"Space is no longer
an effective shield," asserted the General.
an effective shield," asserted the General.
Soviet Union - 1952 - Soviet Civilization
"34
The cover of this edition had a map showing U. N.
and U. S. forces in occupation of Moscow, the whole of
the Ukraine and all the so-called satellites. And the con-
tents tried to allay the American people's natural appre-
hension over a war with Russia by picturing the defeat
of the Communist bloc as "inevitable. " In Collier's
simple victory program, the American-led coalition
knocked out the Russians in three years and a half, with
Communist China conveniently deserting the Soviet
Union after a little more than a year of conflict and with
the Soviet people opportunely rising in revolt against
Stalin at the right moment. According to the piece by
Marguerite Higgins of the New York Herald Tribune,
the U. S. S. R. lost 32,000,000 dead during this war.
Russians who saw the Collier's preview of World War
III must have been simply appalled. We can sense their
reaction by imagining our own feelings if a prominent
Soviet magazine were to give over a whole issue to de-
scribing Soviet Russia's conquest of the United States,
338
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POUCT
occupation of its key regions and the sovietization of its
economy. In fact, a French magazine, L'Observateur,
satirized Collier's idea by precisely reversing it, printing
a cover with a Russian soldier standing guard over
America and the Red flag flying over the city of Washing-
ton. The effect of the Collier's coup was far-reaching in
Western Europe. Asserted Alexander Werth in The
Nation: "Collier's has managed not only to make the
United States odious in the eyes of millions of Europeans
-- as years of Communist propaganda have not done --
but also to make it rather ridiculous. "35
Soviet journalism's considered reply to the Collier's
war issue constituted a dramatic contrast. It took the
form of a special series in the January 1, 1952, number
of New Times, a weekly Moscow magazine published in
Russian, English, French, German, Polish, Spanish and
Swedish editions. This series, with several contributions
from prominent foreign authors, was written as of Decem-
ber, 1955, on the assumption that three years previously
the United Nations had put through a Five-Power Peace
Pact, the world-wide banning of the atom bomb and a
considerable reduction in conventional armaments. The
articles described the splendid economic and psycholog-
ical effects of these agreements throughout Europe and
America, and stressed the widespread use of atomic
energy for constructive economic purposes.
As the foreword of this "Report from the Future"
stated, the 1952 agreements have "not solved all the
problems facing the masses in many countries. Never-
theless, the elimination of the immediate threat of war
has had a great influence and has relieved international
tension. . . . The cold war is over, normal economic rela-
tions have been restored between West and East, the
339
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
burden of armaments, which weighed so heavily on the
peoples, has been substantially diminished. "
During the very same week of Collier's sensational
issue, The Saturday Evening Post published an article
by a retired British general, J. F. C. Fuller, calling for
the immediate adoption by the Western Powers of a plan
completely and permanently to dismember the U. S. S. R.
"This means," General Fuller said, "that the Soviet Em-
pire must be dealt with as was the Turkish -- that is,
split up into its component parts, each part becoming
an independent country. "36 In this mad scheme the
General would have the Western Powers cooperate with
an organization known as the Anti-Bolshevik Block of
Nations, the A. B. N. The New Leader describes this
organization of reactionary emigres as a "fascist band of
separatist sects. "37
Such open incitements against the Soviet Union have
been going on for years; they predated the post-war ten-
sions between the United States and Soviet Russia and
were widespread long before the Second World War
ended. They had, in truth, already reached a danger
point shortly after the great Soviet victory at Stalingrad
in February, 1943, when the diehard anti-Soviet elements
in America and Europe became horrified at Soviet social-
ism's immense strength and commenced to refurbish the
thesis that Russia was the real enemy. At that time the
notion of a war with the Soviets was so much discussed
that Maurice Hindus, in his Mother Russia published
in the spring of 1943, felt obliged to include a whole
chapter called, "Will We Have To Fight Russia? " Mr.
Hindus, a well-known writer on the U. S. S. R. , answered
in the negative.
In September of 1944, almost a year before the final
340
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
triumph over the Axis Powers, William C. Bullitt, em-
bittered ex-Ambassador to Soviet Russia, played up the
idea of a Third World War in an article in Life entitled
"The World from Rome. " According to Mr. Bullitt,
Western civilization was being threatened "by hordes of
invaders from the East. " Talking about what he claimed
was the prevailing viewpoint of the Italians, he wrote:
"A sad joke going the rounds in Rome gives the spirit
of their hope: What is an optimist? A man who believes
that the Third World War will begin in about fifteen
years between the Soviet Union and Western Europe,
backed by Great Britain and the U. S. What is a pessimist?
A man who believes that Western Europe, Great Britain
and the U. S. will not dare to fight. "38
In 1945, subsequent to President Roosevelt's death
and the surrender of the Nazis, the American Govern-
ment became so concerned over the rising tide of war talk
against the U. S. S. R. that it took specific action. Thus
on May 26, 1945, over a nation-wide broadcast sponsored
officially by the U. S. State Department, Archibald Mac-
Leish, then Assistant Secretary of State, lashed out at the
suggestions of an inevitable Armageddon between the
United States and Soviet Russia: "There is no necessary
reason in the logic of geography, or in the logic of eco-
nomics, or in the logic of national objectives, why the
U. S. A. and the Soviet Union ever should find themselves
in conflict with each other, let alone in the kind of con-
flict reckless and irresponsible men have begun now to
suggest. "39
In 1947 Paul H. Griffith, National Commander of the
American Legion and later Assistant Secretary of Defense,
urged President Truman to order an atomic bomb drop-
ped "some place over there" in order to demonstrate
341
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
American support of "the people of the world who
wanted to remain free. " Mr. Griffith himself revealed
this fact in a radio interview at Washington, D. C, on
June 6, 1950. Reported The New York Times, "Presum-
ably Mr. Griffith meant that a bomb be dropped on the
Soviet Union, but this could not be confirmed. . . . Mr.
