No More Learning

Inglesant gave a long look; then he stepped back, and gazed
at the astrologer, and from him to his brother, with a faltering
and ashy look.
"I see a man's figure lie before the hearth, and the hearth-
stone is stained, as if with blood. Eustace, it is either you or I! "
"Look again," said the adept eagerly, "look again! "
"I will look no more! " said Inglesant fiercely; "this is the
work of a fiend, to lure men to madness or despair! "
As he spoke, a blast of wind-sudden and strong-swept
through the room; the lamp burned dim; and the fire in the
brazier went out. A deathly coldness filled the apartment, and
the floor and the walls seemed to heave and shake. A loud
whisper, or muffled cry, seemed to fill the air; and a terrible awe
struck at the hearts of the young men. Seizing the rod from
the table, the adept assumed a commanding attitude, and waved
it to and fro in the air; gradually the wind ceased, the dread
coldness abated, and the fire burned again of its own accord.
The adept gazed at Inglesant with a stern and set look.
"You are of a strange spirit, young sir," he said: "pure in
heart enough to see things which many holy men have desired
XXIII-837


## p. 13378 (#184) ##########################################

13378
JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
in vain to see; and yet so wild and rebellious as to anger the
blessed spirits with your self-will and perverse thoughts. You
will suffer fatal loss, both here and hereafter, if you learn not to
give up your own will, and your own fancies, before the heavenly
will and call. "
Inglesant stared at the man in silence. His words seemed
to him to mean far more than perhaps he himself knew. They
seemed to come into his mind, softened with anxiety for his
brother, and shaken by these terrible events, with the light of
a revelation. Surely this was the true secret of his wasted life,
however strange might be the place and action which revealed
it to him. Whatever he might think afterwards of this night,
it might easily stand to him as an allegory of his own spirit, set
down before him in a figure. Doubtless he was perverse and
headstrong under the pressure of the Divine Hand; doubtless
he had followed his own notions rather than the voice of the
inward monitor he professed to hear; henceforth, surely, he would
give himself up more entirely to the heavenly voice.
Eustace appeared to have seen enough of the future, and to
be anxious to go. He left a purse of gold upon the wizard's
table; and hurried his brother to take his leave.
Outside, the air was perfectly still; a thick motionless fog
hung over the marsh and the river; not a breath of wind stirred.
"That was a strange wind that swept by as you refused to
look," said Eustace to his brother: "do you really think the spir-
its were near, and were incensed? »
Inglesant did not reply: he was thinking of another spirit than
that the wizard had evoked.
They made their way through the fog to Lambeth, and took
boat again to the Temple Stairs.
JOHN INGLESANT MAKES A JOURNEY, AND MEETS HIS
BROTHER'S MURDERER
From John Inglesant ›
I'
WAS long before sunrise that Inglesant set out, accompanied
by his train, hoping to cross the mountains before the heat
began. His company consisted of several men-at-arms, with
their grooms and horse-boys, and the Austrian page. They
ascended the mountains in the earlier part of the night, and


## p. 13379 (#185) ##########################################

JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
13379
towards dawn they reached a flat plain. The night had been
too dark to allow them to see the steep and narrow defiles, full
of oaks and beech; and as they passed over the dreary plain in
the white mist, their figures seemed vast and indistinct in the
dim light: but now, as the streaks of the dawn grew brighter in
the east behind them, they could see the fir-trees clothing the
distant slopes, and here and there one of the higher summits
still covered with white snow. The scene was cold and dead
and dreary as the grave. A heavy mist hung over the mountain
plain, and an icy lake lay black and cold beneath the morning
sky. As they reached the crest of the hill the mist rose, stirred
by a little breeze at sunrise, and the gorges of the descent lay
clear before them. The sun arose behind them, gilding the
mountain-tops, and tracing streaks and shades of color on the
rising mist sparkling with glittering dewdrops; while dark and
solemn beneath them lay the pine-clothed ravines and sloping
valleys, with here and there a rocky peak; and farther down still
the woods and hills gave place at last to the plain of the Tiber,
at present dark and indistinguishable in the night.
As the sun arose behind them, one by one the pine ravines
became lighted, and the snowy summits, soft and pink with radi-
ant light, stood out against the sky, which became every instant
of a deeper blue. The sunlight, stealing down the defiles and
calling forth into distinct shape and vision tree and rock and
flashing stream, spread itself over the oak woods in the valleys,
and shone at last upon the plain, embossed and radiant with
wood and green meadow, and marble towers and glistering water
- the waters of the Tiber running onward towards Rome. Mys-
terious forms and waves of light, the creatures of the morning
and of the mist, floated before the sight, and from the dark fir-
trees murmurs and mutterings of ethereal life fell upon the ear.
Sudden and passionate flushes of color tinted the pine woods and
were gone; and beneath the branches and across the paths, fairy
lights played for a moment and passed away.
The party halted more than once, but it was necessary to
make the long descent before the heat began, and they com-
menced carefully to pick their way down the stony mountain
road, which wound down the ravines in wild unequal paths. The
track, now precipitous, now almost level, took them round corners
and masses of rock sometimes hanging above their heads, reveal-
ing continually new reaches of valleys and new defiles clothed


## p. 13380 (#186) ##########################################

13380
JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
with fir and oak.
Mountain flowers and trailing ivy and creep-
ing plants hung in festoons on every side, lizards ran across the
path, birds fluttered above them or darted into the dark recesses
where the mountain brooks were heard; everything sang the
morning psalm of life, with which, from field and mountain soli-
tudes, the free children of nature salute the day.
The Austrian boy felt the beauty of the scene, and broke out
into singing.
"When the northern gods," he said to Inglesant, "rode on
their chevisance, they went down into the deep valleys singing
magic songs. Let us into this dark valley, singing magic songs,
also go down: who knows what strange and hidden deity, since
the old pagan times lost and forgotten, we may find among the
dark fir dingles and the laurel shades? "
And he began to sing some love ditty.
Inglesant did not hear him. The beauty of the scene, ethereal
and unreal in its loveliness, following upon the long dark mountain
ride, his sleepless nights and strange familiarity with approaching
death by the couch of the old duke, confused his senses, and a
presentiment of impending fate filled his mind. The recollec-
tion of his brother rose again in his remembrance, distinct and
present as in life; and more than once he fancied that he heard
his voice, as the cry of some mountain beast or sound of moan-
ing trees, came up the pass. No other foreshadowing than this
very imperfect one warned him of the approaching crisis of his
life.
The sun was fully up, and the light already brilliant and
intense, when they approached a projecting point where the slope
of wood ended in a tower of rock jutting upon the road. The
path by which they approached it was narrow and ragged; but
beyond the rock the ground spread itself out, and the path was
carried inward towards the right, having the sloping hillside on
the one hand covered with scattered oaks, while on the other
a slip of ground separated it from the ravine. At the turning.
of the road, where the opening valley lay before them as they
reached the corner, face to face with Inglesant as he checked
his horse was the Italian, the inquisitive stranger of the theatre
at Florence, the intruder into the Conclave, the masque of the
Carnival ball, the assassin of the Corso,- that Malvolti who had
treacherously murdered his brother and sought his own life.
Alone and weary, his clothes worn and threadbare, he came


