Arundell,
who visited this place in 1826, was informed by the
Greek bishop that there were " twenty-five churches
in it, but that divine service was chiefly confined to
five only, in which it was regularly performed every
week, but in the larger number only once a year.
who visited this place in 1826, was informed by the
Greek bishop that there were " twenty-five churches
in it, but that divine service was chiefly confined to
five only, in which it was regularly performed every
week, but in the larger number only once a year.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Gr.
, vol.
2, p.
140.
)
Phekes, son of Crethcus, and of Tyro the daugh-
ter of Salmoncus. He founded Pherie in Thessaly,
where he reigned, and became the father of Admetus,
? nd of Lycurgus, king of Nemca. (Apollod. , 1,9, 11.
--Id. , 1, 9, 13. )
Phidias, a celebrated statuary, son of Charmidas,
And a native of Athens. Nothing authentic is related
concerning his earlier years, except that he was in-
truded in statuary by Hippias and Agcladas, and that,
when quite a youth, he practised painting, and made a
picture of Jupiter Olympius. (Plin. , 35, 8, 34. --Sic-
bel. , Indie. Winkclm. , p. 324. --Jacobs, Amalth. , vol.
2, p. 247. ) Respecting Hippias we have little inform-
ation. In what period Phidiao was a pupil of Agela-
das is likewise uncertain; but as Pausanias makes
Ageladas a contemporary of Onalas, who flourished
about the 78th Olympiad (Pausan. , 8, 42, 4), and as
in this period Ageladas was both distinguished by his
own productions as an artist, and was at the head of a
very celebrated school of statuary, we may properly
assume this as the time in which Phidias was under
his tuition. Between the date just mentioned and the
third year of the 85th Olympiad, there is an interval of
SO years. If with these conclusions we attempt to
ascertain the time of the birth of Phidias, it is by no
Beans an improbable conjecture that he was about
? ? 10 years of age when he received the instructions of
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? PHIDIAS
PHIDIAS.
lo be laisc. Heyne, though he errs in maintaining that
thin statue was dedicated before that of Minerva, yet
has very propeily observed that, had Phidias been
guilty ol embezzlement in relation to -it, the Elians
would never have allowed him to inscribe his name
on it, nor would they have intrusted its preservation
to his descendants. (Anliq. Aufs. , vol. 1, p. 201. )
M filler, too, examines the whole subject with great
impartiality, and comes to the conclusion, that the fame
which Phidias had acquired by his Minerva induced
the Elians to invite hiin to their country, in connexion
with his relations and pupils; and that this journey was
undertaken by him in the most honourable circum-
stances. (Muller, ie Phiiia Vita, p. 25, seqq. )--The
statue of the Olympian Jupiter graced the temple of that
god at Olympia in Elis, and was chryselephantine
(made of gold and ivory), like that of Minerva. Like
it, too, the size was colossal, being sixty feet high.
The god was represented as sitting on his throne: in
his right hand* he held a figure of Victory, also made
of gold and ivory, in his left a sceptre beautifully
adorned with all kinds of metals, and having on the
lop of it a golden eagle. His brows were encircled
with a crown, made to imitate leaves of olive; his
robe was of massive gold, curiously adorned, by a kind
of encaustic work probably, with various figures of an-
imals, and also with lilies. The sandals, too, were of
gold. The throne was inlaid with all kinds of precious
materials, ebony, ivory, and gems, and was adorned
with sculptures of exquisite beauty. On the base was
an inscription recording the name of the artist. (I'au-
tan. , 5, 11. -- Compare Quatrtmcrt it Quinr. y, J up
Olymp. , p. 310. -- Sitbclis ad Pausan. ,1. c. ) Lucian
informs us, that, in order to render this celebrated work
as perfect in detail as it was noble in conception and
outline, Phidias, when he exposed it for the first time
after its completion to public view, placed himself De-
bit d the door of the temple, and listened attentively
to every criticism made by the spectators: when the
en ,\ d had withdrawn and the temple gates were closed,
he revised and corrected his work, wherever the ob-
jections he . ud Just heard appeared to him to be well-
gioundcd ones. {Lucian, pro Imag. , 14. ) It is also
said, thai when the artist himself was asked, by his rela-
tion Pantenus, the Athenian painter, who, it seems, aid-
ed him in the work, whence he had derived the idea of
this his grandest effort, bo replied, from the well-known
passage in Homer, where Jove is represented as causing
Olympus to tremble on its base by the mere move-
ment of his sable brow. (//. , 1, 528. ) The lines in
question, with the eiception of their reference to the
"ambrosial curls," and the brow of the god, contain no
allusion whatever to external form, and yet they carry
with them the noble idea of the Supreme Being nod-
ding benignant assent with so much true majesty as to
cause even Olympus to tremble. (Strab. , 354. --Po-
lyb. , Exc. L. , xxx. , 15, 4, 3. --Muller, dt Phid. Yit. ,
p. 62. )--Of the whole work Quintilian remarks, that it
even added new feelings to the religion of Greece
? Jul! Or. , 12, 10, 9), and yet, when judged according
to the principles of genuine art, neither this nor the
Minerva in the Parthenon possessed any strong claims
to legitimate beauty. It does not excite surprise,
therefore, to learn that Phidiaa himself disapproved of
the mixed effect produced by such a combination of
different circumstances, nor will it appear presumptu-
ous in us to condemn these splendid representations.