Griffith declined to comment on the meaning of 'some
place. ' "40 However, this coyness ought not to deceive
anybody as to what country he had in mind.
Also in 1947 George H. Earle, Democratic ex-Gover-
nor of Pennsylvania and former American Minister to
Bulgaria and Austria, advocated on the radio an attack
on the Soviet Union as soon as possible and without a
formal declaration of war. "One nice little bomb drop-
ped on the Kremlin," Earle boasted, "and the Russian
people of 165,000,000 would fly to pieces with centrifugal
force. "41 Previously Earle had ranted against the Rus-
sians over the Town Meeting of the Air and had demol-
ished the straw-man of a Soviet atom-bomb assault on the
United States with the violent assertion: "We can and
will wipe out every city, town and village in Russia. "
During 1948 there took place a mounting crescendo
of American war incitements against the Soviet Union.
In February, in a letter to The New York Times, Mr.
Maxwell Anderson, the dramatist, lamented the fact that
Russia "tries to give us no provocation that might lead
to war" and demanded that the United States force "a
showdown of military strength with Russia before Rus-
sia's military strength has caught up with ours. " Speaking
with incredible recklessness, Mr. Anderson concluded:
"I don't know how to bring on a crisis, but there are pro-
fessional diplomats who might know how if our nation
were sufficiently aware and had the will to do it. "42
342
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
In March former Major General Claire Chennault
of the U. S. Air Force told the House Foreign Affairs
Committee, as PM correspondent Alexander H. Uhl re-
ported it, "that air bases in Western China were superior
to those in North Africa for bombing the industrialized
areas of Russia in the Ural Mountains. The whole Com-
mittee watched with fascination as he pointed out the
'target objectives,' as he called them, on an illuminated
globe. "43
In May Newsweek ran a featured article discussing a
recent speech by General George C. Kenney, Commander
of the U. S. Strategic Air Command. The General, start-
ing with the pretense that the Soviets might soon assault
the United States, outlined plans to carry death and
destruction by means of air power to the very vitals of
the Soviet Republic. Expanding on the implications of
this thesis, Newsweek explained that "American strategy
called for securing bases around the perimeter of Russia
and then striking back from the air. . . . " Planes loaded
with atom bombs "would go out from England in very
small groups -- perhaps in twos and threes. Flying at
more than 35,000 feet they would seek to slip into Russia
unnoticed. Their targets: first, Moscow -- Moscow above
all. Then the other large cities of European Russia --
Kiev, Leningrad, Kharkov, Odessa. . . . American stra-
tegists are thinking . . . in terms of closing the circle of
air bases around Russia, making it smaller and smaller,
tighter and tighter, until the Russians are throttled. This
means getting bases through combined air, sea and
ground operations ever closer to Russia's heartland,
then using the bases for sustained bombing and guided-
missile attacks. "44
On June 9, 1948, the Soviet Government vigorously
343
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATION
protested to the American Government against the
Newsweek article, stating that it violated a United
Nations resolution against war propaganda. This resolu-
tion in part reads: "The General Assembly condemns
all forms of propaganda in whatever country conducted,
which is either designed or likely to provoke or encour-
age any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of
aggression. "45 The American Government took no action
regarding the Soviet protest.
In its issue of Sunday, May 30, 1948, The New York
Times Magazine published "What Air Power Can--and
Cannot--Do," by Hanson W. Baldwin, well-known mili-
tary expert of the Times. Mr. Baldwin discussed frankly
some of the chief difficulties in the way of successfully
bombing Soviet Russia from the air and thought that
ordinary strafing in the daytime would be too dangerous
for American planes. "Night bombing," he frankly as-
serted, "or bombing from high above the clouds would,
therefore, be preferable. " Yet, complained Mr. Baldwin,
"and this is perhaps the greatest disadvantage the offense
would suffer in bombing attacks upon Russia, we have
no really satisfactory maps of most of the Russian in-
terior. " It was this article to which Andrei Vishinsky,
then a Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union,
called attention in an address before the United Nations
Assembly at Paris on September 25 as an instance of the
open instigation "of war against the U. S. S. R. and the new
democracies. "
Not to be outdone, Look magazine, on June 22, the
precise anniversary of the Nazi invasion of Soviet Russia,
ran as its lead article, "Air Force Plans for Bombing
Russia," as the title was announced on the front cover.
The author, Ben Kocivar, declared that he had "recently
344
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY
talked about the problem with a number of top Air
Force and Navy officials," one of whom at least favored
a so-called preventive war against the Soviet Union. The
Look analysis pointed out that "the only long-range
planes we have in operation ready to go are our World
War II B-29's with an operating radius of some 2,000
miles. 'Draw a couple of thousand-mile circles around
the industrial heart of Russia,' a general told me [Mr.
Kocivar], 'and you will see why we must have operating
bases outside this country. ' The two-thousand-mile ring,
as the map shows, borders Greenland, Iceland, England,
France, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India.