## p. 13381 (#187) ##########################################

JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
13381
toiling up the pass. Inglesant reined in his horse suddenly, a
strange and fierce light in his eyes and face. The Italian started
back like some wild creature of the forest brought suddenly to
bay, a terrified cry broke from him, and he looked wildly round
as if intending flight. The nature of the ground caught him as
in a trap: on the one hand the sloping hillside, steep and open,
on the other tangled rugged ground, slightly rising between the
road and the precipice, cut off all hope of sudden flight. He
looked wildly round for a moment; then, when the horsemen
came round the rocky wall and halted behind their leader, his
eyes came back to Inglesant's face, and he marked the smile
upon his lips and in his eyes, and saw his hand steal downward
to the hunting-piece he carried at the saddle; then with a terri-
ble cry he threw himself on his knees before the horse's head,
and begged for pity,-pity and life.
Inglesant took his hand from his weapon, and turning slightly
to the page and to the others behind him, he said:-
"This man, messeri, is a murderer and a villain, steeped in
every crime; a cruel secret midnight cut-throat and assassin; a
lurker in secret corners to murder the innocent.
He took my
brother, a noble gentleman whom I was proud to follow, treach-
erously at an advantage, and slew him. I see him now before
me lying in his blood. He tried to take my life,-I, who scarcely
even knew him,-in the streets of Rome. Now he begs for
mercy. What say you, gentlemen? what is his due? "
"Shoot the dog through the head. Hang him on the nearest
tree. Carry him into Rome and torture him to death. "
-
The Italian still continued on his knees, his hands clasped
before him, his face working with terror and agony that could
not be disguised.
"Mercy, monsignore," he cried. "Mercy! I cannot, I dare
not, I am not fit to die. For the blessed Host, monsignore, have
mercy- for the love of Jesu- for the sake of Jesu. "
―――
As he said these last words Inglesant's attitude altered, and
the cruel light faded out of his eyes. His hand ceased to finger
the carabine at his saddle; and he sat still upon his horse, look-
ing down upon the abject wretch before him, while a man might
count fifty. The Italian saw, or thought he saw, that his judge.
was inclining to mercy, and he renewed his appeals for pity.
"For the love of the crucifix, monsignore; for the Blessed
Virgin's sake. "


## p. 13382 (#188) ##########################################

13382
JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
But Inglesant did not seem to hear him. He turned to the
horsemen behind him, and said:-
"Take him up, one of you, on the crupper. Search him first
for arms. Another keep his eye on him; and if he moves or
attempts to escape, shoot him dead. You had better come qui-
etly," he continued: "it is your only chance for life. "
Two of the men-at-arms dismounted and searched the pris-
oner, but found no arms upon him. He seemed indeed to be
in the greatest distress from hunger and want, and his clothes
were ragged and thin. He was mounted behind one of the sol-
diers and closely watched; but he made no attempt to escape,
and indeed appeared to have no strength or energy for such an
effort.
They went on down the pass for about an Italian league. The
country became more thickly wooded; and here and there on the
hillsides, patches of corn appeared, and once or twice in a shel-
tered spot a few vines. At length, on the broad shoulder of the
hill round which the path wound, they saw before them a few
cottages; and above them on the hillside, in a position that com-
manded the distant pass till it opened on the plain, was a chapel,
the bell of which had just ceased ringing for mass.
Inglesant turned his horse's head up the narrow stony path;
and when the gate was reached, he dismounted and entered the
chapel, followed by his train. The cappella had apparently been
built of the remains of some temple or old Roman house; for
many of the stones of the front were carved in bold relief. It
was a small narrow building, and possessed no furniture save
the altar and a rude pulpit built of stones; but behind the altar,
painted on the plaster of the wall, was the rood or crucifix, the
size of life. Who the artist had been, cannot now be told: it
might have been the pupil of some great master, who had caught
something of the master's skill; or perhaps, in the old time, some
artist had come up the pass from Borgo San Sepolcro, and had
painted it for the love of his art and of the Blessed Virgin; but
whoever had done it, it was well done, and it gave a sanctity
to the little chapel, and possessed an influence, of which the
villagers were not unconscious, and of which they were even
proud.
The mass had commenced some short time as the train
entered, and such few women and peasants as were present
turned in surprise.


## p. 13383 (#189) ##########################################

JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
13383
Inglesant knelt upon the steps before the altar, and the men-
at-arms upon the floor of the chapel; the two who guarded the
prisoner keeping close behind their leader.
The priest, who was an old and simple-looking countryman,
continued his office without stopping, but when he had received
the sacred elements himself, he turned, and, influenced probably
by his appearance and by his position at the altar, he offered
Inglesant the sacrament. He took it; and the priest, turning
again to the altar, finished the mass.
Then Inglesant rose; and when the priest turned again he was
standing before the altar, with his drawn sword held lengthwise
across his hands.
"My father," he said, "I am the Cavaliere di San Giorgio;
and as I came across the mountains this morning on my way
to Rome, I met my mortal foe, the murderer of my brother,-
a wretch whose life is forfeit by every law either of earth or
heaven, a guilty monster steeped in every crime. Him, as soon
as I had met him,- sent by this lonely and untrodden way as it
seems to me by the Lord's hand,— I thought to crush at once,
as I would a venomous beast, though he is worse than any beast.
But, my father, he has appealed from me to the adorable name
of Jesus, and I cannot touch him. But he will not escape. I
give him over to the Lord. I give up my sword into the Lord's
hands, that He may work my vengeance upon him as it seems
to Him good. Henceforth he is safe from earthly retribution,
but the Divine Powers are just. Take this sword, reverend
father, and let it lie upon the altar beneath the Christ himself;
and I will make an offering for daily masses for my brother's
soul. "
-
The priest took the sword; and kneeling before the altar,
placed it thereon like a man acting in a dream.
He was one of those childlike peasant-priests to whom the
great world was unknown; and to whom his mountain solitudes
were peopled as much by the saints and angels of his breviary,
as by the peasants who shared with him the solitudes and the
legends that gave to these mountain fastnesses a mysterious
awe. To such a man as this it seemed nothing strange that the
blessed St. George himself, in jeweled armor, should stand before
the altar in the mystic morning light, his shining sword in his
hand.
He turned again to Inglesant, who had knelt down once more.