? ? In these compositions, exposed, as they were, to the
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? PHI
PHiDON.
iar. , I, iff, 2. )--Phidias not only practised statuary,
the art in which he was pre-eminent, but also engra-
ving, as we learn from Martial (Epigr. , 3, 35), and
from Julian (Epist. , 8, p. 377, ed. Spank). The pu-
pils of this most distinguished artist were, Agoracritus,
Alcamenes, and Colotei. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , a. v. --
Junius, Cotol. Artific, p. 151, seqq. -- Midler, de
J'hul. Vit. , p. 37, <<yj. )--The sublime style perfected
by Phidias seems almost to have expired with himself;
aot that the art declined, bat a predilection for sub-
jects of beauty and the softer graces, in preference to
more heroic ar. J masculine character, with the excep-
tion of the grand relievos on the temple at Olympia,
may be traced even among his immediate disciples.
In the era and labours of Phidias, we discover the ut-
most excellence to which Grecian genius attained in
the arts; and in the marbles of the British Museum,
the former ornaments of the Parthenon, wc certainly
behold the conceptions, and, in some measure, the very
firactice of the great Athenian sculptor. Of the intel-
sctual character of these admirable performances,
grandeur is the prevailing principle; the grandeur of
simplicity and nature, devoid of all parade or ostenta-
tion of a<l; and their author, to use the language of
antiquity, united the three characteristics, of truth,
grandeur, and minute refinement; exhibiting majesty,
gravity, breadth, and magnificence of composition, with
a practice scrupulous in detail, and with truth of indi-
vidual representation, yet in the handling rapid, broad,
and firm. This harmonious assemblage of qualities, in
themselves dissimilar, in their result the same, gives
to the productions of this master an ease, a grace, a
vitality, resembling more the spontaneous overflow-
ings of inspiration than the . aborious offspring of
. hough* wl science. (Menus, History of the Fine
Art), p. 62, seqq. ) -- In the course of this article, we
have frequently referred to the Life of Phidias by Miil-
! er. We will end with a brief account of it, which
? nay also serve, in some degree, as a recapitulation of
vhat has here been advanced. Miiller published, in
1827, three dissertations relative to Phidias, read be-
fore tae Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingcn. The
first is a biographical sketch of Phidias, and establishes
beyond doubt that Phidias began to embellish Athens
with his works of sculpture in Olympiad 82 or 83,
when Pericles was ImoTurnc; that he finished, in the
third year of Olympiad 85, the statue of Minerva for the
Parthenon; that the Elians, when the name of Phid-
ias had become known over all Greece for the splen-
ilid works he had executed at Athens, induced him to
come to Elis, and that ho made there the statue of the
Olympian Jove between Olyxnpiads 85. 3, and 86. 3;
and, finally, that after his return to Athena, he was
thrown into prison by the enemiesof Pericles, on a charge
of impiety, and that he died in prison, in the first year
of Olympiad 87, in which year the last work of Peri-
cles, the Propylasa, had been finished. --The second
? hows the state of the fine arts before Phidias, and to
what height they were carried by his genius. --The
third gives a new explanation of the statues on the
western front of the Parthenon at Athens. The work
is in Latin, and has the following title: " C. Odofr.
Muelleri de Pkidia Vita et Operibus Commentationes
tres, <&c. " (Gbtling. , 1827, 4to. )
Phidon, I. a king of Argos, of the race of the Herac-
! ids>, who, breaking through the constitutional checks
ay which his power was restrained, made himself ab-
? ? solute in his native city. He soon became possessed
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? Pill
rums. ] 178, seqq. ) In the Brandenburg collection,
there is a coin, described by Beger, which bears on
me aide a diota, with the inscription <MAO, and on
the other a Boeotian shield. This haa been often
taken for a coin of Phidon the Argivc, but on no good
grounds whatever. The known device of . Luma is,
almost without an exception, a tortoise, while the
abield portrayed upon this coin is as exclusively a badge
of Bceotia, and is too highly executed for so remote a
period. It appears, also, that it was a common prac-
tice :? ? Bceotia to inscribe the name of some magistrate
<<pon their coins. (Beger, Thesaurus Brandenb. , p.
279. -- Cardwell, Lectures on Ancient Carnage, p.
111. )--II. A native of Cumas. (Vid. Phidon I. )
Philadelphia (^iXaiii^tui), I. a city of Lydia,
southeast of Sardis. It stood on a root of Mount
Tmolus, by the river Cogamus, and derived its name
from its founder, Attalua Philadelphus, brother of Eu-
menes. The frequent earthquakes which it experi-
enced were owing to its vicinity to the region called
Catacecaumene. Even the city walla were not se-
cure, but were shaken almost daily, and disparted.
The inhabitants lived in perpetual apprehension, and
were almost constantly employed in repairs. They
were few in number, the people chiefly residing in the
country, and cultivating the soil, which waa very fer
tile. (Slrabo, 628. ) Tacitus mentions it among the
cities restored by Tiberius, after a more than ordinary-
calamity of the kind to which we have just alluded.
{Ann. , 2, 47. ) In the midst of these alarms, however,
Christianity flourished in Philadelphia, and the place
is mentioned in the Book of Revelations as one of the
seven churches of Asia (3, 7). At a later day, the
zeal of the Philadelphians showed forth conspicuously
in tho gallant defence they made against the Turks
on more than one occasion. (G. Pachym. , p. 290. )
At length they were conquered bv Bajazet in 1390.
