He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45;
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
lle
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
His best work is said to be found in (L'Affaire
Sougraine) (1884).
Lembcke, Eduard (lemb'kė). A Danish
poet; born at Copenhagen, 1815. He made
excellent translations of Shakespeare, Byron,
Moore, and other English poets. He published
in 1870 a volume of original' Poems and Songs,
in which he laments the defeat of Denmark
in the Schleswig-Holstein war; his ballad (Our
Mother Tongue ) is one of the favorite national
songs of Denmark.
Lemcke, Karl (lem'kė). A German writer
on æsthetics; born at Schwerin, Aug. 26, 1831.
Ilis Popular Æsthetics) (1805), a work of
rare merit, has been often republished, and has
been translated into several foreign languages.
He is author also of 'Songs and Poems (1861);
## p. 335 (#351) ############################################
LEMERCIER - LENNEP
335
:
(History of Recent German Poetry); and of
biographies of distinguished painters. Under
the pseudonym Karl Manno » he wrote the
novels (Beowulf) (1882); A Lovely Boy' (1885);
and Countess Gerhild) (1892).
Lemercier, Nepomucène (lė-mer-syā'). A
French poet; born at Paris, April 21, 1771; died
there, June 7, 1840. After many failures he
made a brilliant success with his classical tra-
gedy (Agamemnon (1795). Elegance of versi-
fication, grace of style, and richness of fancy,
characterize his "Four Metamorphoses) (1799),
and 'Pinto) (1800), a mixture of tragedy and
comedy, in which he attempts to outdo‘Figaro's
Wedding. The most notable of his poems is
the philosophical satire (The Panhypocrisiad,
or Infernal Spectacle of the Sixteenth Century)
(in 16 cantos; 4 more added in 1832).
Le Moine, James MacPherson. A Canadian
historian; born in Quebec, Jan. 24, 1825. His
historical works are so fair in spirit and accu-
rate in statement as to disarm adverse criti.
cism. Among his works are : (L'Ornithologie
du Canada' (1860); 'Étude sur les Navigateurs
Arctiques Franklin, McClure, Kane, McClin-
tock) (1862); (The Tourist's Note-Book) (1870);
(Quebec: Past and Present) (1876); and “The
Scot in New France) (1880).
Lemoinne, John Émile (lė-mwän'). A
French publicist; born in London, Oct. 17, 1815:
died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1892. He was political
editor of the Journal des Débats.
He was
elected to the Academy in succession to Jules
Janin in 1876, and in 1880 became a senator
for life. Some of his political writings were
collected and published under the titles (Criti-
cal and Biographical Studies) (1852), and New
Studies) (1862).
Lemon, Mark. An English humorous writer
and playwright; born at London, Nov. 30, 1809;
died at Crawley in Sussex, May 23, 1870. Among
his comedies and dramas are: (Domestic Econ-
omy); (Arnold of Winkelried' (1835); Hearts
Are Trumps) (1849); (The Railway Belle)
(1854); "Lost and Won); “The Gentleman in
Black); (Medea, or the Libel on the Lady
of Colchis) (1856). He was the first editor of
Punch, and for 29 years controlled it. He
wrote many fairy tales, among them: (The
Enchanted Doll (1850); (Tinykin's Trans-
formations) (1869); and A Christmas Ham-
per. Memorable among his humorous writ-
ings is Mark Lemon's Jest-Book.
Lemonnier, Camille (le-mo-nyā'). A Bel-
gian novelist; born at Brussels, March 24, 1835.
He is a pronounced realist. Among his stories
are : 'Our Flemings) (1869); (Flemish and Wal-
loon Stories) (1873); Neither Fish nor Flesh)
(1884); (Flemish Christmas Carols) (1887); Ma-
dame Lupar) (1888).
Lemoyne, Camille André (lė-mwän). A
French poet; born at Saint-Jean-d'Angély
(dept. Charente-Inférieure), in 1822. Having
suffered financial reverses while studying for
the bar, he became a compositor and proof-
reader in the publishing house of Firmin Didot,
and subsequently archivist librarian of the
School of Decorative Arts. He belongs to
the Parnassian school of French poets, and is
the author of: 'Last Year's Roses) (1865-
69); (The Charmers) (1867); (Flowers of the
Meadows) (1876); (Flowers of the Ruins)
(1888); (Flowers of the Evening) (1893), sev-
eral of which have been crowned by the French
Academy. He was decorated with the Legion
of Honor in 1870.
Lenartovicz, Teofil (len-art'o-vêch). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Warsaw, Feb. 27, 1822; died at
Florence, Feb. 3, 1893. His popular ballads and
songs, "Lirenka) (1855), are reckoned among
the choicest pearls of the national poetry. The
most noteworthy of his longer poems are : (The
Polish Land) (1848); (The Gladiators) (1857);
and the Italian Album) (1870). He wrote in
Italian (On the Character of Polono-Slavic
Poetry) (1886).
Lenau, Nikolaus (lā-nou'), pseudonym of
Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau. A
celebrated German lyric poet; born at Csatad,
Hungary, Aug. 13, 1802; died at Oberdöbling,
near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An unhappy love
affair made him insane, and he died in a mad-
house. He is widely known for his elegies.
His works include (Savonarola) (1837), “The
Albigenses) (1842), and others; all of gloomy
tendency.
Leng, John, Sir. An English journalist; born
in Hull, in 1828. He began his successful
journalistic career in 1847 as sub-editor of the
Hull Advertiser; in 1851 became editor and
general manager of the Dundee Advertiser,
which has since been one of the most influ-
ential papers in Great Britain; and he was the
founder of the People's Journal, Evening Tel.
egraph, and People's Friend. He was knighted
in 1893. Among a number of his books and
pamphlets are: "Impressions of America)
(1876); (Scottish Banking Reform) (1881);
(Practical Politics) (1885); “Trip to Norway)
(1886); (Home Rule All Round' (1890).