## p. 13384 (#190) ##########################################

13384
JOHN HENRY SHORTHOUSE
"It is well done, monsignore," he said, "as all that thou doest
doubtless is most well. The sword shall remain here as thou
sayest, and the Lord doubtless will work his blessed will. But
I entreat, monsignore, thy intercession for me, a poor sinful
man; and when thou returnest to thy place, and seest again the
Lord Jesus, that thou wilt remind him of his unworthy priest.
Amen. "
Inglesant scarcely heard what he said, and certainly did not
understand it. His sense was confused by what had happened,
and by the sudden overmastering impulse upon which he had
acted. He moved as in a dream; nothing seemed to come
strange to him, nothing startled him, and he took slight heed of
what passed. He placed his embroidered purse, heavy with gold,
in the priest's hand, and in his excitement totally forgot to name
his brother, for whose repose masses were to be said.
He signed to his men to release the prisoner; and, his trum-
pets sounding to horse before the chapel gate, he mounted and.
rode on down the pass.
But his visit was not forgotten: and long afterward — per-
haps even to the present day-popular tradition took the story
up, and related that once, when the priest of the mountain chapel
was a very holy man, the blessed St. George himself, in shining
armor, came across the mountains one morning very early, and
himself partook of the sacrament, and all his train; and appealed
triumphantly to the magic sword, set with gold and precious.
stones, that lay upon the altar from that morning,- by virtue
of which no harm can befall the village, no storm strike it, and
above all, no pillage of armed men or any violence can occur.


## p. 13384 (#191) ##########################################



## p. 13384 (#192) ##########################################


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## p. 13384 (#193) ##########################################

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## p. 13384 (#194) ##########################################

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## p. 13385 (#195) ##########################################

13385
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
(1554-1586)
BY PITTS Duffield
HEN I was a boy nine years old," says Aubrey the antiquary,
"I was with my father at one Mr. Singleton's, an alderman
and woollen draper, in Gloucester, who had in his parlour
over the chimney the whole description of Sir Philip Sidney's funer-
all, engraved and printed on papers pasted together, which at length
was, I believe, the length of the room at least. But he had contrived
it to be twined upon two pinnes, that turning one of them made the
figures march all in order. It did make such a strong impression
on my young tender phantasy that I remember it as if it were but
yesterday. " The pageantry of Sir Philip Sidney's life and death is
still potent to impress the tender fancy, young or old; it cannot be
forgotten by anybody who to-day would meddle with the estimate
put upon him by his contemporaries. That he was the embodied ideal
of all the Elizabethan world held noble in life and art, there is an
almost inconceivable amount of tribute to testify. All England and
most of Europe went into mourning at his death; and while he lived,
the name of Astrophel was one that poets conjured with. Bruno
the philosopher, Languet the Huguenot, enshrined him in their affec-
tions; and Sir Fulke Greville the thinker, in the never-to-be-forgotten
epitaph, was proud to remember that besides having been servant to
Queen Elizabeth and counselor to King James, he had been also Sir
Philip Sidney's friend.
The extraordinary charm of this celebrated personality is hardly
to be accounted for completely by the flavor of high romance about
him, or by attributing to him what nowadays has been called per-
sonal magnetism. Something of temperamental magic there must
have been, to be sure; but even in his short life there was something
also of distinct purpose and achievement. When in his thirty-second
year-for he was born November 29th, 1554, and died October 5th,
1586- he received his death wound at the siege of Zutphen, he
had already gained the reputation of more than ordinary promise
in statesmanship, and had made himself an authority in questions of
letters. The results of modern scholarship seem to show, on the
whole, that his renown was more richly deserved than subsequent
opinion has always been willing to admit.


## p. 13386 (#196) ##########################################

13386
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
In the first place, Sidney's devotion to art was steadfast and
sincere. Throughout his travels on the Continent, whether in the
midst of the terrors of St. Bartholomew in Paris, or of the degener-
ative Italy, which for its manifold temptations old Roger Ascham
declared a Circe's court of vice,- he held a high-spirited philosophy
which kept him alike from evil and from bigotry. Dante and Pe-
trarch more than any fleshly following were his companions in Italy.
On the grand tour or in his foreign missions, as his writings always
show, he was ever the true observer. In the splendors of Eliza-
beth's court-such as, for instance, the Kenilworth progress, which
his uncle the Earl of Leicester devised for the gratification of the
Queen's Majesty - he had always an eye for the romantic aspects of
things, and a thought for the significance of them. The beautiful
face in the Warwick Castle portrait-lofty with the truth of a soul
that derives itself from Plato- cannot have been the visage of a
nature careless of its intellectual powers or its fame; but of one most
serious, as his friend Fulke Greville testifies, and strenuous in his
public duty. The celebrated romance of 'Arcadia'—which he wrote
for his sister Mary, Countess of Pembroke, in retirement at Pens-
hurst, his birthplace, after his courageous letter of remonstrance to
the Queen concerning the French match—is entirely the outcome of
a mind that did its own thinking, and made even its idle thoughts
suggestive in the study of the literature.
At first sight the Countess of Pembroke's 'Arcadia' may seem,
indeed, but the "vain amatorious poem" which Milton condemned
Charles I. for using upon the scaffold. Sidney himself might have
called it a poem: for "it is not rhyming and versing," he says, "that
maketh a poet; but it is that feigning notable images of virtues,
vices, or what else, with that delightful teaching, which must be the
right describing note to know a poet by:" and he did call it, in his
dedication, "an idle work," "a trifle and trifling handled. " But it
is to be noted that what Charles used of it was a prayer put origi-
nally in the mouth of Pamela, and that Dr. Johnson declared his use
of it was innocent. Pamela also, in spite of the trifling diversions of
Philip and his sister the Countess, has a way of pretty often growing
eloquent on serious matters. "You say yesterday was as to-day,"
she exclaims. "O foolish woman, and most miserably foolish since
wit makes you foolish, what does that argue but that there is a
constancy in the everlasting governor? " And Pamela's exposition of
her faith, in Book iii. , is more theology than many a trifler would
care to read or write to-day. Altogether this elaborate compound of
Spanish, Italian, and Greek pastoral, and romantic incident, has its
fair share of the moral element which the English nature inevitably
craves.
-
T