We need these bases not only for offensive operations,
but to prevent the Russians from using them against
us. "46
In August, Henry Luce's Life, taking up the refrain,
printed a detailed description by General Carl Spaatz,
retired Chief of Staff of the U. S. Air Force, on how the
United States could bomb the Soviet Union into sub-
mission. General Spaatz said that "air bases have the
same significance that naval bases had in the last century"
and that, comparable to the British Empire in its heyday,
America must at once secure a global framework of bases
for the development of air power.
"Space is no longer
an effective shield," asserted the General. "Now an
attacker would not have to plod laboriously and bloodily
along the Minsk-Smolensk-Moscow road to strike at the
Russian vitals. The air offers a direct, operationally feas-
ible route for a determined attacker to knock out the
industries that it has cost the Russians so much to cre-
ate. "47
In September The Saturday Evening Post, determined
to keep up with its rivals, made its own blood-curdling
345
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATION
contribution to the master plan of smashing the U. S. S. R.
In an article entitled "If War Comes--", Joseph and Ste-
wart Alsop, using the well-worn pretext of a Soviet attack
on America, predicted: "From Baku north to Leningrad,
from Smolensk east to Novosibirsk, the vitals of the Soviet
state will be scorched and destroyed with the terrible fire
of the atomic bomb. "48 Then the authors listed the many
places where the United States must have air bases, be-
yond its own borders, in Europe, the Near East and the
Far East.
For 1949 I find in my files a clipping from The New
York World-Telegram of March 14, with the dateline of
Washington, D. C, and reading as follows: "About
seventy strategic targets in Russia have been marked by
military planners as possible objectives for attack in event
of a war, it was learned today. The Air Force has given
the Joint Chiefs of Staff documented assurances that the
B-36 superbomber could strike every one of these, flying
out of bases on this continent and returning without re-
fueling. The targets have been marked off on top-secret
maps at the national defense establishment. Reliable
military authorities said they include major Soviet in-
dustrial centers. All would be within a 4,000-mile radius
of air bases in Alaska and Labrador. "
In August, 1950, Francis P. Matthews, Secretary of
the Navy, told an audience in Boston that the United
States should be willing to pay "even the price of insti-
tuting a war to compel cooperation for peace. " This
recommendation of a preventive war against the Soviet
Union caused such a scandal in official circles that the
next day the U. S. State Department issued a special state-
ment: "Secretary Matthews' speech was not cleared with
the Department of State and his views do not represent
346
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
United States policy. The United States does not favor
instituting a war of any kind. "49 Mr. Matthews, however,
remained as Secretary of the Navy for eleven months
after this episode.
In March, 1951, Lieutenant General Norstad, Com-
mander of the United States Air Forces in Europe, de-
clared at Frankfurt, Germany: "There is no target in the
Soviet Union that cannot be attacked by United States
bombers. "50 In April Charles E. Wilson, Director of
Defense Mobilization, said at Washington that if Stalin
"could see the new bombs, which are far more devastat-
ing than anything we knew in the last war, he'd realize
that these new bombs will make fine 'calling cards' from
the United States for Russia! " Mr. Wilson added the
disclaimer: "I hope we never use these bombs -- that we
never have to -- but it is comforting to know that they
will be on hand if needed. "51
In May Look, one of the most persistent offenders in
outlining sensational attacks on the Soviet Union,
published an article called, "Can Our A-Bombers Get
Through? ", with a map showing the chief centers to be
bombed in the U. S. S. R. and their exact distance from
American air bases. Reported Look: "We have ringed
Russia with a multitude of airfields, scores of them.
Even if by some military miracle all these bases in Ger-
many, England, Spain and North Africa should be denied
to us, the U. S. Air Force still could deliver the A-bomb
on Russia from air bases in the continental United States.
. . . Ten planes, B-50s and B-36s, would cross the frontiers
of Russia at approximately the same time from ten dif-
ferent directions. Each would be carrying an atomic
bomb, and each would have a target or choice of targets.
From the Air Force point of view it would be ideal if
347
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
the weather were extremely murky. . . . Attacking planes
would be scheduled over targets at night. They would
bomb by radar sighting, which is reasonably accurate. "52
There can be no doubt about it--Look has the plans
worked out in meticulous detail.
In November, 1951, Senator J. Allen Frear, Jr. , a
Delaware Democrat, declared that the United States
should drop an A-bomb on the Kremlin. The Senator
said: "The one place to use the atomic bomb is at the
source of the Korean war. That source is the Soviet. I
think the Soviet has given us provocation. "53 The Very
Reverend J. Brooke Mosley, Dean of the Cathedral
Church of St. John in Wilmington, promptly sent to
Senator Frear a telegram of protest, reading: "This is
suggesting that we immediately destroy 100,000 civilian
men, women and children in an act of murderous aggres-
sion. I believe that such an amazing recommendation
should be labeled for what it plainly is: a morally irres-
ponsible, vicious and bloody suggestion, unworthy of
this country and certainly unworthy of Christian peo-
ple. "54
In March, 1952, The Washington Post broke the story
of the astounding passages in Major General Robert W.