Lenient, Charles Félix (len-yen'). A French
historian of literature; born at Provins, 1826. In
1865 he became professor of poetry in the Sor-
bonne. His principal works are: (France in
the Middle Ages) (1859); “Satire in France, or
the Militant Literature of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury) (1866); (Comedy in France in the Eigh-
teenth Century) (2 vols. , 1888); Patriotic Po-
etry in France in the Middle Ages) (1892); and
(Patriotic Poetry in France in Modern Times)
(2 vols. , 1894).
Lennep, Jacob van (len'nep). A celebrated
Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, March 24,
1802; died at Oosterbeek, Aug. 25, 1868. He
translated some of Byron's poems. His first vol-
ume of original verse, Academic Idylls) (1826),
won little attention; but his (Legends of the
Netherlands) were received with universal ap-
plause. The Legends) comprise among oth-
ers: Adegild) (1828); (Jacoba and Bertha)
## p. 336 (#352) ############################################
336
LENNGRÉN – LEO
>
(1829); (The Struggle with Flanders) (1831);
(Edward van Gelre) (1847).
Lenngrén, Anna Maria (len'gren). A Swed-
ish poetess; born at Stockholm, June 18, 1754;
died there, March 8, 1817. She received from
her father, Prof. Malmstedt, a very thorough
education. Her poems were originally con-
tributed to the Stockholmsposten, of which her
husband was editor : they were collected after
her death and published under the title of
(Essays in Poesy) (1819; 12th ed. 1890). They
consist of humorous satires or epigrams, amus-
ing travesties and idyllic sketches, all distin-
guished by perfection of form and true poetic
sensibility.
Lennox, Charlotte Ramsay. An American
novelist; born in New York city in 1720; died
in London, Jan. 4, 1804. Educated in England,
she received encouragement in her literary
work from Samuel Johnson. Her best achieve.
ment is (Shakespeare Illustrated' (2 vols. , 1753),
and a supplementary volume (1754). She also
wrote Memoirs of Harriet Stewart) (1751);
(The Female Quixote (1752); (Sophia,' a novel
(1763); “The Sisters,' a comedy (1769).
Lennox, William Pitt, Lord. An English
writer of biographical memoirs; born 1799;
died in London, Feb. 18, 1881. He was son of
the fourth Duke of Richmond. He wrote (Fifty
Years' Biographical Reminiscences) (2 vols. ,
1863); (My Recollections from 1806 to 1873'
(2 vols. ); (Three Years with the Duke of
Wellington); “Life of the Duke of Richmond);
(Recreations of a Sportsman' (1862). He wrote
several novels, among them “The Tuft-Hunter)
(1843).
Lenormant, Charles (lė-nor-män'). A French
archæologist and art historian; born at Paris,
June 1, 1802; died at Athens, Nov. 24, 1859. He
was professor of Egyptian archæology in the
Collège de France from 1848 till his death.
Among his writings are: (Thesaurus of Numis-
matics and Glyptics) (20 vols. , 1834-50); (Intro-
duction to Oriental History) (1838); (Museum
of Egyptian Antiquities) (1835-42); “Selection of
Keramographic Monuments) (4 vols. , 1837-61).
Lenormant, François. A French historian
and archæologist, son of Charles; born at Paris,
Jan. 17, 1837; died there, Dec. 10, 1883. He
is one of the foremost of French Assyriologists.
His works are very numerous. Among them are:
(Archæological Researches at Eleusis) (1862);
(Political and Economic Organization of Coin-
age in Antiquity) (1863); (Ancient History in
the East) (3 vols. , 1868-69); Letters on Assyr-
iology) (5 vols. , 1871-79); (Akkadian Studies)
(3 vols. , 1873-79); (The Primitive Language of
Chaldea) (1875); (The Beginnings of History
according to the Bible) (3 vols. , 1880-84).
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (lents). A
German poet; born at Sesswegen, in Livonia,
Jan. 12, 1751; died at Moscow, May 24, 1792.
He was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakes-
peare, and in 1774 published (Remarks on the
Stage, with Translation of Parts of Shakes-
peare's (Love's Labour's Lost)); and the influ-
ence of Shakespeare is seen in his odd com-
edies, 'The Tutor) (1774); “The New Menoza!
(1774); (The Soldiers) (1776). He adapted sev-
eral Plays of Plautus for the German Stage
(1774). His finest poem is ( Love in the Country!
His minor songs and ballads are sometimes
admirable for their simple and unaffected poetic
feeling.
Lenz, Oskar. A German traveler; born at
Leipsic, April 13, 1848. He visited the west
coast of Africa in the service of the German
African Society (1874), and spent three years
in exploring the course of the Ogowe; he re-
counted his observations and experiences in
(Sketches from West Africa' (1878). He next
visited Marocco and Timbuctu, and wrote (Tim-
buctu: Journey through Marocco, the Sahara,
and Soudan (1884). He wrote also (Wander-
ings in Africa' (1895).
Leo I. , the Great, Pope. One of the Fa-
thers of the Latin Church; fifth century; Pope
440-61. He was a vigorous asserter in words and
in acts of the primacy of the bishop of Rome.
He heard the appeal of Celidonius, bishop of
Vesontio (Besançon) from the sentence of the
synod of Arles deposing him, and pronounced
an ecclesiastical censure on Hilarius, the bishop
who had presided over the synod. His Dog-
matic Epistle to Flavianus) set forth the Cath-
olic doctrine in opposition to the heretical
teaching of Eutyches, in the form and terms
ever since recognized as orthodox in the creeds.
His writings consist of 96 (Sermons) or dis-
courses, and 173 (Epistles. A treatise on
(The Sacraments and one on (The Calling of
all the Nations) are appended to his undoubt.
edly genuine works, and attributed to him.
Leo XIII. , Pope (Count Gioachino Pecci).
He was born at Carpineto, near Anagni, March
2, 1810.