Si. Due. , p. 70. --Chalcond. , p. 33. ) The place is
now called Allah-sehr, and preserves some remains of
Christianity, and also a few monuments of heathen an-
tiquity. Chandler states, "that it is now a mean but
considerable town, of large extent, spreading up the
slopes of three or four hills. Of tho walls which en-
compassed it, many remnants are standing, but with
large gaps. " (Travels, p. 310, seq. ) Mr.
Arundell,
who visited this place in 1826, was informed by the
Greek bishop that there were " twenty-five churches
in it, but that divine service was chiefly confined to
five only, in which it was regularly performed every
week, but in the larger number only once a year. "
(Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, p. 170. ) Mr.
Fellows, who visited the spot in 1838, remarks, " Of
the ancient city of Philadelphia but litlle remains;
its walls arc still standing, enclosing several hills,
apon the sides of which stood the town, but they
arc fallen into ruins. They are built of uiihewn stone,
massed and cemented together with fragments of old
edifices: some immense remains of buildings, huge
square stone pillars, supporting brick arches, are also
standing, and are called the ruins of the Christian
Church. All the remains which have been pointed
out to me as ruins of Christian churches appear to
have been vast temples, perhaps erected by imperial
command, and dedicated to nominal Christianity, but
? bowing, in the niches and brackets for statues and
architectural ornaments, traces of heathen aupereli-
tion. " (Tour in Asia Minor, p. 288. ) The meaning
of the modern name, Allah-sehr, is "the city of God,"
? ? an appellation which forms a strange kind of coinci-
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? PHI
(aided as the limits 01 weir territory in this direction.
(So//. , BeU. Jug. , 19 -- Id. to. , 79. ) These altars
? tood in the innermost bend of the Syrtis Major, and
not, as Sallust erroneously states, to the west of both
the Syrtei. Thi story of the Philtoni, moreover, aa
given by the Roman hiatorian, seems to wear a doubt-
ful appearance, from the circumstance of Gyrene's
beirg so much nearer the point in question than Car-
thage. If tire distance between these two cities be
divided into eight equal parts, the I'hiUeni will be found
to have travelled six, and the deputies from Gyrene
Only two, of these parts. The truth, therefore, was
probabiy this: the territory in dispute lay between
Hespens on the Cyrenean aide, and Leptis Magna on
the Carthaginian; and the deputies started from these
two places, not from Carthage and Cyrene. (Man-
ncrt. Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 116. )
Philahhon, an ancient bard, belonging to the wor-
ship of Apollo at Delphi, and whose name was cele-
brated at that place. To him was attributed the for-
mation of Delphian choruses of virgins, which sang
the birth of Latona and of her children. (Mullcr,
Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 24. ) He is said to have taken
part in the Argonautic expedition, and parsed for a
son of Apollo, (l'lut. , de Mia. , p. 629, ed Wyttcnb. )
Philemon, I. a comic poet, the rival of Mcnander.
According to some authorities, he was a native of
Syracuse (Suidas, s. r ), while others make him to
have been born at Soli, in Cilicia. (Strabo, 671. ) He
seems to hare been a writer of considerable powers.
His wit, ingenuity, skill in depicting character, and
expression of sentiment, are praiaed by Apuleius
(Florid , 3, n. 16), while he pronounces him inferior,
however, to his more celebrated antagonist. The
popular voice, on the other hand, often gave Philemon
the prize over Menander (Aid. Gcll. , 17,4), perhaps be-
cause he studied more the tastes of the vulgar, or used
other adscititious means of popularity. This, at least,
Menander gave him to understand, when on one occa-
sion he met hia rival and asked him: '? Pr'ythee, Phi-
lemon, dost thou not blush when thou gainest the prize
over my headt" (Aul. Gcll, I. c. ) We may see a
favourable specimen of his construction of plots in the
Trinummus of Plautus, which is a translation from
his Qr/aavnoc. (l'rol. Trinumm. , 18, seqq. ) Tem-
perance of body, with cheerfulness of mind, prolonged
his life to the great age of ninety-seven years (Lucian,
Macrob. , 25), during which period he composed ninety-
seven comedies. The manner of his death is vari-
ously related. The common account makes him to
have died of laughter on seeing an ass eat figs. The
statement of Apuleius, however, is the most proba-
ble, according to which he expired without pain or dis-
ease, from the pure exhaustion of nature {I. c. -- Vol.
Max. , 12, 6). -- Philemon began to exhibit comedy
during the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than
Menander, and before the 113th Olympiad. He died
in the reign of the second Antigonus, son of Deme-
trius. It has been said above that he lived to the age
of ninety-seven years; Suidas, however, makes it nine-
ty-six, and other authorities ninety-nine. (Diod. ,
Eclog. , lib. 23, ed. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 318. -- Clinton's
Fasti Hellenici, id ed. , p. 157. ) The fragments of
Philemon are usually printed along with those of Me-
nander. The best edition of these conjointly is that
? I Meineke, Berol. , 1823, 8vo. (Theatre of the Greeks,
p. 121, ed. 4. )--II. A son of the preceding, slso a
comic poet, and called, for distinction' sake, Philemon
? ? tne younger (6 reurepoe. --Athen. , 7, p. 291, d. ).
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? PHIUPPUS.
PHILIPPU8.
fa. ner Argxus, about 649 B. C. according to some
chronologers, and reigned, as Eusebius states, thirty-
eight years, but, according to Dexippus, tlnity-livc.