Grow's diary, written while he was U. S. military attache
in Moscow and later presumably photocopied secretly by
Communist agents during the General's visit to Frank-
furt, Germany. The quotations were reproduced in a
book published in Eastern Germany by a former British
officer. Typical entries in General Grow's diary for
1951 were: January 27-- "The bridge here [at Rostov]
is best target in S. Russia. This, together with bridge over
Kuban R. at Kavkazskaya, would cut off all the Caucasus
except for poor line to Astrakhan which could easily be
348
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
cut"; February 5-- "We need a voice to lead us without
equivocation: Communism must be destroyed. . . . This
war cannot be conducted according to Marquis of Queens-
berry rules. . . . We must employ every subversive device
to undermine the confidence and loyalty of Soviet sub-
jects for their regime. . . . Anything, truth or falsehood,
to poison the thoughts of the population. "55
On April 28, 1952, the U. S. Army initiated court-
martial proceedings against General Grow "on charges
of having improperly recorded secret military informa-
tion in private records and of having failed to safeguard
such classified information. "56 In July an army court-
martial found Grow guilty of these charges and sentenced
him to "a reprimand and suspension from command
for six months. "57 The conviction was to be reviewed by
higher army authorities.
Morally on the same plane as American threats of war
or bombing against the U. S. S. R. have been the various
suggestions made in the United States to assassinate
Premier Joseph Stalin. The worst example I have seen
of this outright incitement to murder appeared in The
American Magazine of February, 1951, under the title
"Why Doesn't Somebody Kill Stalin? " The article was
featured on the cover. Its author was Ellsworth Ray-
mond, who served for six years as a political analyst and
translator for the American Embassy in Moscow and who
during World War II was stationed in Washington as
Chief of the U. S. S. R. Economic Section, Military Intel-
ligence, U. S. Army General Staff.
Mr. Raymond started his shameful article as follows:
"'Wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if somebody killed
Stalin? ' This is a question I've heard over and over since
the cold war turned hot. Many people today blame the
349
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILlZATiOH
world's troubles on this one man, who has held Russia
in his iron grip for twenty-five years. They believe his
death would bring peace to mankind. "58 The author goes
on to show that unfortunately Stalin is very well protected
against assassins and outlines the many precautions the
Soviet leader has taken. In the middle of the piece there
is a picture of Premier Stalin with the reproduction of a
target and its concentric circles superimposed over his
face. The obvious intent is to suggest that someone
should shoot for the bull's-eye.
In August, 1951, the publishing house of Farrar,
Straus and Young brought out a new novel by Sterling
Noel called / Killed Stalin. The story is told in the first
person and the advertisements played up the quotation:
"The date was 1959 when the most dangerous manhunt
in the world was ended. "59 This registers the fact that
the "hero" of the book finally tracked down Stalin and
shot him to death. Eton Books later published the novel
in a cheap, paper-bound edition. The back cover had a
representation of Stalin lying dead with a large blood-
stain on his tunic just over the heart. Again to reverse the
situation, imagine the reaction of Americans in every
walk of life if a leading Soviet magazine ran an article
called "Why Doesn't Somebody Kill Truman? " and a
Soviet publisher followed this up a few months later by
issuing a book with the title "I Killed Truman! "
We must not blink the fact that terrorism in foreign
lands is a method that now definitely figures in the minds
of American officials. In September, 1951, the American
Congress passed a Mutual Security Act, signed by Pres-
ident Truman, which sets aside the handsome total of
$100,000,000 to finance the activities of "selected persons
who are residing in or escapees" from Soviet Russia or
350
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
any country in the Communist bloc. An amendment
incorporated in the new law reads that this sum is to be
used "either to form such persons into elements of the
military forces supporting the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization or for other purposes. " It is the vague
clause "for other purposes" which carries the most sinis-
ter connotation.
In October, 1951, Congressman Charles J. Kersten,
Wisconsin Republican and sponsor of the amendment in
question, publicly protested that a new United Nations
code under consideration would conflict with the Amer-
ican legislation. He was referring to Section 5 of "Of-
fenses against the Peace and Security of Mankind," pre-
pared by the U. N. International Law Commission. This
section outlaws "the undertaking or encouragement by
the authorities of a state, of terrorist activities in another
state, or the toleration by the authorities of a state, of
organized activities calculated to carry out terrorist acts
in another state. "
In a letter to Warren R. Austin, chief United States
delegate to the United Nations, Mr. Kersten said that
the enactment of the proposed U. N. code "might prevent
groups in this country, as well as our Government, from
assisting in the liberation of the peoples of Eastern Eu-
ropean countries and other countries enslaved by the
Communist tyranny. " He added that "one of the main
objectives of a real liberation movement is to strike ter-
ror into the hearts of the Communist tyrants. . . . Libera-
tion will not be achieved merely by propaganda and par-
liamentary maneuver. "60 Mr. Austin replied to the frank
and undiplomatic Representative from Wisconsin that
"the attempt to restore a people's freedom does not seem
to merit the characterization of 'terrorist. ' "61
351
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
The Soviet Government, however, felt that Mr. Kers-
ten knew what his amendment was meant to accomplish
better than Mr. Austin; and in November, 1951, pro-
tested officially to the U. S. Government that the Mutual
Security Act violated the Roosevelt-Litvinov agreements
made in 1933 at the time of American recognition of the
Soviet Union. The Soviet note charged that the Act
"constitutes crass intervention of the United States in
the internal affairs of other countries. At the same time
it represents unparalleled violation of the standards of
international law and is incompatible with the normal
relations between countries and respect for state sover-
eignty. The adoption of such a law cannot be regarded
as other than an aggressive act aimed at further compli-
cating relations between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
The cover of this edition had a map showing U. N.
and U. S. forces in occupation of Moscow, the whole of
the Ukraine and all the so-called satellites. And the con-
tents tried to allay the American people's natural appre-
hension over a war with Russia by picturing the defeat
of the Communist bloc as "inevitable. " In Collier's
simple victory program, the American-led coalition
knocked out the Russians in three years and a half, with
Communist China conveniently deserting the Soviet
Union after a little more than a year of conflict and with
the Soviet people opportunely rising in revolt against
Stalin at the right moment. According to the piece by
Marguerite Higgins of the New York Herald Tribune,
the U. S. S. R. lost 32,000,000 dead during this war.