He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45;
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
nal 1853; supreme pontiff March 3, 1878. He
opened the Vatican archives to scholars desir-
ing to examine them for purposes of historical
research. Two of his "Encyclical Letters) are
worthy of special mention; viz. , that to (All
Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, etc. , on (The
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols. , 1829); (History of the Ne.
therlands) (2 vols. , 1832); (Natural History of the
State) (1833); (Text-Book of Universal History!
(6 vols. , 1835-44); (Anglo-Saxon Glossary) (2
vols. , 1872).
## p. 337 (#353) ############################################
LEO AFRICANUS- LE ROUX
337
(
(
Leo Africanus (lē'o af"rē-kā'nus), properly
Alhassan ibn Mohammed Alwazzan. A Moor-
ish traveler and geographer. About 1517 he
was captured by pirates while returning from
Egypt after extended travels in northern and
central Africa, Arabia, Syria, etc. Ultimately
he was presented as a slave to Leo X. , who
assigned him a pension. He wrote a Descrip-
tion of Africa) which for a long time was al-
most the only authority, especially on the Sou-
dan. He also wrote a (Tractate on the Lives
of Arab Philosophers.
Leon, Luis de. See Ponce de Leon.
Leonowens, Anna Harriette Crawford. A
noted educator and prose-writer ; born in Caer-
narvon, Wales, Nov. 5, 1834. In 1863 she was
appointed governess in the family of the King
of Siam. She was four years in the King's
household at Bangkok, acting as secretary to
the King and instructor to the royal family.
The present King of Siam was educated by
her. She came to the United States in 1867 ;
opened a school in New York to prepare teach-
ers in the kindergarten system. She has pub-
lished: (The English Governess at the Court
of Siam' (1870); “The Romance of the Harem)
(1872); and Life and Travels in India) (1884).
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count (lā-7-par'dē). A
celebrated Italian poet; born at Recanati in
Tuscany, June 29, 1798; died at Naples, June
14, 1837. His family, though noble, was poor,
and he acquired a knowledge of the classics
and of literature almost unaided in his father's
library Before he was 18 he had produced a
Latin translation (with commentary) of Por-
phyrius's "Life of Plotinus); a treatise on
Some Roman Rhetoricians) of the second
century, and a History of Astronomy, both
in Latin ; and an (Essay on the Popular Errors
of the Ancients,' in Italian, citing over 400
authors. His subsequent works were: (Ode
to Italy) (1818); (Ode on the Monument to
Dante) (1819); (Ode to Cardinal Mai on the
Discovery of Cicero's Tractate on The State)
(1820); Brutus the Younger) (1823), an ode,
and "Comparison of the Sentiments of Brutus
the Younger, and of Theophrastus, when in
the Face of Death, in which two works
his pessimistic views first had formal expres-
sion ; ( Verses, a collection of his miscellane-
ous poems (1826); Moral Opuscules) (1827),
mostly observations, in dialogue form, on eth-
ical questions. The Broom-Flower, (Sylvia,
and “The Night Song,' are his most celebrated
poems. He left unpublished at his death a
volume of Thoughts. *
Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (lē'ō-põld). A
Swedish poet; born at Stockholm, Nov. 23, 1756;
died there, Nov. 9, 1829. He was for a long
time a kind of literary dictator, and was the
chief representative in Sweden of the French
school of classicism. He attempted all forms
of poetry save the epic. Of his tragedies the
best-known are "Odin) (1790), for which Gus.
tavus III. presented him a crown of laurel
from Virgil's tomb; and (Virginia) (1802).
Lepsius, Karl Richard (lep'sē-ös). A dis-
tinguished German Egyptologist; born at Naum-
burg, Dec. 23, 1810; died at Berlin, July 10,
1884. While pursuing his studies in Paris he
wrote three disquisitions, which won prizes of
the Academy: Palæography as a Means of
Linguistic Research) (1834); (Kinship of the
Semitic, Indian, Ethiopian, Old Persian, and
Old Egyptian Alphabets); (Origin and Rela-
tionship of Numerical Terms in the Indo-Ger.
manic, Semitic, and Coptic Languages. In his
celebrated (Letter to Mr. Rossellini on the
Hieroglyphic Alphabet) (1837), he propounded
a scientific theory of hieroglyphic writing. His
translation of the Book of the Dead) was
published in 1842. That year he visited Egypt,
and for four years studied its monuments; the
results of his researches and those of his asso-
ciates are contained in the magnificent Mon-
uments of Egypt and Ethiopia) (12 vols. , 1849-
60). Besides numerous memoirs addressed to
the Academy of Berlin and other learned
societies, he wrote for the general public (Let-
ters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Sinaitic
Peninsula) (1852).
Le Queux, William (lė-kė). An English
novelist; born in London, 18. He has writ-
ten : (The Great War in England in 1897) (9th
ed. 1895); Zoraida; “Stolen Souls); "Guilty
Bonds); (Strange Tales of a Nihilist); and
( The Eye of Istar) (1897).
Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (ler'mon-
tov). A celebrated Russian poet; born at Mos-
cow, Oct. 15, 1814; died July 27, 1841. He was
an officer in the Imperial Guards in 1837, when,
in a passionate poem, he gave vent to his in-
dignation over the death of Pushkin. The
poem, (The Poet's Death,' gave offense at court,
and Lermontov was relegated to the Cauca-
sus, there to serve as ensign in a dragoon regi-
ment. He is at his best in lyric and narra-
tive poetry. The most noteworthy of his rather
Byronesque epics are : (The Novice); (Ismail
Bey'; Valerik); (The Dæmon. His fine
novel, (A Hero of Our Time) led to a duel in
which he fell.
Leroux, Pierre (lė-rö'). A French socialist
philosopher; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
April 12, 1871. He was for a while an adher.
ent of Saint-Simon, but afterward developed a
humanitarian or socialistic system of his own.
Its principles are expounded in Equality)
(1838); Refutation of Eclecticism); Human-
ity) (2 vols. , 1840). After the Coup d'Etat he
was proscribed, and took up his residence in
the island of Jersey: there he pursued agri-
cultural experiments, and wrote a philosophical
poem, “The Beach of Samarez) (1864).