(Eutcb. , p. 57. -- Dczipp. , ap. Syncill. , p. 802, teq. )
These numbers, however, are obviously manufactured
by chronologers, upon no certain or positive testimony,
? nice none ousted. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p.
221. )--II. The second of the name was the son of
Amyntas II. of Macedonia. This latter monarch left
three sons at tho time of his death, under the care of
:htir mother Eurydice. Of these, Alexander, the el-
dest, had just attained to man's estate ; but Perdiccaa,
and Philip the youngest of the three, were still under
age. Alexander, who appears to have been a prince
of great promise, had scarcely ascended the throne,
when he lost his life by the hand of an assassin.
(Uwd. Sic. , 15, 71. ) During his reign, however,
abort as it was, he was engaged in a contest with
Ptolemy of Alorus. We do not know whether Ptole-
my was in any way related to the royal family, nor
whether he laid claim to the crown. But it seems
clear that he was favoured by the queen Eurydice,
the widowed mother, and was probably her paramour.
According to Diodorus and Plutarch, Pelopidas, the
Tneban commander, came into Macedonia to arbitrate
between Alexander and Ptolemy, and Philip was one
of the hostages delivered on this occasion to the um-
pire. As this, however, is expressly contradicted by
the testimony of tho contemporary orator . Eschines,
who relates tint Philip was still in Macedonia at the
time of his elder brother's death, Mr. Thirlwall in-
clines to tje following opinion: According to Plu-
tarch, aftcv the murder of Alexander, which must have
happened a very short time after the compromise, Pe-
lopulas, who was in Thessaly, on his second expedi-
tion ugainst the tyrant of Phera, was invited into
Marcdon a by the friends of the deceased king, and
obliged Ptolemy to enter into an engagement to pre-
serve the crown for the younger brothers. Ptolemy,
it is said, gave fifty hostages as a security for the per-
formance of his promises, among whom was his own
sod Philoxenus. It seems more natural, according to
Mr. Thirlwall, that Philip should have been committed
to the custody of the Thebans under these circum-
stances, than on the occasion of the contest between
Ptolemy and Alexander. (History of Greece, vol. 5,
p. 163. ) Ptolemy kept possession of the government
three years: Diodorus simply says that he reigned so
long: probably, however, he never assumed any other
'. ule than that of regent, though he may have had no
intention of ever resigning his power to the rightful
heir. And it was, perhaps, as much in self-defence, as
to avenge his brother's murder or his mother's shame,
that Perdiccas killed him. Concerning the reign of
Perdiccas III. we have but very scanty information.
He was slain in battle by the Illyrians. in the fifth
year of his rule, leaving behind him an infant son by
the name of Amyntas. At the time of this event
Philip was twenty-three years of age. Diodorus sup-
poses that he was still at Thebes, but that, on receiv-
ing intelligence of his brother's death, he made his es-
cape and suddenly appeared in Macedonia (16, 2). It
is not difficult to understand how the story may have
taken this form: a hostage so important, it might ea-
sily be supposed by writers acquainted with his subse-
3uenl history, would not have been willingly eurren-
ered by the Thebans; it is certain, however, from
? ? belter authority, that he had been already restored
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? PHILIPPUS.
PK UPPfJS.
M the purposes of bis lofty ambition. A moral esti-
mate of such a man's character is comprised in the bare
mention of his ruling passion, and cannot be enlarged
by any investigation into the motives of particular ac-
tions; and it is scarcely worth while to consider him
in any other light I ban as an instrument of Providence
for fixing the destiny of nations. --It was in the 105th
Olympiad, and about 360 B. C. , that Philip took charge
of the government of Macedonia, not as monarch, but
is the nearest kinsman, and as guardian of the royal
infant, tho son of his brother Perdiccas. The situa-
t ji in which he was now placed was one of great
apparent difficulty and danger, and the throne which
he had to defend was threatened by enemies in many
quarters, by the victorious Illyrians as well as by the
Pajonians, and lastly by an Athenian force, which was
destined to place Argaeus, a pretender to tho crown,
on the throne of Macedon. The Illyrians, happily,
did not press their advantage; and the Pasonians were
induced to desist from hostilities by skilful negotia-
tions, and secret presents made to their leaders. The
Athenians were encountered in the field, and, after sus-
taining a defeat, were forced to surrender. (Diod.
Sic. , 16, 3. ) Philip, however, generously granted
them their liberty, and immediately sent a deputation
to Athens with proposals of peace, which were gladly
accepted. (Dcmoslk. tit Arittocr. , y 144. ) By the
death of the reigning prince of Pajonia that country
was soon after annexed to the dominion of Philip, but
whether by right of succession or by conquest we are
not informed. He next directed his arms against the
Illyrians, who were totally routed after a severe con-
flict. The loss of the enemy is said to have amounted
to 7000 men; and they were compelled to accept the
terms of peace imposed by the conqueror. They ceded
to bim all that they possessed east of the Lake of Lych-
Ditis, and thja not only gave him the command of the
principal pass by which they had been used to penetrate
into Macedonia, but opened a way by which he might
? t any time descend through their own territory to the
chores of the Adriatic. (Consult Leake's Northern
Greece, vol. 3, p. 321. ) It may safely be presumed
that, after this brilliant success, Philip no longer hesi-
tated to assume the kingly title. His usurpation, for
auch it appears to have been according to the laws of
Macedon, was, however, most probably sanctioned by
the unanimous consent of both the army and nation.