Russians who saw the Collier's preview of World War
III must have been simply appalled. We can sense their
reaction by imagining our own feelings if a prominent
Soviet magazine were to give over a whole issue to de-
scribing Soviet Russia's conquest of the United States,
338
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POUCT
occupation of its key regions and the sovietization of its
economy. In fact, a French magazine, L'Observateur,
satirized Collier's idea by precisely reversing it, printing
a cover with a Russian soldier standing guard over
America and the Red flag flying over the city of Washing-
ton. The effect of the Collier's coup was far-reaching in
Western Europe. Asserted Alexander Werth in The
Nation: "Collier's has managed not only to make the
United States odious in the eyes of millions of Europeans
-- as years of Communist propaganda have not done --
but also to make it rather ridiculous. "35
Soviet journalism's considered reply to the Collier's
war issue constituted a dramatic contrast. It took the
form of a special series in the January 1, 1952, number
of New Times, a weekly Moscow magazine published in
Russian, English, French, German, Polish, Spanish and
Swedish editions. This series, with several contributions
from prominent foreign authors, was written as of Decem-
ber, 1955, on the assumption that three years previously
the United Nations had put through a Five-Power Peace
Pact, the world-wide banning of the atom bomb and a
considerable reduction in conventional armaments. The
articles described the splendid economic and psycholog-
ical effects of these agreements throughout Europe and
America, and stressed the widespread use of atomic
energy for constructive economic purposes.
As the foreword of this "Report from the Future"
stated, the 1952 agreements have "not solved all the
problems facing the masses in many countries. Never-
theless, the elimination of the immediate threat of war
has had a great influence and has relieved international
tension. . . . The cold war is over, normal economic rela-
tions have been restored between West and East, the
339
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
burden of armaments, which weighed so heavily on the
peoples, has been substantially diminished. "
During the very same week of Collier's sensational
issue, The Saturday Evening Post published an article
by a retired British general, J. F. C. Fuller, calling for
the immediate adoption by the Western Powers of a plan
completely and permanently to dismember the U. S. S. R.
"This means," General Fuller said, "that the Soviet Em-
pire must be dealt with as was the Turkish -- that is,
split up into its component parts, each part becoming
an independent country. "36 In this mad scheme the
General would have the Western Powers cooperate with
an organization known as the Anti-Bolshevik Block of
Nations, the A. B. N. The New Leader describes this
organization of reactionary emigres as a "fascist band of
separatist sects. "37
Such open incitements against the Soviet Union have
been going on for years; they predated the post-war ten-
sions between the United States and Soviet Russia and
were widespread long before the Second World War
ended. They had, in truth, already reached a danger
point shortly after the great Soviet victory at Stalingrad
in February, 1943, when the diehard anti-Soviet elements
in America and Europe became horrified at Soviet social-
ism's immense strength and commenced to refurbish the
thesis that Russia was the real enemy. At that time the
notion of a war with the Soviets was so much discussed
that Maurice Hindus, in his Mother Russia published
in the spring of 1943, felt obliged to include a whole
chapter called, "Will We Have To Fight Russia? " Mr.
Hindus, a well-known writer on the U. S. S. R. , answered
in the negative.
In September of 1944, almost a year before the final
340
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
triumph over the Axis Powers, William C. Bullitt, em-
bittered ex-Ambassador to Soviet Russia, played up the
idea of a Third World War in an article in Life entitled
"The World from Rome. " According to Mr. Bullitt,
Western civilization was being threatened "by hordes of
invaders from the East. " Talking about what he claimed
was the prevailing viewpoint of the Italians, he wrote:
"A sad joke going the rounds in Rome gives the spirit
of their hope: What is an optimist? A man who believes
that the Third World War will begin in about fifteen
years between the Soviet Union and Western Europe,
backed by Great Britain and the U. S. What is a pessimist?
A man who believes that Western Europe, Great Britain
and the U. S. will not dare to fight. "38
In 1945, subsequent to President Roosevelt's death
and the surrender of the Nazis, the American Govern-
ment became so concerned over the rising tide of war talk
against the U. S. S. R. that it took specific action. Thus
on May 26, 1945, over a nation-wide broadcast sponsored
officially by the U. S. State Department, Archibald Mac-
Leish, then Assistant Secretary of State, lashed out at the
suggestions of an inevitable Armageddon between the
United States and Soviet Russia: "There is no necessary
reason in the logic of geography, or in the logic of eco-
nomics, or in the logic of national objectives, why the
U. S. A. and the Soviet Union ever should find themselves
in conflict with each other, let alone in the kind of con-
flict reckless and irresponsible men have begun now to
suggest. "39
In 1947 Paul H. Griffith, National Commander of the
American Legion and later Assistant Secretary of Defense,
urged President Truman to order an atomic bomb drop-
ped "some place over there" in order to demonstrate
341
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
American support of "the people of the world who
wanted to remain free. " Mr. Griffith himself revealed
this fact in a radio interview at Washington, D. C, on
June 6, 1950. Reported The New York Times, "Presum-
ably Mr. Griffith meant that a bomb be dropped on the
Soviet Union, but this could not be confirmed. . . . Mr.