Le Roux (R. C. Henri), known as Hugues.
A French journalist and novelist; born in
Havre, in 1860. In early life he was con-
nected with the Political and Literary Review,
and subsequently succeeded Jules Claretie as
writer of the Paris chronique in the Temps.
He is author of a series of popular romances,
including Médéric and Lisée) and (One of
22
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
LEROY-BEAULIEU - L'ESPINASSE
Us) (1886); (Souls in Agony) (1888); “The Pa-
risian Inferno) (1888); (All for Honor) (1892).
His miscellaneous works are : (In the Sahara)
(1891); "On Board a Yacht: Portugal, Spain,
etc. ) (1891); two translations from the Russian;
etc.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (lé-rwä' bo-lyė). A
French historian; born at Lisieux, 1842. He
became professor of modern history in the Free
School of Political Sciences, 1881. His princi-
pal work, written after extensive travels in
Russia, is (The Empire of the Tsars and the
Russians) (3 vols. , 1881-89). Among his other
writings are : (A Russian Statesman: Nikolas
Milutin) (1884); France, Russia, and Europe)
(1888); Revolution and Liberalism' (1890);
(The Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy' (1893).
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul. A French
economist; born at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire,
Dec. 9, 1843. He is opposed to socialism, and
is very conservative in his views. His works
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822.
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
His best work is said to be found in (L'Affaire
Sougraine) (1884).
Lembcke, Eduard (lemb'kė). A Danish
poet; born at Copenhagen, 1815. He made
excellent translations of Shakespeare, Byron,
Moore, and other English poets. He published
in 1870 a volume of original' Poems and Songs,
in which he laments the defeat of Denmark
in the Schleswig-Holstein war; his ballad (Our
Mother Tongue ) is one of the favorite national
songs of Denmark.
Lemcke, Karl (lem'kė). A German writer
on æsthetics; born at Schwerin, Aug. 26, 1831.
Ilis Popular Æsthetics) (1805), a work of
rare merit, has been often republished, and has
been translated into several foreign languages.
He is author also of 'Songs and Poems (1861);
## p. 335 (#351) ############################################
LEMERCIER - LENNEP
335
:
(History of Recent German Poetry); and of
biographies of distinguished painters. Under
the pseudonym Karl Manno » he wrote the
novels (Beowulf) (1882); A Lovely Boy' (1885);
and Countess Gerhild) (1892).
Lemercier, Nepomucène (lė-mer-syā'). A
French poet; born at Paris, April 21, 1771; died
there, June 7, 1840. After many failures he
made a brilliant success with his classical tra-
gedy (Agamemnon (1795). Elegance of versi-
fication, grace of style, and richness of fancy,
characterize his "Four Metamorphoses) (1799),
and 'Pinto) (1800), a mixture of tragedy and
comedy, in which he attempts to outdo‘Figaro's
Wedding. The most notable of his poems is
the philosophical satire (The Panhypocrisiad,
or Infernal Spectacle of the Sixteenth Century)
(in 16 cantos; 4 more added in 1832).
Le Moine, James MacPherson. A Canadian
historian; born in Quebec, Jan. 24, 1825. His
historical works are so fair in spirit and accu-
rate in statement as to disarm adverse criti.
cism. Among his works are : (L'Ornithologie
du Canada' (1860); 'Étude sur les Navigateurs
Arctiques Franklin, McClure, Kane, McClin-
tock) (1862); (The Tourist's Note-Book) (1870);
(Quebec: Past and Present) (1876); and “The
Scot in New France) (1880).
Lemoinne, John Émile (lė-mwän'). A
French publicist; born in London, Oct. 17, 1815:
died at Paris, Dec. 14, 1892. He was political
editor of the Journal des Débats.
He was
elected to the Academy in succession to Jules
Janin in 1876, and in 1880 became a senator
for life. Some of his political writings were
collected and published under the titles (Criti-
cal and Biographical Studies) (1852), and New
Studies) (1862).
Lemon, Mark. An English humorous writer
and playwright; born at London, Nov. 30, 1809;
died at Crawley in Sussex, May 23, 1870. Among
his comedies and dramas are: (Domestic Econ-
omy); (Arnold of Winkelried' (1835); Hearts
Are Trumps) (1849); (The Railway Belle)
(1854); "Lost and Won); “The Gentleman in
Black); (Medea, or the Libel on the Lady
of Colchis) (1856). He was the first editor of
Punch, and for 29 years controlled it. He
wrote many fairy tales, among them: (The
Enchanted Doll (1850); (Tinykin's Trans-
formations) (1869); and A Christmas Ham-
per. Memorable among his humorous writ-
ings is Mark Lemon's Jest-Book.
Lemonnier, Camille (le-mo-nyā'). A Bel-
gian novelist; born at Brussels, March 24, 1835.
He is a pronounced realist. Among his stories
are : 'Our Flemings) (1869); (Flemish and Wal-
loon Stories) (1873); Neither Fish nor Flesh)
(1884); (Flemish Christmas Carols) (1887); Ma-
dame Lupar) (1888).
Lemoyne, Camille André (lė-mwän). A
French poet; born at Saint-Jean-d'Angély
(dept. Charente-Inférieure), in 1822. Having
suffered financial reverses while studying for
the bar, he became a compositor and proof-
reader in the publishing house of Firmin Didot,
and subsequently archivist librarian of the
School of Decorative Arts. He belongs to
the Parnassian school of French poets, and is
the author of: 'Last Year's Roses) (1865-
69); (The Charmers) (1867); (Flowers of the
Meadows) (1876); (Flowers of the Ruins)
(1888); (Flowers of the Evening) (1893), sev-
eral of which have been crowned by the French
Academy. He was decorated with the Legion
of Honor in 1870.
Lenartovicz, Teofil (len-art'o-vêch). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Warsaw, Feb. 27, 1822; died at
Florence, Feb. 3, 1893. His popular ballads and
songs, "Lirenka) (1855), are reckoned among
the choicest pearls of the national poetry. The
most noteworthy of his longer poems are : (The
Polish Land) (1848); (The Gladiators) (1857);
and the Italian Album) (1870). He wrote in
Italian (On the Character of Polono-Slavic
Poetry) (1886).