How secure he felt himself in their affections is mani-
fest from his treatment of his deposed nephew. He
was so little jealous of him, that he brought him to his
court, and, in time, bestowed the hand of one of his
daughters upon him. (Polyan. , 8, 60.
Phekes, son of Crethcus, and of Tyro the daugh-
ter of Salmoncus. He founded Pherie in Thessaly,
where he reigned, and became the father of Admetus,
? nd of Lycurgus, king of Nemca. (Apollod. , 1,9, 11.
--Id. , 1, 9, 13. )
Phidias, a celebrated statuary, son of Charmidas,
And a native of Athens. Nothing authentic is related
concerning his earlier years, except that he was in-
truded in statuary by Hippias and Agcladas, and that,
when quite a youth, he practised painting, and made a
picture of Jupiter Olympius. (Plin. , 35, 8, 34. --Sic-
bel. , Indie. Winkclm. , p. 324. --Jacobs, Amalth. , vol.
2, p. 247. ) Respecting Hippias we have little inform-
ation. In what period Phidiao was a pupil of Agela-
das is likewise uncertain; but as Pausanias makes
Ageladas a contemporary of Onalas, who flourished
about the 78th Olympiad (Pausan. , 8, 42, 4), and as
in this period Ageladas was both distinguished by his
own productions as an artist, and was at the head of a
very celebrated school of statuary, we may properly
assume this as the time in which Phidias was under
his tuition. Between the date just mentioned and the
third year of the 85th Olympiad, there is an interval of
SO years. If with these conclusions we attempt to
ascertain the time of the birth of Phidias, it is by no
Beans an improbable conjecture that he was about
? ? 10 years of age when he received the instructions of
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? PHIDIAS
PHIDIAS.
lo be laisc. Heyne, though he errs in maintaining that
thin statue was dedicated before that of Minerva, yet
has very propeily observed that, had Phidias been
guilty ol embezzlement in relation to -it, the Elians
would never have allowed him to inscribe his name
on it, nor would they have intrusted its preservation
to his descendants. (Anliq. Aufs. , vol. 1, p. 201. )
M filler, too, examines the whole subject with great
impartiality, and comes to the conclusion, that the fame
which Phidias had acquired by his Minerva induced
the Elians to invite hiin to their country, in connexion
with his relations and pupils; and that this journey was
undertaken by him in the most honourable circum-
stances. (Muller, ie Phiiia Vita, p. 25, seqq. )--The
statue of the Olympian Jupiter graced the temple of that
god at Olympia in Elis, and was chryselephantine
(made of gold and ivory), like that of Minerva. Like
it, too, the size was colossal, being sixty feet high.
The god was represented as sitting on his throne: in
his right hand* he held a figure of Victory, also made
of gold and ivory, in his left a sceptre beautifully
adorned with all kinds of metals, and having on the
lop of it a golden eagle. His brows were encircled
with a crown, made to imitate leaves of olive; his
robe was of massive gold, curiously adorned, by a kind
of encaustic work probably, with various figures of an-
imals, and also with lilies. The sandals, too, were of
gold. The throne was inlaid with all kinds of precious
materials, ebony, ivory, and gems, and was adorned
with sculptures of exquisite beauty. On the base was
an inscription recording the name of the artist. (I'au-
tan. , 5, 11. -- Compare Quatrtmcrt it Quinr. y, J up
Olymp. , p. 310. -- Sitbclis ad Pausan. ,1. c. ) Lucian
informs us, that, in order to render this celebrated work
as perfect in detail as it was noble in conception and
outline, Phidias, when he exposed it for the first time
after its completion to public view, placed himself De-
bit d the door of the temple, and listened attentively
to every criticism made by the spectators: when the
en ,\ d had withdrawn and the temple gates were closed,
he revised and corrected his work, wherever the ob-
jections he . ud Just heard appeared to him to be well-
gioundcd ones. {Lucian, pro Imag. , 14. ) It is also
said, thai when the artist himself was asked, by his rela-
tion Pantenus, the Athenian painter, who, it seems, aid-
ed him in the work, whence he had derived the idea of
this his grandest effort, bo replied, from the well-known
passage in Homer, where Jove is represented as causing
Olympus to tremble on its base by the mere move-
ment of his sable brow. (//. , 1, 528. ) The lines in
question, with the eiception of their reference to the
"ambrosial curls," and the brow of the god, contain no
allusion whatever to external form, and yet they carry
with them the noble idea of the Supreme Being nod-
ding benignant assent with so much true majesty as to
cause even Olympus to tremble. (Strab. , 354. --Po-
lyb. , Exc. L. , xxx. , 15, 4, 3. --Muller, dt Phid. Yit. ,
p. 62. )--Of the whole work Quintilian remarks, that it
even added new feelings to the religion of Greece
? Jul! Or. , 12, 10, 9), and yet, when judged according
to the principles of genuine art, neither this nor the
Minerva in the Parthenon possessed any strong claims
to legitimate beauty. It does not excite surprise,
therefore, to learn that Phidiaa himself disapproved of
the mixed effect produced by such a combination of
different circumstances, nor will it appear presumptu-
ous in us to condemn these splendid representations.