Griffith declined to comment on the meaning of 'some
place. ' "40 However, this coyness ought not to deceive
anybody as to what country he had in mind.
Also in 1947 George H. Earle, Democratic ex-Gover-
nor of Pennsylvania and former American Minister to
Bulgaria and Austria, advocated on the radio an attack
on the Soviet Union as soon as possible and without a
formal declaration of war. "One nice little bomb drop-
ped on the Kremlin," Earle boasted, "and the Russian
people of 165,000,000 would fly to pieces with centrifugal
force. "41 Previously Earle had ranted against the Rus-
sians over the Town Meeting of the Air and had demol-
ished the straw-man of a Soviet atom-bomb assault on the
United States with the violent assertion: "We can and
will wipe out every city, town and village in Russia. "
During 1948 there took place a mounting crescendo
of American war incitements against the Soviet Union.
In February, in a letter to The New York Times, Mr.
Maxwell Anderson, the dramatist, lamented the fact that
Russia "tries to give us no provocation that might lead
to war" and demanded that the United States force "a
showdown of military strength with Russia before Rus-
sia's military strength has caught up with ours. " Speaking
with incredible recklessness, Mr. Anderson concluded:
"I don't know how to bring on a crisis, but there are pro-
fessional diplomats who might know how if our nation
were sufficiently aware and had the will to do it. "42
342
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
In March former Major General Claire Chennault
of the U. S. Air Force told the House Foreign Affairs
Committee, as PM correspondent Alexander H. Uhl re-
ported it, "that air bases in Western China were superior
to those in North Africa for bombing the industrialized
areas of Russia in the Ural Mountains. The whole Com-
mittee watched with fascination as he pointed out the
'target objectives,' as he called them, on an illuminated
globe. "43
In May Newsweek ran a featured article discussing a
recent speech by General George C. Kenney, Commander
of the U. S. Strategic Air Command. The General, start-
ing with the pretense that the Soviets might soon assault
the United States, outlined plans to carry death and
destruction by means of air power to the very vitals of
the Soviet Republic. Expanding on the implications of
this thesis, Newsweek explained that "American strategy
called for securing bases around the perimeter of Russia
and then striking back from the air. . . . " Planes loaded
with atom bombs "would go out from England in very
small groups -- perhaps in twos and threes. Flying at
more than 35,000 feet they would seek to slip into Russia
unnoticed. Their targets: first, Moscow -- Moscow above
all. Then the other large cities of European Russia --
Kiev, Leningrad, Kharkov, Odessa. . . . American stra-
tegists are thinking . . . in terms of closing the circle of
air bases around Russia, making it smaller and smaller,
tighter and tighter, until the Russians are throttled. This
means getting bases through combined air, sea and
ground operations ever closer to Russia's heartland,
then using the bases for sustained bombing and guided-
missile attacks. "44
On June 9, 1948, the Soviet Government vigorously
343
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATION
protested to the American Government against the
Newsweek article, stating that it violated a United
Nations resolution against war propaganda. This resolu-
tion in part reads: "The General Assembly condemns
all forms of propaganda in whatever country conducted,
which is either designed or likely to provoke or encour-
age any threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of
aggression. "45 The American Government took no action
regarding the Soviet protest.
In its issue of Sunday, May 30, 1948, The New York
Times Magazine published "What Air Power Can--and
Cannot--Do," by Hanson W. Baldwin, well-known mili-
tary expert of the Times. Mr. Baldwin discussed frankly
some of the chief difficulties in the way of successfully
bombing Soviet Russia from the air and thought that
ordinary strafing in the daytime would be too dangerous
for American planes. "Night bombing," he frankly as-
serted, "or bombing from high above the clouds would,
therefore, be preferable. " Yet, complained Mr. Baldwin,
"and this is perhaps the greatest disadvantage the offense
would suffer in bombing attacks upon Russia, we have
no really satisfactory maps of most of the Russian in-
terior. " It was this article to which Andrei Vishinsky,
then a Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union,
called attention in an address before the United Nations
Assembly at Paris on September 25 as an instance of the
open instigation "of war against the U. S. S. R. and the new
democracies. "
Not to be outdone, Look magazine, on June 22, the
precise anniversary of the Nazi invasion of Soviet Russia,
ran as its lead article, "Air Force Plans for Bombing
Russia," as the title was announced on the front cover.
The author, Ben Kocivar, declared that he had "recently
344
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY
talked about the problem with a number of top Air
Force and Navy officials," one of whom at least favored
a so-called preventive war against the Soviet Union. The
Look analysis pointed out that "the only long-range
planes we have in operation ready to go are our World
War II B-29's with an operating radius of some 2,000
miles. 'Draw a couple of thousand-mile circles around
the industrial heart of Russia,' a general told me [Mr.
Kocivar], 'and you will see why we must have operating
bases outside this country. ' The two-thousand-mile ring,
as the map shows, borders Greenland, Iceland, England,
France, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India.