## p. 13387 (#197) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13387
Another element in it, less peculiar to the Saxon race, but always
characteristic of Sidney, is its strong instinctive art. In form, of
course, though Sidney had a leaning toward the unities,-it is
purely romantic. Its art is to be found in the most distinctive char-
acteristic of the Elizabethans,- the art of putting together canorous
words and phrases. When Sidney retired to Penshurst in 1580, the
whole world was reading John Lyly's 'Euphues'; in which the love of
elaborate language found vent in complicated systems of alliteration,
antitheses, and similes borrowed from an artificial natural history.
Sidney, though like Shakespeare after him he did not entirely escape
this craze,
was not slow to transmute the rather mechanical sys-
tem of Lyly into something more really musical. His style shows
traces also of the foreign models he set himself; but in the end, like
the matter he borrowed, it resolves itself into something individual,
in its persistent aim in saying what it has to say simply (according
to his lights) and beautifully. More specifically, its verse contains
also many experiments in the classic metres, which Harvey, Spenser,
and other literary men of the day hoped to introduce into English;
but Sidney, whatever were his failures, never held anything but the
loftiest estimate of the real poet or worker in words. His eloquent
defense of "poesie," written soon after the Arcadia, and before Eng-
land had produced more than a very few of the works for which her
literature is now famous, is a marvel of prophetic sympathy. In
spite of his sometimes academic judgments, the very fact of his crit-
icism shows that he had an interest in the then unfashionable and
sordid theatre; and more than any of the criticising pamphleteers of
his time, he had an ear for the poetry of the common people. "Cer-
tainly," he says, in the famous passage in the 'Defense of Poesie,'
"I must confess mine own barbarousness: I never heard the old song
of Percy and Douglas that I found not my heart moved more than
with a trumpet; and yet it is sung but by some blind crowder, with
no rougher voice than rude style,- which being so evilly appareled
in the dust and cobwebs of that uncivil age, what would it work
trimmed in the gorgeous eloquence of Pindar? »
It is with this notion of Sidney as a literary man of wide sym-
pathy and high thoughts, if of a somewhat too bookish Muse, that we
can most easily apprehend his last and perhaps greatest work,-the
series of sonnets and poems called 'Astrophel and Stella. ' Literary
gossip and scholarship are still busy with the question whether the
Stella of the Sonnets, Penelope Devereux, was already Lady Rich,
and so a married woman, when Astrophel made his poetical love to
her. The important thing to-day is that there was a Stella at all.
Lady Rich, married against her will to an unworthy spouse, remains
true to him, in the Sonnets at least; and Sidney in the end, having
-


## p. 13388 (#198) ##########################################

13388
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
pledged his hand to Frances Walsingham, the daughter of his friend
Sir Francis Walsingham, transcends his earthly love in a love of
eternal and spiritual things. "The argument cruel Chastity," says
Thomas Nash, his first editor; "the prologue Hope, the epilogue
Despair. " "My theory of the love which it portrays," says Mr.
Symonds, one of his recent biographers, "is that this was latent
up to the time of her betrothal, and that the consciousness of the
irrevocable at that moment made it break into the kind of regretful
passion which is peculiarly suited for poetic treatment. " Certainly it
was not the mere amatorious element in the poems which made the
name of Astrophel dear to men like Jonson, Crashaw, Wither, and
stately Sir Thomas Browne; nor is it the artificial element that need
concern the reader in these days. Without either of these, there is
plenty of lettered charm, searching thought into the relations of the
body and the soul, high and beautiful speculation on the conditions
of earthly life, expressed everywhere in the spirit of one who, as
Wotton says, was "the very essence of congruity. "
Pets Duffinca
THE ARRIVAL IN ARCADIA
M
USIDORUS (who, besides he was merely unacquainted in the
country, had his wits astonished with sorrow) gave easy
consent to that, from which he saw no reason to disagree,
and therefore (defraying the mariners with a ring bestowed upon
them) they took their journey together through Laconia: Claius
and Strephon by course carrying his chest for him, Musidorus.
only bearing in his countenance evident marks of a sorrowful
mind supported with a weak body; which they perceiving, and
knowing that the violence of sorrow is not at the first to be
striven withal (being like a mighty beast, sooner tamed with fol-
lowing than overthrown by withstanding), they gave way unto it
for that day and the next,- never troubling him either with
asking questions or finding fault with his melancholy, but rather
fitting to his dolor, dolorous discourses of their own and other
folks' misfortunes. Which speeches, though they had not a lively
entrance to his senses shut up in sorrow, yet like one half asleep
he took hold of much of the matters spoken unto him, so as a
man may say, e'er sorrow was aware, they made his thoughts
}


## p. 13389 (#199) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13389
bear away something else beside his own sorrow: which wrought
so in him that at length he grew content to mark their speeches;
then to marvel at such wit in shepherds; after to like their
company; and lastly to vouchsafe conference: so that the third
day after, in the time that the morning did strew roses and vio-
lets in the heavenly floor against the coming of the sun, the
nightingales (striving one with the other which could in most.
dainty variety recount their wrong-caused sorrow) made them put
off their sleep; and rising from under a tree (which that night
had been their pavilion) they went on their journey, which by-
and-by welcomed Musidorus's eyes (wearied with the wasted soil
of Laconia) with delightful prospects.
There were hills which
garnished their proud heights with stately trees; humble valleys,
whose base estate seemed comforted with the refreshing of silver
rivers; meadows enameled with all sorts of eye-pleasing flowers;
thickets, which being lined with most pleasant shade, were wit-
nessed so too by the cheerful disposition of so many well-tuned
birds; each pasture stored with sheep, feeding with sober secur-
ity, while the pretty lambs with bleating oratory craved the
dam's comfort: here a shepherd's boy piping as though he should
never be old; there a young shepherdess knitting, and withal
singing, and it seemed that her voice comforted her hands to
work, and her hands kept time to her voice-music. As for the
houses of the country (for many houses came under their eye),
they were all scattered, no two being one by the other, as yet
not so far off as that it barred mutual succor: a show as it
were of an accompanable solitariness and of a civil wildness. I
pray you (said Musidorus, then first unsealing his long-silent lips),
what countries be these we pass through which are so diverse in
show, the one wanting no store, the other having no store but
of want?
-
The country (answered Claius) where you were cast ashore,
and now are past through, is Laconia, not so poor by the bar-
renness of the soil (though in itself not passing fertile) as by
a civil war, which being these two years within the bowels of
that estate, between the gentlemen and the peasants (by them
named Helots), hath in this sort as it were disfigured the face of
nature, and made it so unhospitable as now you have found it:
the towns neither of the one side nor the other willingly opening
their gates to strangers, nor strangers willingly entering for fear
of being mistaken.