? ? In these compositions, exposed, as they were, to the
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? PHI
PHiDON.
iar. , I, iff, 2. )--Phidias not only practised statuary,
the art in which he was pre-eminent, but also engra-
ving, as we learn from Martial (Epigr. , 3, 35), and
from Julian (Epist. , 8, p. 377, ed. Spank). The pu-
pils of this most distinguished artist were, Agoracritus,
Alcamenes, and Colotei. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , a. v. --
Junius, Cotol. Artific, p. 151, seqq. -- Midler, de
J'hul. Vit. , p. 37, <<yj. )--The sublime style perfected
by Phidias seems almost to have expired with himself;
aot that the art declined, bat a predilection for sub-
jects of beauty and the softer graces, in preference to
more heroic ar. J masculine character, with the excep-
tion of the grand relievos on the temple at Olympia,
may be traced even among his immediate disciples.
In the era and labours of Phidias, we discover the ut-
most excellence to which Grecian genius attained in
the arts; and in the marbles of the British Museum,
the former ornaments of the Parthenon, wc certainly
behold the conceptions, and, in some measure, the very
firactice of the great Athenian sculptor. Of the intel-
sctual character of these admirable performances,
grandeur is the prevailing principle; the grandeur of
simplicity and nature, devoid of all parade or ostenta-
tion of a<l; and their author, to use the language of
antiquity, united the three characteristics, of truth,
grandeur, and minute refinement; exhibiting majesty,
gravity, breadth, and magnificence of composition, with
a practice scrupulous in detail, and with truth of indi-
vidual representation, yet in the handling rapid, broad,
and firm. This harmonious assemblage of qualities, in
themselves dissimilar, in their result the same, gives
to the productions of this master an ease, a grace, a
vitality, resembling more the spontaneous overflow-
ings of inspiration than the . aborious offspring of
. hough* wl science. (Menus, History of the Fine
Art), p. 62, seqq. ) -- In the course of this article, we
have frequently referred to the Life of Phidias by Miil-
! er. We will end with a brief account of it, which
? nay also serve, in some degree, as a recapitulation of
vhat has here been advanced. Miiller published, in
1827, three dissertations relative to Phidias, read be-
fore tae Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingcn. The
first is a biographical sketch of Phidias, and establishes
beyond doubt that Phidias began to embellish Athens
with his works of sculpture in Olympiad 82 or 83,
when Pericles was ImoTurnc; that he finished, in the
third year of Olympiad 85, the statue of Minerva for the
Parthenon; that the Elians, when the name of Phid-
ias had become known over all Greece for the splen-
ilid works he had executed at Athens, induced him to
come to Elis, and that ho made there the statue of the
Olympian Jove between Olyxnpiads 85. 3, and 86. 3;
and, finally, that after his return to Athena, he was
thrown into prison by the enemiesof Pericles, on a charge
of impiety, and that he died in prison, in the first year
of Olympiad 87, in which year the last work of Peri-
cles, the Propylasa, had been finished. --The second
? hows the state of the fine arts before Phidias, and to
what height they were carried by his genius. --The
third gives a new explanation of the statues on the
western front of the Parthenon at Athens. The work
is in Latin, and has the following title: " C. Odofr.
Muelleri de Pkidia Vita et Operibus Commentationes
tres, <&c. " (Gbtling. , 1827, 4to. )
Phidon, I. a king of Argos, of the race of the Herac-
! ids>, who, breaking through the constitutional checks
ay which his power was restrained, made himself ab-
? ? solute in his native city. He soon became possessed
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? Pill
rums. ] 178, seqq. ) In the Brandenburg collection,
there is a coin, described by Beger, which bears on
me aide a diota, with the inscription <MAO, and on
the other a Boeotian shield. This haa been often
taken for a coin of Phidon the Argivc, but on no good
grounds whatever. The known device of . Luma is,
almost without an exception, a tortoise, while the
abield portrayed upon this coin is as exclusively a badge
of Bceotia, and is too highly executed for so remote a
period. It appears, also, that it was a common prac-
tice :? ? Bceotia to inscribe the name of some magistrate
<<pon their coins. (Beger, Thesaurus Brandenb. , p.
279. -- Cardwell, Lectures on Ancient Carnage, p.
111. )--II. A native of Cumas. (Vid. Phidon I. )
Philadelphia (^iXaiii^tui), I. a city of Lydia,
southeast of Sardis. It stood on a root of Mount
Tmolus, by the river Cogamus, and derived its name
from its founder, Attalua Philadelphus, brother of Eu-
menes. The frequent earthquakes which it experi-
enced were owing to its vicinity to the region called
Catacecaumene. Even the city walla were not se-
cure, but were shaken almost daily, and disparted.
The inhabitants lived in perpetual apprehension, and
were almost constantly employed in repairs. They
were few in number, the people chiefly residing in the
country, and cultivating the soil, which waa very fer
tile. (Slrabo, 628. ) Tacitus mentions it among the
cities restored by Tiberius, after a more than ordinary-
calamity of the kind to which we have just alluded.
{Ann. , 2, 47. ) In the midst of these alarms, however,
Christianity flourished in Philadelphia, and the place
is mentioned in the Book of Revelations as one of the
seven churches of Asia (3, 7). At a later day, the
zeal of the Philadelphians showed forth conspicuously
in tho gallant defence they made against the Turks
on more than one occasion. (G. Pachym. , p. 290. )
At length they were conquered bv Bajazet in 1390.
Si. Due. , p. 70. --Chalcond. , p. 33. ) The place is
now called Allah-sehr, and preserves some remains of
Christianity, and also a few monuments of heathen an-
tiquity. Chandler states, "that it is now a mean but
considerable town, of large extent, spreading up the
slopes of three or four hills. Of tho walls which en-
compassed it, many remnants are standing, but with
large gaps. " (Travels, p. 310, seq. ) Mr.