Lenau, Nikolaus (lā-nou'), pseudonym of
Nikolaus Franz Niembsch von Strehlenau. A
celebrated German lyric poet; born at Csatad,
Hungary, Aug. 13, 1802; died at Oberdöbling,
near Vienna, Aug. 22, 1850. An unhappy love
affair made him insane, and he died in a mad-
house. He is widely known for his elegies.
His works include (Savonarola) (1837), “The
Albigenses) (1842), and others; all of gloomy
tendency.
Leng, John, Sir. An English journalist; born
in Hull, in 1828. He began his successful
journalistic career in 1847 as sub-editor of the
Hull Advertiser; in 1851 became editor and
general manager of the Dundee Advertiser,
which has since been one of the most influ-
ential papers in Great Britain; and he was the
founder of the People's Journal, Evening Tel.
egraph, and People's Friend. He was knighted
in 1893. Among a number of his books and
pamphlets are: "Impressions of America)
(1876); (Scottish Banking Reform) (1881);
(Practical Politics) (1885); “Trip to Norway)
(1886); (Home Rule All Round' (1890).
Lenient, Charles Félix (len-yen'). A French
historian of literature; born at Provins, 1826. In
1865 he became professor of poetry in the Sor-
bonne. His principal works are: (France in
the Middle Ages) (1859); “Satire in France, or
the Militant Literature of the Sixteenth Cen-
tury) (1866); (Comedy in France in the Eigh-
teenth Century) (2 vols. , 1888); Patriotic Po-
etry in France in the Middle Ages) (1892); and
(Patriotic Poetry in France in Modern Times)
(2 vols. , 1894).
Lennep, Jacob van (len'nep). A celebrated
Dutch poet; born at Amsterdam, March 24,
1802; died at Oosterbeek, Aug. 25, 1868. He
translated some of Byron's poems. His first vol-
ume of original verse, Academic Idylls) (1826),
won little attention; but his (Legends of the
Netherlands) were received with universal ap-
plause. The Legends) comprise among oth-
ers: Adegild) (1828); (Jacoba and Bertha)
## p. 336 (#352) ############################################
336
LENNGRÉN – LEO
>
(1829); (The Struggle with Flanders) (1831);
(Edward van Gelre) (1847).
Lenngrén, Anna Maria (len'gren). A Swed-
ish poetess; born at Stockholm, June 18, 1754;
died there, March 8, 1817. She received from
her father, Prof. Malmstedt, a very thorough
education. Her poems were originally con-
tributed to the Stockholmsposten, of which her
husband was editor : they were collected after
her death and published under the title of
(Essays in Poesy) (1819; 12th ed. 1890). They
consist of humorous satires or epigrams, amus-
ing travesties and idyllic sketches, all distin-
guished by perfection of form and true poetic
sensibility.
Lennox, Charlotte Ramsay. An American
novelist; born in New York city in 1720; died
in London, Jan. 4, 1804. Educated in England,
she received encouragement in her literary
work from Samuel Johnson. Her best achieve.
ment is (Shakespeare Illustrated' (2 vols. , 1753),
and a supplementary volume (1754). She also
wrote Memoirs of Harriet Stewart) (1751);
(The Female Quixote (1752); (Sophia,' a novel
(1763); “The Sisters,' a comedy (1769).
Lennox, William Pitt, Lord. An English
writer of biographical memoirs; born 1799;
died in London, Feb. 18, 1881. He was son of
the fourth Duke of Richmond. He wrote (Fifty
Years' Biographical Reminiscences) (2 vols. ,
1863); (My Recollections from 1806 to 1873'
(2 vols. ); (Three Years with the Duke of
Wellington); “Life of the Duke of Richmond);
(Recreations of a Sportsman' (1862). He wrote
several novels, among them “The Tuft-Hunter)
(1843).
Lenormant, Charles (lė-nor-män'). A French
archæologist and art historian; born at Paris,
June 1, 1802; died at Athens, Nov. 24, 1859. He
was professor of Egyptian archæology in the
Collège de France from 1848 till his death.
Among his writings are: (Thesaurus of Numis-
matics and Glyptics) (20 vols. , 1834-50); (Intro-
duction to Oriental History) (1838); (Museum
of Egyptian Antiquities) (1835-42); “Selection of
Keramographic Monuments) (4 vols. , 1837-61).
Lenormant, François. A French historian
and archæologist, son of Charles; born at Paris,
Jan. 17, 1837; died there, Dec. 10, 1883. He
is one of the foremost of French Assyriologists.
His works are very numerous. Among them are:
(Archæological Researches at Eleusis) (1862);
(Political and Economic Organization of Coin-
age in Antiquity) (1863); (Ancient History in
the East) (3 vols. , 1868-69); Letters on Assyr-
iology) (5 vols. , 1871-79); (Akkadian Studies)
(3 vols. , 1873-79); (The Primitive Language of
Chaldea) (1875); (The Beginnings of History
according to the Bible) (3 vols. , 1880-84).
Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold (lents). A
German poet; born at Sesswegen, in Livonia,
Jan. 12, 1751; died at Moscow, May 24, 1792.
He was an enthusiastic admirer of Shakes-
peare, and in 1774 published (Remarks on the
Stage, with Translation of Parts of Shakes-
peare's (Love's Labour's Lost)); and the influ-
ence of Shakespeare is seen in his odd com-
edies, 'The Tutor) (1774); “The New Menoza!
(1774); (The Soldiers) (1776). He adapted sev-
eral Plays of Plautus for the German Stage
(1774). His finest poem is ( Love in the Country!
His minor songs and ballads are sometimes
admirable for their simple and unaffected poetic
feeling.