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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13390
But the country where now you set your foot is Arcadia;
and even hard by is the house of Kalander, whither we lead
you. This country being thus decked with peace, and (the child
of peace) good husbandry, these houses you see so scattered are
of men, as we two are, that live upon the commodity of their
sheep; and therefore in the division of the Arcadian estate are
termed shepherds: a happy people, wanting little because they
desire not much. What cause then, said Musidorus, made you
venture to leave this sweet life, and put yourself in yonder un-
pleasant and dangerous realm? Guarded with poverty (answered
Strephon) and guided with love. But now (said Claius), since it
hath pleased you to ask anything of us, whose baseness is such
as the very knowledge is darkness, give us leave to know some-
thing of you, and of the young man you so much lament; that
at least we may be the better instructed to inform Kalander, and
he the better know how to proportion his entertainment. Musi-
dorus (according to the agreement between Pyrocles and him
to alter their names) answered, that he called himself Palladius,
and his friend Daiphantus: but till I have him again (said he)
I am indeed nothing, and therefore my story is of nothing; his
entertainment (since so good a man he is) cannot be so low as I
account my estate: and in sum, the sum of all his courtesy may
be to help me by some means to seek my friend.
They perceived he was not willing to open himself farther,
and therefore, without farther questioning, brought him to the
house; about which they might see (with fit consideration both
of the air, the prospect, and the nature of the ground) all such
necessary additions to a great house as might well show Kalander
knew that provision is the foundation of hospitality, and thrift
the fuel of magnificence. The house itself was built of fair and
strong stone, not affecting so much any extraordinary kind of
fineness, as an honorable representing of a firm stateliness. The
lights, doors, and stairs rather directed to the use of the guest
than to the eye of the artificer; and yet as the one chiefly heeded,
so the other not neglected: each place handsome without curiosity,
and homely without loathsomeness; not so dainty as not to be
trod on, nor yet slubbered up with good-fellowship: all more
lasting than beautiful, but that the consideration of the exceed-
ing lastingness made the eye believe it was exceeding beautiful.
The servants not so many in number, as cleanly in apparel and
serviceable in behavior; testifying even in their countenances, that


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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13391
their master took as well care to be served as of them that did
serve. One of them was forthwith ready to welcome the shep-
herds as men who, though they were poor, their master greatly
favored; and understanding by them that the young man with
them was to be much accounted of,- for that they had seen
tokens of more than common greatness, howsoever now eclipsed
with fortune,— he ran to his master, who came presently forth,
and pleasantly welcoming the shepherds, but especially applying
him to Musidorus, Strephon privately told him all what he knew
of him, and particularly that he found this stranger was loth to
be known.
No, said Kalander (speaking aloud), I am no herald to inquire
of men's pedigrees: it sufficeth me if I know their virtues; which
(if this young man's face be not a false witness) do better
apparel his mind than you have done his body. While he was
thus speaking, there came a boy, in show like a merchant's
'prentice, who, taking Strephon by the sleeve, delivered him a
letter, written jointly both to him and to Claius from Urania;
which they no sooner had read, but that with short leave-taking
of Kalander (who quickly guessed and smiled at the matter), and
once again (though hastily) recommending the young man unto
him, they went away, leaving Musidorus even loth to part with
them, for the good conversation he had had of them, and obliga-
tion he accounted himself tied in unto them: and therefore, they
delivering his chest unto him, he opened it, and would have
presented them with two very rich jewels, but they absolutely
refused them, telling him that they were more than enough
rewarded in the knowing of him; and without hearkening unto
a reply (like men whose hearts disdained all desires but one) got
speedily away, as if the letter had brought wings to make them
fly. But by that sight Kalander soon judged that his guest was
of no mean calling; and therefore the more respectfully entertain-
ing him, Musidorus found his sickness (which the fight, the sea,
and late travel had laid upon him) grow greatly: so that fearing
some sudden accident, he delivered the chest to Kalander, which
was full of most precious stones, gorgeously and cunningly set in
divers manners; desiring him he would keep those trifles, and if
he died, he would bestow so much of it as was needful, to find
out and redeem a young man, naming him Daiphantus, as then
in the hands of Laconian pirates.
But Kalander, seeing him faint more and more, with careful
speed conveyed him to the most commodious lodging in his


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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13392
house; where, being possessed with an extreme burning fever,
he continued some while with no great hope of life: but youth
at length got the victory of sickness, so that in six weeks the
excellency of his returned beauty was a creditable ambassador of
his health; to the great joy of Kalander, who, as in this time he
had by certain friends of his, that dwelt near the sea in Messenia,
set forth a ship and a galley to seek and succor Daiphantus, so
at home did he omit nothing which he thought might either
profit or gratify Palladius.
For having found in him (besides his bodily gifts beyond the
degree of admiration) by daily discourses, which he delighted
himself to have with him, a mind of most excellent composition,
a piercing wit quite void of ostentation, high erected thought
seated in a heart of courtesy, an eloquence as sweet in the utter-
ing as slow to come to the uttering, a behavior so noble as
gave a majesty to adversity,—and all in a man whose age could
not be above one-and-twenty years,- the good old man
even enamored of a fatherly love towards him; or rather became
his servant by the bonds such virtue laid upon him, once he
acknowledged himself so to be, by the badge of diligent attend-
was
ance.
But Palladius having gotten his health, and only staying there
to be in place where he might hear answer of the ships set
forth, Kalander one afternoon led him abroad to a well-arrayed
ground he had behind his house, which he thought to show
him before his going, as the place himself more than in any
other delighted in. The backside of the house was neither field,
garden, nor orchard: or rather it was both field, garden, and
orchard; for as soon as the descending of the stairs had deliv-
ered them down, they came into a place cunningly set with
trees, of the most taste-pleasing fruits: but scarcely they had
taken that into their consideration, but that they were suddenly
stept into a delicate green; of each side of the green a thicket,
and behind the thickets again new beds of flowers, which being
under the trees, the trees were to them a pavilion, and they
to the trees a mosaical floor, so that it seemed that Art therein
would needs be delightful, by counterfeiting his enemy Error and
making order in confusion.
In the midst of all the place was a fair pond, whose shaking
crystal was a perfect mirror to all the other beauties, so that it
bare show of two gardens; one in deed, the other in shadows,-
and in one of the thickets was a fine fountain made thus: a


