. Only benefit ensues for both student and teacher when the nature of reality is explained to such a person, while in the absence of these qualities the consequences may be grave.
-- The ideal recipient for instruction on emptiness is therefore open-minded, intelligent and interested.
-- Question: even though you have explained selflessness very clearly and extensively and the Tathagata fully understood and gave instruction on it, why do most people not follow this teaching?
-- Answer: Although the one who formulated it and those who elucidate it may be the perfect embodiment of greatness, a listener with great qualities is extremely hard to find.
-- What qualities does one need?
-- Answer: One should be unprejudiced, without attachment to one's own position or aversion to others' positions. Heart of the Middle Way says:
~ One will never know peace
~ While prejudice afflicts the mind.
-- If one is not unprejudiced one will fail to understand a good explanation because of thinking it is someone else's. One must have the intelligence to distinguish between good and bad explanations, otherwise one may reject correct explanations and adopt incorrect ones. A keen interest in good explanations is needed, for without that one will make no effort and simply be like the lifeless picture of a human being. One should appreciate and be attentive to the teaching and the teacher. A listener with these five qualities is said to be a vessel for the teaching. Someone with all these attributes will recognize the teacher's good qualities and fully understand the clarity and orderliness of the teaching, as well as the good intentions of other listeners. The teacher's lack of self-interest and the like will not be seen as faults and other than as they are, but only as virtues. Nor will the good qualities of the listeners be construed as faults. )
.
L5: [2. Disadvantages of not possessing the prerequisite qualities]
.
\ ###
\ 277.
\ He explained existence and its causes,
\ The means to peace and peace itself.
\ What people do not understand
\ Is seen as the Subduer's [fault].
.
(i. e. When with too much bad karma: People judge from their own erroneous position, under the influence of accumulated karma, thinking it is impartial. )
.
(-- Someone who is not genuinely open-minded and unbiased easily misunderstand even what has been well and clearly explained.
-- Although the teacher may be perfect, if the listeners lack the prerequisite qualities, they will not recognize their own faults but will consider faults as virtues and virtues as faults.
-- The Subduer taught about worldly existence in the form of the five contaminated and suffering aggregates and about true sources, the cause of worldly existence. He taught about true paths, the means to peace, such as the eightfold path of the Exalted, and also about peace, liberation and nirvana. He taught the four noble truths for those who seek liberation, but ordinary people who make no effort to hear, think and meditate are unaware that they do not possess all the qualities of a suitable vessel. Whatever they fail to understand correctly, they see as the Subduer's fault, saying he did not explain it in sufficient detail. However, merely that does not mean the Teacher is to blame. A blind person's inability to see is not the sun's fault. )
.
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L5: [3. Eliminating arguments]
L6: [a. Proving the Subduer's omniscience]
L7: [(1) Appropriateness of being glad about the teaching of emptiness which annihilates suffering and its sources]
.
\ ###
\ 278.
\ These strange people all agree that by
\ Giving up everything one attains nirvana.
\ For what reason do they dislike
\ That which puts an end to all?
.
(i. e. Grasping at the Hinayana approach: Some people can accept the Hinayana teachings but refuse to see the benefits of the Mahayana teachings because they are grasping at their own views as if it was an absolute truth, an absolute path. )
.
(-- Although one may accept that liberation can be achieved by overcoming faulty states of mind, lack of open- mindedness prevents one from recognizing that only a correct understanding of reality can eradicate them completely. -- Assertion: Although the Subduer's discussion of high rebirth is extremely clear, we do not understand or approve of his discussion of definite goodness, since the teaching that everything is without inherent existence refutes the very nature of things.
-- Answer: These strange Samkhyas, Vaisesikas and the like, who believe in liberation, all agree that one attains nirvana by giving up attachment to everything associated with disturbing emotions, such as pleasure, pain and so forth.