We need these bases not only for offensive operations,
but to prevent the Russians from using them against
us. "46
In August, Henry Luce's Life, taking up the refrain,
printed a detailed description by General Carl Spaatz,
retired Chief of Staff of the U. S. Air Force, on how the
United States could bomb the Soviet Union into sub-
mission. General Spaatz said that "air bases have the
same significance that naval bases had in the last century"
and that, comparable to the British Empire in its heyday,
America must at once secure a global framework of bases
for the development of air power.
"Space is no longer
an effective shield," asserted the General. "Now an
attacker would not have to plod laboriously and bloodily
along the Minsk-Smolensk-Moscow road to strike at the
Russian vitals. The air offers a direct, operationally feas-
ible route for a determined attacker to knock out the
industries that it has cost the Russians so much to cre-
ate. "47
In September The Saturday Evening Post, determined
to keep up with its rivals, made its own blood-curdling
345
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATION
contribution to the master plan of smashing the U. S. S. R.
In an article entitled "If War Comes--", Joseph and Ste-
wart Alsop, using the well-worn pretext of a Soviet attack
on America, predicted: "From Baku north to Leningrad,
from Smolensk east to Novosibirsk, the vitals of the Soviet
state will be scorched and destroyed with the terrible fire
of the atomic bomb. "48 Then the authors listed the many
places where the United States must have air bases, be-
yond its own borders, in Europe, the Near East and the
Far East.
For 1949 I find in my files a clipping from The New
York World-Telegram of March 14, with the dateline of
Washington, D. C, and reading as follows: "About
seventy strategic targets in Russia have been marked by
military planners as possible objectives for attack in event
of a war, it was learned today. The Air Force has given
the Joint Chiefs of Staff documented assurances that the
B-36 superbomber could strike every one of these, flying
out of bases on this continent and returning without re-
fueling. The targets have been marked off on top-secret
maps at the national defense establishment. Reliable
military authorities said they include major Soviet in-
dustrial centers. All would be within a 4,000-mile radius
of air bases in Alaska and Labrador. "
In August, 1950, Francis P. Matthews, Secretary of
the Navy, told an audience in Boston that the United
States should be willing to pay "even the price of insti-
tuting a war to compel cooperation for peace. " This
recommendation of a preventive war against the Soviet
Union caused such a scandal in official circles that the
next day the U. S. State Department issued a special state-
ment: "Secretary Matthews' speech was not cleared with
the Department of State and his views do not represent
346
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
United States policy. The United States does not favor
instituting a war of any kind. "49 Mr. Matthews, however,
remained as Secretary of the Navy for eleven months
after this episode.
In March, 1951, Lieutenant General Norstad, Com-
mander of the United States Air Forces in Europe, de-
clared at Frankfurt, Germany: "There is no target in the
Soviet Union that cannot be attacked by United States
bombers. "50 In April Charles E. Wilson, Director of
Defense Mobilization, said at Washington that if Stalin
"could see the new bombs, which are far more devastat-
ing than anything we knew in the last war, he'd realize
that these new bombs will make fine 'calling cards' from
the United States for Russia! " Mr. Wilson added the
disclaimer: "I hope we never use these bombs -- that we
never have to -- but it is comforting to know that they
will be on hand if needed. "51
In May Look, one of the most persistent offenders in
outlining sensational attacks on the Soviet Union,
published an article called, "Can Our A-Bombers Get
Through? ", with a map showing the chief centers to be
bombed in the U. S. S. R. and their exact distance from
American air bases. Reported Look: "We have ringed
Russia with a multitude of airfields, scores of them.
Even if by some military miracle all these bases in Ger-
many, England, Spain and North Africa should be denied
to us, the U. S. Air Force still could deliver the A-bomb
on Russia from air bases in the continental United States.
. . . Ten planes, B-50s and B-36s, would cross the frontiers
of Russia at approximately the same time from ten dif-
ferent directions. Each would be carrying an atomic
bomb, and each would have a target or choice of targets.
From the Air Force point of view it would be ideal if
347
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
the weather were extremely murky. . . . Attacking planes
would be scheduled over targets at night. They would
bomb by radar sighting, which is reasonably accurate. "52
There can be no doubt about it--Look has the plans
worked out in meticulous detail.
In November, 1951, Senator J. Allen Frear, Jr. , a
Delaware Democrat, declared that the United States
should drop an A-bomb on the Kremlin. The Senator
said: "The one place to use the atomic bomb is at the
source of the Korean war. That source is the Soviet. I
think the Soviet has given us provocation. "53 The Very
Reverend J. Brooke Mosley, Dean of the Cathedral
Church of St. John in Wilmington, promptly sent to
Senator Frear a telegram of protest, reading: "This is
suggesting that we immediately destroy 100,000 civilian
men, women and children in an act of murderous aggres-
sion. I believe that such an amazing recommendation
should be labeled for what it plainly is: a morally irres-
ponsible, vicious and bloody suggestion, unworthy of
this country and certainly unworthy of Christian peo-
ple. "54
In March, 1952, The Washington Post broke the story
of the astounding passages in Major General Robert W.