## p. 13393 (#203) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13393
naked Venus of white marble, wherein the graver had used such
cunning that the natural blue veins of the marble were framed
in fit places, to set forth the beautiful veins of her body. At her
breast she had her babe Eneas, who seemed, having begun to
suck, to leave that to look upon her fair eyes, which smiled at
the babe's folly,-meanwhile the breast running.
Hard by was a house of pleasure, built for a summer-retiring
place; whither, Kalander leading him, he found a square room
full of delightful pictures, made by most excellent workmen of
Greece. There was Diana, when Actæon saw her bathing, in
whose cheeks the painter had set such a color as was mixed
between shame and disdain; and one of her foolish nymphs, who
weeping, and withal lowering, one might see the workman meant
to set forth tears of anger. In another table was Atalanta;
the posture of whose limbs was so lively expressed, that if the
eyes were only judges, as they be the only seers, one would
have sworn the very picture had run. Besides many more, as of
Helena, Omphale, Iole: but in none of them all beauty seemed
to speak so much as in a large table which contained a comely
old man, with a lady of middle age, but of excellent beauty; and
more excellent would have been deemed, but that there stood
between them a young maid, whose wonderfulness took away all
beauty from her, but that which it might seem she gave her
back again by her very shadow. And such difference (being
known that it did indeed counterfeit a person living) was there
between her and all the other, though goddesses, that it seemed
the skill of the painter bestowed nothing on the other of new
beauty, but that the beauty of her bestowed new skill on the
painter. Though he thought inquisitiveness an uncomely guest,
he could not choose but ask who she was, that bearing show of
one being indeed, could with natural gifts go beyond the reach
of invention. Kalander answered that it was made for Philo-
clea, the younger daughter of his prince, who also with his wife.
were contained in that table; the painter meaning to represent
the present condition of the young lady, who stood watched by
an over-curious eye of her parents: and that he would also
have drawn her eldest sister, esteemed her match for beauty, in
her shepherdish attire, but that rude clown her guardian would
not suffer it; neither durst he ask leave of the prince, for fear
of suspicion. Palladius perceived that the matter was wrapped
up in some secrecy, and therefore would for modesty demand.
XXIII-838


## p. 13394 (#204) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13394
no farther: but yet his countenance could not but with dumb elo-
quence desire it; which Kalander perceiving,- Well (said he),
my dear guest, I know your mind, and I will satisfy it: neither
will I do it like a niggardly answerer, going no farther than the
bounds of the question; but I will discover unto you, as well
that wherein my knowledge is common with others, as that which
by extraordinary means is delivered unto me; knowing so much
in you (though not long acquainted) that I shall find your ears
faithful treasurers. So then sitting down, and sometimes casting
his eye to the picture, he thus spake :-
This country, Arcadia, among all the provinces of Greece,
hath ever been had in singular reputation: partly for the sweet-
ness of the air, and other natural benefits, but principally for
the well-tempered minds of the people, who (finding that the
shining title of glory, so much affected by other nations, doth
indeed help little to the happiness of life) are the only people
which, as by their justice and providence, give neither cause nor
hope to their neighbors to annoy; so are they not stirred with
false praise to trouble others' quiet, thinking it a small reward
for the wasting of their own lives in ravening, that their pos-
terity should long after say they had done so. Even the Muses
seem to approve their good determination, by choosing this
country for their chief repairing-place; and by bestowing their
perfections so largely here, that the very shepherds have their
fancies lifted to so high conceits, as the learned of other nations
are content both to borrow their names and imitate their cun-
ning.
Here dwelleth and reigneth this prince, whose picture you
see, by name Basilius: a prince of sufficient skill to govern so
quiet a country; where the good minds of the former princes
had set down good laws, and the well bringing up of the people
doth serve as a most sure bond to hold them. But to be plain
with you, he excels in nothing so much as the zealous love
of his people, wherein he doth not only pass all his own fore-
goers, but as I think, all the princes living. Whereof the cause
is, that though he exceed not in the virtues which get admira-
tion, as depth of wisdom, height of courage, and largeness of
magnificence; yet he is notable in those which stir affection, as
truth of word, meekness, courtesy, mercifulness, and liberality.
He being already well stricken in years, married a young
princess, Gynecia, daughter of the king of Cyprus, of notable


## p. 13395 (#205) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13395
beauty, as by her picture you see: a woman of great wit, and in
truth of more princely virtues than her husband; of most un-
spotted chastity: but of so working a mind, and so vehement.
spirits, as a man may say, it was happy she took a good course,
for otherwise it would have been terrible:
Of these two are brought into the world two daughters, so
beyond measure excellent in all the gifts allotted to reasonable
creatures, that we may think they were born to show that nature
is no stepmother to that sex, how much soever some men
(sharp-witted only in evil speaking) have sought to disgrace them.
The elder is named Pamela; by many men not deemed inferior
to her sister: for my part, when I marked them both, methought
there was (if at least such perfection may receive the word of
more) more sweetness in Philoclea, but more majesty in Pamela;
methought love played in Philoclea's eyes, and threatened in
Pamela's; methought Philoclea's beauty only persuaded, but so
persuaded as all hearts must yield; Pamela's beauty used violence,
and such violence as no heart could resist. And it seems that
such proportion is between their minds: Philoclea so bashful, as
though her excellences had stolen into her before she was aware;
so humble, that she will put all pride out of countenance; in sum,
such proceedings as will stir hope, but teach hope good manners;
Pamela of high thoughts, who avoids not pride with not knowing
her excellences, but by making that one of her excellences, to be
void of pride; her mother's wisdom, greatness, nobility, but (if I
can guess aright) knit with a more constant temper. Now then,
our Basilius being so publicly happy as to be a prince, and so
happy in that happiness as to be a beloved prince, and so in his
private estate blessed as to have so excellent a wife and so over-
excellent children, hath of late taken a course which yet makes
him more spoken of than all these blessings. For, having made
a journey to Delphos and safely returned, within short space he
brake up his court and retired - himself, his wife and children —
into a certain forest hereby, which he called his desert: wherein
(besides an house appointed for stables, and lodgings for certain
persons of mean calling, who do all household services) he hath
builded two fine lodges; in the one of them himself remains with
his young daughter Philoclea (which was the cause they three
were matched together in this picture), without having any other
creature living in that lodge with him.


## p. 13396 (#206) ##########################################

13396
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
ASTROPHEL AND STELLA
D
OUBT you to whom my Muse these notes intendeth,
Which now my breast, surcharged, to music lendeth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only in you my song begins and endeth.
Who hath the eyes which marry state with pleasure!
Who keeps the key of Nature's chiefest treasure!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only for you the heaven forgat all measure.
Who hath the lips where wit in fairness reigneth!
Who womankind at once both decks and staineth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only by you Cupid his crown maintaineth.
Who hath the feet whose step all sweetness planteth!
Who else, for whom Fame worthy trumpets wanteth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only to you her sceptre Venus granteth.
Who hath the breast whose milk doth patience nourish!
Whose grace is such, that when it chides doth cherish!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only through you the tree of life doth flourish.
Who hath the hand which, without stroke, subdueth!
Who long-dead beauty with increase reneweth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only at you all envy hopeless rueth.
Who hath the hair which, loosest, fastest tieth!
Who makes a man live, then glad when he dieth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only of you the flatterer never lieth.
Who hath the voice which soul from senses sunders!
Whose force, but yours, the bolts of beauty thunders!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only with you not miracles are wonders.
Doubt you to whom my Muse these notes intendeth,
Which now my breast, o'ercharged, to music lendeth!
To you, to you, all song of praise is due,
Only in you my song begins and endeth.