Arundell,
who visited this place in 1826, was informed by the
Greek bishop that there were " twenty-five churches
in it, but that divine service was chiefly confined to
five only, in which it was regularly performed every
week, but in the larger number only once a year. "
(Visit to the Seven Churches of Asia, p. 170. ) Mr.
Fellows, who visited the spot in 1838, remarks, " Of
the ancient city of Philadelphia but litlle remains;
its walls arc still standing, enclosing several hills,
apon the sides of which stood the town, but they
arc fallen into ruins. They are built of uiihewn stone,
massed and cemented together with fragments of old
edifices: some immense remains of buildings, huge
square stone pillars, supporting brick arches, are also
standing, and are called the ruins of the Christian
Church. All the remains which have been pointed
out to me as ruins of Christian churches appear to
have been vast temples, perhaps erected by imperial
command, and dedicated to nominal Christianity, but
? bowing, in the niches and brackets for statues and
architectural ornaments, traces of heathen aupereli-
tion. " (Tour in Asia Minor, p. 288. ) The meaning
of the modern name, Allah-sehr, is "the city of God,"
? ? an appellation which forms a strange kind of coinci-
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? PHI
(aided as the limits 01 weir territory in this direction.
(So//. , BeU. Jug. , 19 -- Id. to. , 79. ) These altars
? tood in the innermost bend of the Syrtis Major, and
not, as Sallust erroneously states, to the west of both
the Syrtei. Thi story of the Philtoni, moreover, aa
given by the Roman hiatorian, seems to wear a doubt-
ful appearance, from the circumstance of Gyrene's
beirg so much nearer the point in question than Car-
thage. If tire distance between these two cities be
divided into eight equal parts, the I'hiUeni will be found
to have travelled six, and the deputies from Gyrene
Only two, of these parts. The truth, therefore, was
probabiy this: the territory in dispute lay between
Hespens on the Cyrenean aide, and Leptis Magna on
the Carthaginian; and the deputies started from these
two places, not from Carthage and Cyrene. (Man-
ncrt. Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 116. )
Philahhon, an ancient bard, belonging to the wor-
ship of Apollo at Delphi, and whose name was cele-
brated at that place. To him was attributed the for-
mation of Delphian choruses of virgins, which sang
the birth of Latona and of her children. (Mullcr,
Hist. Gr. Lit. , p. 24. ) He is said to have taken
part in the Argonautic expedition, and parsed for a
son of Apollo, (l'lut. , de Mia. , p. 629, ed Wyttcnb. )
Philemon, I. a comic poet, the rival of Mcnander.
According to some authorities, he was a native of
Syracuse (Suidas, s. r ), while others make him to
have been born at Soli, in Cilicia. (Strabo, 671. ) He
seems to hare been a writer of considerable powers.
His wit, ingenuity, skill in depicting character, and
expression of sentiment, are praiaed by Apuleius
(Florid , 3, n. 16), while he pronounces him inferior,
however, to his more celebrated antagonist. The
popular voice, on the other hand, often gave Philemon
the prize over Menander (Aid. Gcll. , 17,4), perhaps be-
cause he studied more the tastes of the vulgar, or used
other adscititious means of popularity. This, at least,
Menander gave him to understand, when on one occa-
sion he met hia rival and asked him: '? Pr'ythee, Phi-
lemon, dost thou not blush when thou gainest the prize
over my headt" (Aul. Gcll, I. c. ) We may see a
favourable specimen of his construction of plots in the
Trinummus of Plautus, which is a translation from
his Qr/aavnoc. (l'rol. Trinumm. , 18, seqq. ) Tem-
perance of body, with cheerfulness of mind, prolonged
his life to the great age of ninety-seven years (Lucian,
Macrob. , 25), during which period he composed ninety-
seven comedies. The manner of his death is vari-
ously related. The common account makes him to
have died of laughter on seeing an ass eat figs. The
statement of Apuleius, however, is the most proba-
ble, according to which he expired without pain or dis-
ease, from the pure exhaustion of nature {I. c. -- Vol.
Max. , 12, 6). -- Philemon began to exhibit comedy
during the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than
Menander, and before the 113th Olympiad. He died
in the reign of the second Antigonus, son of Deme-
trius. It has been said above that he lived to the age
of ninety-seven years; Suidas, however, makes it nine-
ty-six, and other authorities ninety-nine. (Diod. ,
Eclog. , lib. 23, ed. Bip. , vol. 9, p. 318. -- Clinton's
Fasti Hellenici, id ed. , p. 157. ) The fragments of
Philemon are usually printed along with those of Me-
nander. The best edition of these conjointly is that
? I Meineke, Berol. , 1823, 8vo. (Theatre of the Greeks,
p. 121, ed. 4. )--II. A son of the preceding, slso a
comic poet, and called, for distinction' sake, Philemon
? ? tne younger (6 reurepoe. --Athen. , 7, p. 291, d. ).
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? PHIUPPUS.
PHILIPPU8.
fa. ner Argxus, about 649 B. C. according to some
chronologers, and reigned, as Eusebius states, thirty-
eight years, but, according to Dexippus, tlnity-livc.
(Eutcb. , p. 57. -- Dczipp. , ap. Syncill. , p. 802, teq. )
These numbers, however, are obviously manufactured
by chronologers, upon no certain or positive testimony,
? nice none ousted. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. , vol. 1, p.