Lenz, Oskar. A German traveler; born at
Leipsic, April 13, 1848. He visited the west
coast of Africa in the service of the German
African Society (1874), and spent three years
in exploring the course of the Ogowe; he re-
counted his observations and experiences in
(Sketches from West Africa' (1878). He next
visited Marocco and Timbuctu, and wrote (Tim-
buctu: Journey through Marocco, the Sahara,
and Soudan (1884). He wrote also (Wander-
ings in Africa' (1895).
Leo I. , the Great, Pope. One of the Fa-
thers of the Latin Church; fifth century; Pope
440-61. He was a vigorous asserter in words and
in acts of the primacy of the bishop of Rome.
He heard the appeal of Celidonius, bishop of
Vesontio (Besançon) from the sentence of the
synod of Arles deposing him, and pronounced
an ecclesiastical censure on Hilarius, the bishop
who had presided over the synod. His Dog-
matic Epistle to Flavianus) set forth the Cath-
olic doctrine in opposition to the heretical
teaching of Eutyches, in the form and terms
ever since recognized as orthodox in the creeds.
His writings consist of 96 (Sermons) or dis-
courses, and 173 (Epistles. A treatise on
(The Sacraments and one on (The Calling of
all the Nations) are appended to his undoubt.
edly genuine works, and attributed to him.
Leo XIII. , Pope (Count Gioachino Pecci).
He was born at Carpineto, near Anagni, March
2, 1810.
He was nuncio to Belgium 1843-45;
was made archbishop of Perugia 1845; cardi.
nal 1853; supreme pontiff March 3, 1878. He
opened the Vatican archives to scholars desir-
ing to examine them for purposes of historical
research. Two of his "Encyclical Letters) are
worthy of special mention; viz. , that to (All
Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, etc. , on (The
Condition of Labor) (1891), and that to « The
English People on Church Unity) (1895).
He is author of a small volume of lyrics in
Latin : Lyric Poems (Carmina] of Leo XIII. ,
Supreme Pontiff) (1883).
Leo, Heinrich. A German historian; born
at Rudolstadt, March 19, 1799; died at Halle,
April 24, 1878. He was appointed professor of
history in the University of Halle, 1830. In
early life he was in religion a rationalist, and
in political faith a radical; but later he be-
came a conservative and an obscurantist. ”
His principal works are: (History of the Ital-
ian States) (5 vols. , 1829); (History of the Ne.
therlands) (2 vols. , 1832); (Natural History of the
State) (1833); (Text-Book of Universal History!
(6 vols. , 1835-44); (Anglo-Saxon Glossary) (2
vols. , 1872).
## p. 337 (#353) ############################################
LEO AFRICANUS- LE ROUX
337
(
(
Leo Africanus (lē'o af"rē-kā'nus), properly
Alhassan ibn Mohammed Alwazzan. A Moor-
ish traveler and geographer. About 1517 he
was captured by pirates while returning from
Egypt after extended travels in northern and
central Africa, Arabia, Syria, etc. Ultimately
he was presented as a slave to Leo X. , who
assigned him a pension. He wrote a Descrip-
tion of Africa) which for a long time was al-
most the only authority, especially on the Sou-
dan. He also wrote a (Tractate on the Lives
of Arab Philosophers.
Leon, Luis de. See Ponce de Leon.
Leonowens, Anna Harriette Crawford. A
noted educator and prose-writer ; born in Caer-
narvon, Wales, Nov. 5, 1834. In 1863 she was
appointed governess in the family of the King
of Siam. She was four years in the King's
household at Bangkok, acting as secretary to
the King and instructor to the royal family.
The present King of Siam was educated by
her. She came to the United States in 1867 ;
opened a school in New York to prepare teach-
ers in the kindergarten system. She has pub-
lished: (The English Governess at the Court
of Siam' (1870); “The Romance of the Harem)
(1872); and Life and Travels in India) (1884).
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count (lā-7-par'dē). A
celebrated Italian poet; born at Recanati in
Tuscany, June 29, 1798; died at Naples, June
14, 1837. His family, though noble, was poor,
and he acquired a knowledge of the classics
and of literature almost unaided in his father's
library Before he was 18 he had produced a
Latin translation (with commentary) of Por-
phyrius's "Life of Plotinus); a treatise on
Some Roman Rhetoricians) of the second
century, and a History of Astronomy, both
in Latin ; and an (Essay on the Popular Errors
of the Ancients,' in Italian, citing over 400
authors. His subsequent works were: (Ode
to Italy) (1818); (Ode on the Monument to
Dante) (1819); (Ode to Cardinal Mai on the
Discovery of Cicero's Tractate on The State)
(1820); Brutus the Younger) (1823), an ode,
and "Comparison of the Sentiments of Brutus
the Younger, and of Theophrastus, when in
the Face of Death, in which two works
his pessimistic views first had formal expres-
sion ; ( Verses, a collection of his miscellane-
ous poems (1826); Moral Opuscules) (1827),
mostly observations, in dialogue form, on eth-
ical questions. The Broom-Flower, (Sylvia,
and “The Night Song,' are his most celebrated
poems. He left unpublished at his death a
volume of Thoughts. *
Leopold, Karl Gustaf af (lē'ō-põld). A
Swedish poet; born at Stockholm, Nov. 23, 1756;
died there, Nov. 9, 1829. He was for a long
time a kind of literary dictator, and was the
chief representative in Sweden of the French
school of classicism. He attempted all forms
of poetry save the epic. Of his tragedies the
best-known are "Odin) (1790), for which Gus.
tavus III. presented him a crown of laurel
from Virgil's tomb; and (Virginia) (1802).