## p. 13397 (#207) ##########################################

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
13397
SONNETS TO STELLA
HE curious wits, seeing dull pensiveness
Bearing itself in my long-settled eyes,
Whence those same fumes of melancholy rise
With idle pains and missing aim do guess.
Some, that know how my spring I did address,
Deem that my Muse some fruit of knowledge plies;
Others, because the prince of service tries,
Think that I think State errors to redress.
But harder judges judge ambition's rage -
Scourge of itself, still climbing slippery place-
Holds my young brain captived in golden cage.
O fools, or over-wise! alas, the race
Of all my thoughts hath neither stop nor start
But only Stella's eyes and Stella's heart.
WITH how sad steps, O moon, thou climb'st the skies!
How silently, and with how wan a face:
What! may it be that even in heavenly place
That busy archer his sharp arrows tries?
Sure, if that long-with-love-acquainted eyes
Can judge of love, thou feel'st a lover's case;
I read it in thy looks; thy languished grace
To me, that feel the like, thy state descries.
Then, even of fellowship, O moon, tell me,
Is constant love deemed there but want of wit?
Are beauties there as proud as here they be?
Do they above love to be loved, and yet
Those lovers scorn whom that love doth possess?
Do they call virtue there ungratefulness?
COME, sleep! O sleep, the certain knot of peace,
The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe;
The poor man's wealth, the prisoner's release,
Th' indifferent judge between the high and low!
With shield of proof shield me from out the press
Of those fierce darts despair at me doth throw,—
Oh, make in me those civil wars to cease.
I will good tribute pay, if thou do so:
Take thou of me smooth pillows, sweetest bed,
A chamber deaf of noise and blind of light,
A rosy garland and a weary head;
And if these things, as being thine in right,
Move not thy heavy grace,-thou shalt in me,
Livelier than elsewhere, Stella's image see.


## p. 13398 (#208) ##########################################

13398
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY
BECAUSE I breathe not love to every one,
Nor do not use set colors for to wear,
Nor nourish special locks of vowed hair,
Nor give each speech a full point of a groan,
The courtly nymphs, acquainted with the moan
Of them which in their lips love's standard bear,
"What, he! " say they of me: "now I dare swear
He cannot love; no, no, let him alone! "
And think so still, so Stella know my mind
Profess indeed I do not Cupid's art;
But you, fair maids, at length this true shall find,
That his right badge is but worn in the heart:
Dumb swans, not chattering pies, do lovers prove;
They love indeed who quake to say they love.
THOU blind man's mark, thou fool's self-chosen snare,
Fond fancy's scum, and dregs of scattered thought;
Band of all evils; cradle of causeless care;
Thou web of will whose end is never wrought-
Desire, desire! I have too dearly bought
With price of mangled mind thy worthless ware;
Too long, too long, asleep thou hast me brought,
Who shouldst my mind to higher things prepare.
But yet in vain thou hast my ruin sought;
In vain thou mad'st me to vain things aspire;
In vain thou kindlest all thy smoky fire:
For virtue hath this better lesson taught —
Within myself to seek my only hire,
Desiring naught but how to kill desire.
LEAVE me, O love which reachest but to dust;
And thou, my mind, aspire to higher things;
Grow rich in that which never taketh rust;
Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings.
Draw in thy beams, and tumble all thy might
To that sweet yoke where lasting freedoms be,
Which breaks the clouds and opens forth the light,
That doth but shine and give us sight to see.
Oh, take fast hold; let that light be thy guide
In this small course which birth draws out to death;
And think how evil becometh him to slide,
Who seeketh heaven and comes of heavenly breath.
Then farewell, world! thy uttermost I see:
Eternal Love, maintain thy life in me!


## p. 13398 (#209) ##########################################



## p. 13398 (#210) ##########################################


a
10101
1900ce
Ko
10
1190
SIENKIEWICZ
9
D
HONO
H2H
Pienenenel


## p. 13398 (#211) ##########################################

1. ¡


## p. 13398 (#212) ##########################################

AGAS


## p. 13399 (#213) ##########################################

13399
HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ
(1846-)
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
ITH all the confidence that can ever attach to human judg-
ment upon a living author, Sienkiewicz may be pronounced
the greatest creative genius in the field of fiction at the
end of the nineteenth century. In his own country a clique of Polish
critics applied to him the policy of silence, but they had underesti-
mated the force that they strove to check. With his splendid trilogy
of historical novels, Sienkiewicz sat self-crowned upon the throne of
Polish literature, left vacant by the death of Mickiewicz thirty years
before. It was with translations of these novels that he made his
first appearance before the English-speaking world; and at once was
felt the presence of the supreme master through the veil of an alien
tongue and the mists of a remote time and people. It has been said
that the creation of a new character is as important as the birth of
a new man. If it is the highest achievement of art to create a
new human character and endow it with inexhaustible freshness
and vitality, Sienkiewicz securely takes his rank among the greatest
One who has wandered through that wonder-world of Poland
in the seventeenth century can never again be quite the same: he is
one that has had a vision. The characters who ruled in that rug-
ged time enter the mind through these inspired pages, and like the
gods of Greece and the heroes of Homer, take up their abode in the
realms of the fancy forever.
artists.
Henryk Sienkiewicz was born at Wola Okrzejska in Lithuania,
in 1846. The facts obtainable about his life are meagre. He studied
at Warsaw, and from the first gave himself wholly to letters. For a
time he was editor of the Niwa. As a writer of fiction he first
came before the public in 1872, with a humorous tale, 'No Man is a
Prophet in his Own Country. ' In 1876 he came to America; and in
southern California, in the midst of that circle of which Madame
Modjeska was the centre and the inspiration, he met many of the
characters and had many of the experiences that have received
artistic immortality in his works. It was there that he found the
prototype of the inimitable Zagloba. Under the pen-name of "Lit-
wos," he wrote letters of travel for the Gazeta Polska which attracted