221. )--II. The second of the name was the son of
Amyntas II. of Macedonia. This latter monarch left
three sons at tho time of his death, under the care of
:htir mother Eurydice. Of these, Alexander, the el-
dest, had just attained to man's estate ; but Perdiccaa,
and Philip the youngest of the three, were still under
age. Alexander, who appears to have been a prince
of great promise, had scarcely ascended the throne,
when he lost his life by the hand of an assassin.
(Uwd. Sic. , 15, 71. ) During his reign, however,
abort as it was, he was engaged in a contest with
Ptolemy of Alorus. We do not know whether Ptole-
my was in any way related to the royal family, nor
whether he laid claim to the crown. But it seems
clear that he was favoured by the queen Eurydice,
the widowed mother, and was probably her paramour.
According to Diodorus and Plutarch, Pelopidas, the
Tneban commander, came into Macedonia to arbitrate
between Alexander and Ptolemy, and Philip was one
of the hostages delivered on this occasion to the um-
pire. As this, however, is expressly contradicted by
the testimony of tho contemporary orator . Eschines,
who relates tint Philip was still in Macedonia at the
time of his elder brother's death, Mr. Thirlwall in-
clines to tje following opinion: According to Plu-
tarch, aftcv the murder of Alexander, which must have
happened a very short time after the compromise, Pe-
lopulas, who was in Thessaly, on his second expedi-
tion ugainst the tyrant of Phera, was invited into
Marcdon a by the friends of the deceased king, and
obliged Ptolemy to enter into an engagement to pre-
serve the crown for the younger brothers. Ptolemy,
it is said, gave fifty hostages as a security for the per-
formance of his promises, among whom was his own
sod Philoxenus. It seems more natural, according to
Mr. Thirlwall, that Philip should have been committed
to the custody of the Thebans under these circum-
stances, than on the occasion of the contest between
Ptolemy and Alexander. (History of Greece, vol. 5,
p. 163. ) Ptolemy kept possession of the government
three years: Diodorus simply says that he reigned so
long: probably, however, he never assumed any other
'. ule than that of regent, though he may have had no
intention of ever resigning his power to the rightful
heir. And it was, perhaps, as much in self-defence, as
to avenge his brother's murder or his mother's shame,
that Perdiccas killed him. Concerning the reign of
Perdiccas III. we have but very scanty information.
He was slain in battle by the Illyrians. in the fifth
year of his rule, leaving behind him an infant son by
the name of Amyntas. At the time of this event
Philip was twenty-three years of age. Diodorus sup-
poses that he was still at Thebes, but that, on receiv-
ing intelligence of his brother's death, he made his es-
cape and suddenly appeared in Macedonia (16, 2). It
is not difficult to understand how the story may have
taken this form: a hostage so important, it might ea-
sily be supposed by writers acquainted with his subse-
3uenl history, would not have been willingly eurren-
ered by the Thebans; it is certain, however, from
? ? belter authority, that he had been already restored
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? PHILIPPUS.
PK UPPfJS.
M the purposes of bis lofty ambition. A moral esti-
mate of such a man's character is comprised in the bare
mention of his ruling passion, and cannot be enlarged
by any investigation into the motives of particular ac-
tions; and it is scarcely worth while to consider him
in any other light I ban as an instrument of Providence
for fixing the destiny of nations. --It was in the 105th
Olympiad, and about 360 B. C. , that Philip took charge
of the government of Macedonia, not as monarch, but
is the nearest kinsman, and as guardian of the royal
infant, tho son of his brother Perdiccas. The situa-
t ji in which he was now placed was one of great
apparent difficulty and danger, and the throne which
he had to defend was threatened by enemies in many
quarters, by the victorious Illyrians as well as by the
Pajonians, and lastly by an Athenian force, which was
destined to place Argaeus, a pretender to tho crown,
on the throne of Macedon. The Illyrians, happily,
did not press their advantage; and the Pasonians were
induced to desist from hostilities by skilful negotia-
tions, and secret presents made to their leaders. The
Athenians were encountered in the field, and, after sus-
taining a defeat, were forced to surrender. (Diod.
Sic. , 16, 3. ) Philip, however, generously granted
them their liberty, and immediately sent a deputation
to Athens with proposals of peace, which were gladly
accepted. (Dcmoslk. tit Arittocr. , y 144. ) By the
death of the reigning prince of Pajonia that country
was soon after annexed to the dominion of Philip, but
whether by right of succession or by conquest we are
not informed. He next directed his arms against the
Illyrians, who were totally routed after a severe con-
flict. The loss of the enemy is said to have amounted
to 7000 men; and they were compelled to accept the
terms of peace imposed by the conqueror. They ceded
to bim all that they possessed east of the Lake of Lych-
Ditis, and thja not only gave him the command of the
principal pass by which they had been used to penetrate
into Macedonia, but opened a way by which he might
? t any time descend through their own territory to the
chores of the Adriatic. (Consult Leake's Northern
Greece, vol. 3, p. 321. ) It may safely be presumed
that, after this brilliant success, Philip no longer hesi-
tated to assume the kingly title. His usurpation, for
auch it appears to have been according to the laws of
Macedon, was, however, most probably sanctioned by
the unanimous consent of both the army and nation.
How secure he felt himself in their affections is mani-
fest from his treatment of his deposed nephew. He
was so little jealous of him, that he brought him to his
court, and, in time, bestowed the hand of one of his
daughters upon him. (Polyan. , 8, 60.