Lepsius, Karl Richard (lep'sē-ös). A dis-
tinguished German Egyptologist; born at Naum-
burg, Dec. 23, 1810; died at Berlin, July 10,
1884. While pursuing his studies in Paris he
wrote three disquisitions, which won prizes of
the Academy: Palæography as a Means of
Linguistic Research) (1834); (Kinship of the
Semitic, Indian, Ethiopian, Old Persian, and
Old Egyptian Alphabets); (Origin and Rela-
tionship of Numerical Terms in the Indo-Ger.
manic, Semitic, and Coptic Languages. In his
celebrated (Letter to Mr. Rossellini on the
Hieroglyphic Alphabet) (1837), he propounded
a scientific theory of hieroglyphic writing. His
translation of the Book of the Dead) was
published in 1842. That year he visited Egypt,
and for four years studied its monuments; the
results of his researches and those of his asso-
ciates are contained in the magnificent Mon-
uments of Egypt and Ethiopia) (12 vols. , 1849-
60). Besides numerous memoirs addressed to
the Academy of Berlin and other learned
societies, he wrote for the general public (Let-
ters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Sinaitic
Peninsula) (1852).
Le Queux, William (lė-kė). An English
novelist; born in London, 18. He has writ-
ten : (The Great War in England in 1897) (9th
ed. 1895); Zoraida; “Stolen Souls); "Guilty
Bonds); (Strange Tales of a Nihilist); and
( The Eye of Istar) (1897).
Lermontov, Michail Yuryevitch (ler'mon-
tov). A celebrated Russian poet; born at Mos-
cow, Oct. 15, 1814; died July 27, 1841. He was
an officer in the Imperial Guards in 1837, when,
in a passionate poem, he gave vent to his in-
dignation over the death of Pushkin. The
poem, (The Poet's Death,' gave offense at court,
and Lermontov was relegated to the Cauca-
sus, there to serve as ensign in a dragoon regi-
ment. He is at his best in lyric and narra-
tive poetry. The most noteworthy of his rather
Byronesque epics are : (The Novice); (Ismail
Bey'; Valerik); (The Dæmon. His fine
novel, (A Hero of Our Time) led to a duel in
which he fell.
Leroux, Pierre (lė-rö'). A French socialist
philosopher; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
April 12, 1871. He was for a while an adher.
ent of Saint-Simon, but afterward developed a
humanitarian or socialistic system of his own.
Its principles are expounded in Equality)
(1838); Refutation of Eclecticism); Human-
ity) (2 vols. , 1840). After the Coup d'Etat he
was proscribed, and took up his residence in
the island of Jersey: there he pursued agri-
cultural experiments, and wrote a philosophical
poem, “The Beach of Samarez) (1864).
Le Roux (R. C. Henri), known as Hugues.
A French journalist and novelist; born in
Havre, in 1860. In early life he was con-
nected with the Political and Literary Review,
and subsequently succeeded Jules Claretie as
writer of the Paris chronique in the Temps.
He is author of a series of popular romances,
including Médéric and Lisée) and (One of
22
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
LEROY-BEAULIEU - L'ESPINASSE
Us) (1886); (Souls in Agony) (1888); “The Pa-
risian Inferno) (1888); (All for Honor) (1892).
His miscellaneous works are : (In the Sahara)
(1891); "On Board a Yacht: Portugal, Spain,
etc. ) (1891); two translations from the Russian;
etc.
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (lé-rwä' bo-lyė). A
French historian; born at Lisieux, 1842. He
became professor of modern history in the Free
School of Political Sciences, 1881. His princi-
pal work, written after extensive travels in
Russia, is (The Empire of the Tsars and the
Russians) (3 vols. , 1881-89). Among his other
writings are : (A Russian Statesman: Nikolas
Milutin) (1884); France, Russia, and Europe)
(1888); Revolution and Liberalism' (1890);
(The Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy' (1893).
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre Paul. A French
economist; born at Saumur, Maine-et-Loire,
Dec. 9, 1843. He is opposed to socialism, and
is very conservative in his views. His works
include <The Labor Question in the Nineteenth
Century) (1871), «The Modern State and its
Functions) (2d ed. 1891), and others. He is
the founder and editor of L'Economiste Fran-
çais.
Le Sage, Alain René (lė-sazh'). A celebrated
French novelist and dramatist; born at Sarzeau,
near Vannes, May 8, 1668; died at Boulogne-
sur-Mer, Nov. 17, 1747. He abandoned law for
literature, with scant success till 1707, when
the comedy Crispin his Master's Rival) was
received with high public favor; as was “Tur-
caret) the following year. The latter - a sat-
ire on the financiers, trading classes, and nobil-
ity -- is one of the best comedies in French
literature ; every character is drawn with sharp
individuality. His novels (The Devil on Two
Sticks) (1707) and (Gil Blas) (1717), were
suggested by Spanish originals; but he owes
them nothing beyond suggestion. As author
of "Gil Blas) he is the parent and pattern of
Fielding and Smollett. Of his other romances
in the same general vein may be mentioned
(The Bachelor of Salamanca) and (The Life
and Adventures of M. de Beauchène. ) **
Lescure, Mathurin François Adolphe de
(lā-kür'). A French littérateur and historian;
born at Bretenoux (Lot), in 1833; died at
Clamart (Seine), May 6, 1892. Successively
attached to the Ministry of State and the Sen-
ate, he acquired a unique reputation by a series
of essays and monographs on the Revolutionary
and other periods in French history. Among
more than forty publications are: (Confessions
of the Abbess de Chelles) (1863); Marie
Antoinette and her Family) (1865); Mary
Stuart) (1871); (Illustrious Mothers) (1881);
(Love under the Terror) (1882); (Rivarol and
French Society during the Revolution and
Emigration (1883), his best work, crowned by
the Academy; (Châteaubriand) (1892); and
numerous memoirs.
Leskov, Nikolai Semyonovitch (les’kov).
A Russian novelist; born in the government
of Orel, Feb. 16, 1831 ; died in St. Petersburg,
March 5, 1895. His first story, No Way Out”
(1865), is a powerful delineation of Russian
society, and is tinged with radicalism and ni-
hilism. In the novel (The Clergy) he portrays
the life of the priesthood; in (To the Knife)
he describes in detail the schisms and factions
of the intellectual world of Russia. He has
also written many tales based on ancient
legends.