## p. 13400 (#214) ##########################################

13400
HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ
general attention. Several stories appeared under the same name,
some of them dealing with characteristically American scenes. In
1880 he published his first large work, 'Niewola Tartarska' (Tartar
Slavery). With this he served his apprenticeship in the historical
novel. Four years later came the first of his great masterpieces,
'Ogniem i Mieczem' (With Fire and Sword), and he entered at once
into his kingdom. In 1886 appeared Potop' (The Deluge), and in
1887 Pan Wolodyjowski' (Pan Michael). To the Poles themselves
these books represent the finest achievement of prose fiction in the
language; and they are unsurpassed by the best historical romances
of the world's literature. As if to show his boundless versatility, the
author next published the profound psychological novel 'Bez Dog-
matu' (Without Dogma). His two latest works are 'Rodzina Polan-
ieckich (Children of the Soil: 1894) and 'Quo Vadis' (1895), both of
which have secured a popular success in English. For a time Sien-
kiewicz edited the Slowoc in Warsaw; but his genius is restless. He
says himself that he is something of a gipsy; travel is a passion: but
Cracow and Warsaw are the cities to which he returns. After his
long sojourn in California he went to Africa; and his wanderings
have led him over all of Europe and far into the Orient. But he
is no idle rover: he plunges into the midst of men and events, and
describes with a realist's precision what he observes with a poet's
discernment. Freedom and independence are everything to him.
Of the short stories of Sienkiewicz, the best are those which
deal with Polish scenes and people. The stories of American life,
as 'Lillian Morris' and 'The Comedy of Errors,' lack the intimate
touch. The Polish tales are firmly drawn and faithful pictures,
revealing the closest knowledge of the life described and of the
modes of thought that condition it. They cover a varied field.
Light-hearted humor and deep feeling distinguish the story of artist
life entitled The Third. ' It is told in the first person by a young
painter, whose impulsive nature twice leads him into error in the
choice of a sweetheart. In all his amusing entanglements a distin-
guished actress is his friend and adviser; they are of the same art-
istic temperament: at last the obvious dawns upon him that his true
love is this "third. " In contrast to the gayety of this tale stands
the sad Na Marne,' a story of student life in Kieff. The title
may be paraphrased as 'Frittered Away. ' It is a powerful picture
of the struggles, temptations, and ambitions in the storm and stress
of university life. In it the solution of the highest problems is
attempted, and the author does not hesitate coldly to analyze the
loftiest human emotions; but never cynically, for through it all
breathes an atmosphere of poetry. The famous Bartek 'Zwycięzca '
(The Victor) tells of a poor Polish peasant who was forced to fight


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HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ
13401
under the Prussian eagle at Gravelotte and Sedan. After performing
marvels of blind valor, he went home only to become the victim of
the repressive injustice of the Prussian government. Strongest of all
the stories, in the judgment of the Poles themselves, is God's Will,'
from the collection of Szkice Weglem' (Charcoal Sketches). It is a
tale of village life in Poland, and the secrets of local administration
are ruthlessly laid bare,- its corruption, stupidity, and helplessness.
Of all these elements the village clerk avails himself to accomplish
his designs upon a handsome, honest peasant woman, who has a
husband and child. Through sufferings infinitely pitiable,- for in her
simple-mindedness she does not know that her persecutor has no
power to carry out his threats,- she is at last brought to yield that
she may save her husband; and her husband kills her.
The story
moves to its catastrophe with the inevitableness of a force of nature.
The tragedy is enlivened by many scenes of the sprightliest humor;
always, however, directly bearing upon the relentless development of
the plot.
The diverting description of the village court in session
is a triumph of realistic drawing. The political significance of the
story aroused the opposition of the aristocratic and clerical party,
whose policy of non-intervention in local affairs was therein so sav-
agely attacked. But it soon became obvious that Sienkiewicz had
something victorious in his nature; that he was a supreme artist,
taking his materials where he found them and treating them as his
genius chose. The author of 'God's Will' was the author also of
that tender bit of pathos Yanko the Musician,' the story of the poor
boy who struggled to express his inner aspirations but "died with all
his music in him. " Now over his grave the willows whisper. With
the same tender touch was written 'The Old Servant,' which forms
the introduction to 'Hania,' a story of love and renunciation. Every-
where there is a faithful reproduction of the hopes and sorrows and
faults of the Polish people. For his thought the author always finds
the right form, and for his feeling the right figure.
Sienkiewicz had won the supreme piace among the short-story
writers of his native land. The historical trilogy gave him a like
place among the novelists on a larger scale. Then, from those won-
derful pictures of the vigorous and valiant men of action who repre-
sented the old Polish commonwealth, he turned to the delineation of
a modern Pole in Without Dogma. ' The book is the diary of the
hero. It is the record of a silent conflict with his own soul, full of
profound observations, subtle philosophy, lofty wisdom; but the pro-
tagonist is passive, "a genius without a portfolio. " He reveals every
cranny of his mind's dwelling-place: the lofty galleries whence he
has a wide panorama of humanity and the world; the stately halls
filled with the treasures of science and art; the dungeons also where


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HENRYK SIENKIEWICZ
the evil impulses fret and sins are bred. But over the whole man-
sion of his soul lies a heavy enervating atmosphere: the galleries
afford a spectacle but stimulate no aspirations; the treasures of
knowledge and beauty feed a selfish pleasure quickly cloyed; even
the evil impulses rarely pass into action. This is the modern miasma
which he calls "Slavic unproductivity. " It is the over-cultivation
which is turning to decay, the refinement of self-analysis that lames
the will. The hero is a Hamlet in the guise of a young Polish noble-
man of the late nineteenth century. His only genuine emotion is his
love for Aniela; but this he doubts and philosophizes into apathy.
She marries another, loving him. Obstacles arouse him, and now he
puts forth an effort to win her. Her simplicity and faithfulness, her
dogma, saves him who is without dogma. The futility of his life is
symbolized in the words "Aniela died this morning. " The man
cannot command our respect any more than Wilhelm Meister can, or
Lermontov's "Hero of our Own Time"; but the interest of the psy-
chological analysis is irresistible. There is in it a hint of Bourget;
but in the quality of his psychology Sienkiewicz surpasses Bourget, as
he surpasses Zola and Flaubert in the quality of his realism. He has
been called a psychic realist, and 'Without Dogma' is the greatest
psychological romance that the subtle mind of Poland has produced.
'Children of the Soil' has in it certain echoes of the greater work:
It is a modern story also, turning upon the marriage of a man to a
woman whom he thinks he loves, and whom after much sin and sor-
row he learns to love at last. Quo Vadis,' the latest work, is a tale
of the times of Nero. Paganism and Christianity are contrasted. The
sympathy of the artist is naturally drawn to the ancient pagan, who
devoted his life to the worship of beauty, and faced death with a
stoic's calmness. The character of Petronius Arbiter is the master-
piece of the book. This conflict between two forms of civilization
has long been a favorite theme with the Polish poets: the dawn of a
new era while the lights of the old still blaze.
With this array of works, Sienkiewicz would take honorable rank
among the best writers of his generation; but his title to a place
among the great creators rests upon none of these. That claim is
based upon the famous historical trilogy, 'With Fire and Sword,'
'The Deluge,' and 'Pan Michael. ' Poland was the bulwark of Christ-
ian civilization on the east. Against the Tartar hordes and Mongolian
bands the gallant commonwealth maintained a stout resistance for
centuries: but her warlike neighbors did not recognize her importance
as the defender of the Christian marches; she was constantly exposed
to encroachments on the west. In the moment of her greatest peril
the Swedes attacked her from that quarter.