Grow's diary, written while he was U. S. military attache
in Moscow and later presumably photocopied secretly by
Communist agents during the General's visit to Frank-
furt, Germany. The quotations were reproduced in a
book published in Eastern Germany by a former British
officer. Typical entries in General Grow's diary for
1951 were: January 27-- "The bridge here [at Rostov]
is best target in S. Russia. This, together with bridge over
Kuban R. at Kavkazskaya, would cut off all the Caucasus
except for poor line to Astrakhan which could easily be
348
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
cut"; February 5-- "We need a voice to lead us without
equivocation: Communism must be destroyed. . . . This
war cannot be conducted according to Marquis of Queens-
berry rules. . . . We must employ every subversive device
to undermine the confidence and loyalty of Soviet sub-
jects for their regime. . . . Anything, truth or falsehood,
to poison the thoughts of the population. "55
On April 28, 1952, the U. S. Army initiated court-
martial proceedings against General Grow "on charges
of having improperly recorded secret military informa-
tion in private records and of having failed to safeguard
such classified information. "56 In July an army court-
martial found Grow guilty of these charges and sentenced
him to "a reprimand and suspension from command
for six months. "57 The conviction was to be reviewed by
higher army authorities.
Morally on the same plane as American threats of war
or bombing against the U. S. S. R. have been the various
suggestions made in the United States to assassinate
Premier Joseph Stalin. The worst example I have seen
of this outright incitement to murder appeared in The
American Magazine of February, 1951, under the title
"Why Doesn't Somebody Kill Stalin? " The article was
featured on the cover. Its author was Ellsworth Ray-
mond, who served for six years as a political analyst and
translator for the American Embassy in Moscow and who
during World War II was stationed in Washington as
Chief of the U. S. S. R. Economic Section, Military Intel-
ligence, U. S. Army General Staff.
Mr. Raymond started his shameful article as follows:
"'Wouldn't it be a wonderful thing if somebody killed
Stalin? ' This is a question I've heard over and over since
the cold war turned hot. Many people today blame the
349
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILlZATiOH
world's troubles on this one man, who has held Russia
in his iron grip for twenty-five years. They believe his
death would bring peace to mankind. "58 The author goes
on to show that unfortunately Stalin is very well protected
against assassins and outlines the many precautions the
Soviet leader has taken. In the middle of the piece there
is a picture of Premier Stalin with the reproduction of a
target and its concentric circles superimposed over his
face. The obvious intent is to suggest that someone
should shoot for the bull's-eye.
In August, 1951, the publishing house of Farrar,
Straus and Young brought out a new novel by Sterling
Noel called / Killed Stalin. The story is told in the first
person and the advertisements played up the quotation:
"The date was 1959 when the most dangerous manhunt
in the world was ended. "59 This registers the fact that
the "hero" of the book finally tracked down Stalin and
shot him to death. Eton Books later published the novel
in a cheap, paper-bound edition. The back cover had a
representation of Stalin lying dead with a large blood-
stain on his tunic just over the heart. Again to reverse the
situation, imagine the reaction of Americans in every
walk of life if a leading Soviet magazine ran an article
called "Why Doesn't Somebody Kill Truman? " and a
Soviet publisher followed this up a few months later by
issuing a book with the title "I Killed Truman! "
We must not blink the fact that terrorism in foreign
lands is a method that now definitely figures in the minds
of American officials. In September, 1951, the American
Congress passed a Mutual Security Act, signed by Pres-
ident Truman, which sets aside the handsome total of
$100,000,000 to finance the activities of "selected persons
who are residing in or escapees" from Soviet Russia or
350
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET FOREIGH POLICY
any country in the Communist bloc. An amendment
incorporated in the new law reads that this sum is to be
used "either to form such persons into elements of the
military forces supporting the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization or for other purposes. " It is the vague
clause "for other purposes" which carries the most sinis-
ter connotation.
In October, 1951, Congressman Charles J. Kersten,
Wisconsin Republican and sponsor of the amendment in
question, publicly protested that a new United Nations
code under consideration would conflict with the Amer-
ican legislation. He was referring to Section 5 of "Of-
fenses against the Peace and Security of Mankind," pre-
pared by the U. N. International Law Commission. This
section outlaws "the undertaking or encouragement by
the authorities of a state, of terrorist activities in another
state, or the toleration by the authorities of a state, of
organized activities calculated to carry out terrorist acts
in another state. "
In a letter to Warren R. Austin, chief United States
delegate to the United Nations, Mr. Kersten said that
the enactment of the proposed U. N. code "might prevent
groups in this country, as well as our Government, from
assisting in the liberation of the peoples of Eastern Eu-
ropean countries and other countries enslaved by the
Communist tyranny. " He added that "one of the main
objectives of a real liberation movement is to strike ter-
ror into the hearts of the Communist tyrants. . . . Libera-
tion will not be achieved merely by propaganda and par-
liamentary maneuver. "60 Mr. Austin replied to the frank
and undiplomatic Representative from Wisconsin that
"the attempt to restore a people's freedom does not seem
to merit the characterization of 'terrorist. ' "61
351
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-06-10 17:30 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015020686591 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? SOVIET CIVILIZATIOH
The Soviet Government, however, felt that Mr. Kers-
ten knew what his amendment was meant to accomplish
better than Mr. Austin; and in November, 1951, pro-
tested officially to the U. S. Government that the Mutual
Security Act violated the Roosevelt-Litvinov agreements
made in 1933 at the time of American recognition of the
Soviet Union. The Soviet note charged that the Act
"constitutes crass intervention of the United States in
the internal affairs of other countries. At the same time
it represents unparalleled violation of the standards of
international law and is incompatible with the normal
relations between countries and respect for state sover-
eignty. The adoption of such a law cannot be regarded
as other than an aggressive act aimed at further compli-
cating relations between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