Lesley, John. A Scotch historian; born
Sept. 29, 1527 ; died in Brussels, Belgium, May
31, 1596. A stanch friend of Mary Queen of
Scots, he was implicated in the project for her
marriage to the Duke of Norfolk, and in the
consequent rebellion in the north of England,
and was imprisoned in the Tower. On his
release he crossed to the Continent, and sub-
sequently became bishop of Coutances in Nor-
mandy. His chief production is a history of
Scotland (published at Rome, 1578), in ten
books, seven in Latin and the last three in
Scotch dialect.
Leslie, Charles Robert. An English painter
and writer on art; born in London, Oct. 19,
1794; died there, May 5, 1859. He was brought
to America by his parents in 1799, but return-
ing to England (1811), studied art under Alls-
ton and West. For a brief period he was
instructor in art at West Point, N. Y. , and
later professor of painting at the Royal Aca-
demy (1848–52). His published works include:
Memoirs of John Constable (1845); Hand-
book for Young Painters) (1855), an enlarged
edition of his Royal Academy lectures; and
a Life of Reynolds) (completed by Taylor,
1865).
Leslie, Eliza. An American prose-writer;
born in Philadelphia, Nov. 16, 1787; died in
Gloucester, N. J. , Jan. 2, 1858. Her father
was a personal friend of Franklin, Jefferson,
and other eminent men of his time. Her first
successful work was a cookery book; she after-
ward adopted literature as a profession, and
edited The Gift, which attained great popu-
larity. Her published works include: Pencil
Sketches) (1833-37); (House Book) (1840);
"Ladies' Receipt Book) (1848); and (Behaviour
Book) (1853).
Lespès, Léo (les-pās'). A French story-teller;
born at Bouchain, June 18, 1815; died at Paris,
April 29, 1875. He wrote for the minor Paris
newspapers, under the signature “Timothy
Trimm," a number of short stories, which were re-
ceived with extraordinary popular favor. He
founded the Petit Journal (1862), which imme-
diately reached the then unexampled circulation
of 200,000 copies. Among his stories, which were
frequently republished, are: (Stories in Pink
and Black) (1842); Mysteries of the Grand
Opera) (1843); (A Story to Make You Shudder);
Physiology of Champagne) (1866); (Walks
about Paris) (1867).
L'Espinasse, Julie de (les-pē-näs'). A French
letter-writer; born at Lyons, about 1732; died
-
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
LESSEPS - LEVER
339
at Paris, May 23, 1776. Her drawing-room was
a place of assembly for the fashion and wit of
Paris. Her Letters) (2 vols. , 1809), and "Un-
published Letters) (2 vols. , 1877), are of interest
more as reflecting the writer's passionate sen-
sibility and enthusiasm than for their literary
exceilence.
Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de (les-eps).
A French diplomat and engineer; born at
Versailles, Nov. 19, 1805; died Dec. 7, 1894. He
was employed several years in the French
consular and diplomatic service. In 1854, on
the invitation of Said Pasha, he visited Egypt
to study the problem of canalizing the Isthmus
of Suez: the results of his studies were stated
in a memoir, Piercing the Isthmus of Suez. )
He was made chief director of the works in
1856. The canal was opened to traffic Aug.
15, 1869. He published (1875-81) five volumes
of Letters, Journals, and Documents Relating
to the Suez Canal”; and in 1887, 'Recollections
of 40 Years. His attempt to pierce the Isth-
mus of Panama resulted in failure, and in
numberless discussions and papers, none of
which have been embodied in a book.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (les'ing). A
great German poet, and the foremost critic of
German literature ; born at Kamenz in Upper
Lusatia, Jan. 22, 1729; died at Brunswick, Feb.
15, 1781. Among his writings are: (The Young
Savant,' a comedy (1750); (Trifles,' a collection
of his lyric poems (1751); (Rehabilitations)
(1751) — redeeming from obloquy the name and
fame of sundry historical personages; Miss
Sara Sampson (1755), a tragedy ; (The Free-
Thinker,' (The Jews, (The Woman-Hater)
(1755), comedies; Pope a Metaphysician ! )
(1755); "Letters on Literature (1758); Philo-
tas,' a prose tragedy (1759); "Laocoon: on the
Boundaries of Painting and Poetry, Part i.
(1766),- the second part was never written;
Minna von Barnhelm, a comedy (1767); An-
tiquarian Letters) (1768); Emilia Galotti, a
tragedy (1772); Nathan the Wise) (1779);
« Education of the Human Race) (1780); (Ernst
and Falk) (1780). *
Lester, Charles Edwards. An American
prose-writer; born in Griswold, Conn. , 1815;
died in Detroit, Mich. , 1890. Among his works
are: (The Glory and Shame of England' (2
vols. , 1841); (Artists in America) (1846); "Life
and Public Services of Charles Sumner) (1874);
History of the United States, Considered in
Five Great Periods) (2 vols. , 1883).
Lesueur, Daniel. See Loiseau.
Lethbridge, Roper, Sir. An English states-
man, scholar, and author; born in 1840. He
was for many years prominent in educational
and political movements in India, as professor
in the Bengal Educational Department, and
subsequently as Political Agent and Press Com-
missioner under Lord Lytton's viceroyalty,
Among his works are: A Short Manual of
the History of India) (1881); (High Educa-
tion in India! : A History of Bengal); and the
articles on 'Feudatory States) in the Imperial
Gazetteer of India, In 1890 he was created
Knight Commander of the Indian Empire.
Letronne, Jean Antoine (le-tron'). A French
archæologist; born at Paris, Jan. 2, 1787; died
there, Dec. 14, 1848. He is distinguished chiefly
for his studies in numismatics and inscriptions.
Among his writings are: (Topography of Syra-
cuse) (1813); (Fragments of Hero of Alexan.
dria) (1816); (Valuings of Greek and Roman
Coins) (1817); (Materials to Serve for a His.
tory of the Christian Religion (1833); (The
Vocal Statue of Memnon (1833); (Collection
of Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Egypt)
(1842-48).
Leuckart, Rudolf (loik'ärt). A German zo-
ölogist; born at Helmstedt, Oct. 7, 1822.
