An unufual Speflacle, fays
Athenians
the Sentiments of Thebans.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
ORATIONSOF
" That I may, therefore, neither acquit or condemn any one,
" but that the Fad itfelf may difcover the guilty, and abfolve
" thofe who had no Partnerfhip in the Crime; let whoever
" pleafes arife; let him come forward on the Tribunal; let
" him make it manifefl:, that he never had any fhare in the
" Counfels, nor ever approved of the Conduct of Philocrates.
" The Man, who fhall adl in this Manner, I will acquit. '*
Thefe Declarations, as I conceive, you muft remember. Yet
no one appeared ; no one fhewed himfelf. However, each of
the other AnbafTadors had it feems, fome Excufe; one of them
had already paffed the Accounts of his Embafly; another, per-
chance, was abfent ; a third was nearly related to Philip ; (i 6) but
iEfchines had none of thefe Excufes ; yet fo abfolutely had he
fold himfelf, that he not only received the Wages of Corrup-
tion for Time paft, but made it moft manifeft:, that if Philo-
crates fhould efcape this Profecution, he would for ever fupport
him againft you. He therefore never uttered a fingle Expref-
flon, not even a Word in Oppofition to Philip ; as if he were
determined not to acquit you, though you acquitted Philocra-
tes; but chofe rather to be ftigmatized with Infamy, to be
accufed, to fuffer your utmoft Refentment, than to difoblige
Philip. Yet what can this Union of Interefts mean ? Whence
is
(i6) There is much Malignity, and tuted his Son to Philip, from whence
much Modefty, fays the Scholiaft, in this our Orator pleafantly calls that Monarch
Exprefl'ion. Phrynon, the Perfon here his Relation.
intended, was lufpeded of having profti-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 55
is this abundant Solicitude for Philocrates? For however glo-
rioufly he might have a6led in his Embafly ; whatever Advan-
tages he might have gained for the RepubHc, yet if he con-
fefled, as he did confefs, that he had taken Money, it would
become an uncorrupted AmbafTador to fly from him; earneftly
to avoid him, and to give this Teftimony of his own Integrity,
But ^fchines adled not in this Manner.
These Fa<Sls, O Men of Athens, are they not moft confpi-
cuous ? Do they not cry aloud, and declare, that ^fchines is
corrupted, and perpetually committing Crimes for the Money
he hath received, not through Imprudence, or Ignorance, or
being difappointed in his Expedations? Yet he demands,
" Who gives Evidence of my receiving Money? " Such is his
illuftrious Defence. Fads themfelves, iEfchines, of all others
the moft credible Witnefles. Nor can it be aflerted, or even pre-
tended, that they are influenced to give this Evidence againfl:
you, either by Perfuafion or Intereft:, but fuch as you your-
felf have made them by Treachery and Corruption, fuch, upon
the beft Inquiry, do they appear. Yet in addition to this Evi-
dence of Fadls, you yourfelf (hall inftantly give Teftimony
againft yourfelf. Rife, therefore; come hither; anfwer me,
Impoflible you fliould deny your being able to anfwer, through
Ignorance or Inexperience. For the extraordinary Profecutions
in which you have appeared, as in a Tragedy, the principal
Afior J
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? 56 ORATIONSOF
A6tor; in which you triumphed even without witnefles, and
which were of fuch Importance as to demand a particular Day
for their Determination, all thefe Circumftances make it ap-
parent that you are a moft formidable Orator. (17)
While the Crimes of -/Efchines are thus numerous, thus atro-
cious, thus abundant in Mifchief, as, I prefiame, you are per-
fedly convinced, yet no other, in my Judgement, is more
flagitious, than that, which I am going to mention, or more
evidently takes him in the very Fad of corruption, and convicts
him of having fet every Thing to fale. When you had deter-
mined to fend again a third Embafly to Philip, upon thofe
pompous and mighty Hopes, which i^fchines had promifed',
you appointed him and me, and in general the fame Ambaf-
fadors. I came forward and inftantly declared upon Oath, I
could not accept the Employment, and while fome were cla-
moroufly tumultuous, and commanded me to go, I pofitively
refufed. iEfchines was appointed by your Decree, but when
the Aficmbly was diffolved, the Ambaffadors met together and
confulted, whom they fhould leave behind them here ; for as
Matters were in fufpence, and the Event uncertain, there were
frequent
(17) He alludes to the extraordinary as if they were only dramatic Peiform-
Profccution of Timarchus, unfupported ances, but in which however he is al-
by Evidence, and founded only upon ge- lowed to have performed a principal
neral Reports of the Impurity of his Life. Character, and to have appeared a very
Jle alludes to the theatrical ProfefTion of powerful Orator. Scholiast.
iEfchines, who treated fuch Profecutions,
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? DEMOSTHENES. r;j
frequent Meetings, ^nd various Rumours among the Populace
in the Town. They were befides extremely apprelieniivc,
that an extraordinary AfTembly might be fuddenly called ; and
that having heard me declare the Truth you might decree the
neceflary Succours to the Phocasans, and Philip might lofe that
Opportunity of deftroying them. Becaufe, if you had only
made a Decree, and given them any the leaft Degree of Hope,
they had been ftill preferved. For it was not, indeed it was
not in the Nature of Things, that Philip, if you had not been
impofed upon, could have fiibfifted in Phocis. Impoflible to
get Supplies of Corn in a Country, uncultivated upon Account
of the War ; and equally impofGble the Importation of it, as
your (hips were ftationed, and Matters of the Sea. Befides,
the Cities of the Phocaeans were numerous, and hardly to be
taken, except in a Length of Time, and by a regular Siege.
If Philip had taken one every Day, yet they were two and
twenty in Number. Upon thefe Accounts therefore they left
^fchines here, that you might not alter the Refolutions you
made, while you were deceived. Yet it was too flagrant,
and greatly liable to Sufpicion, to fwear, without afligning
? bme Caufe, that he was incapable of going. " What do you
reply ? Will you not go to receive the numerous and important
" Advantages, which you have promifed us ? Will you not be
an Ambaflador ? " But it is neceflary, that he fhould remain in
Athens. How then fhall he a<St ? He counterfeits Sicknefs,
Vol. IL I and
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? 58 ORATIONSOF
and his Brother, taking Execeftos, the Phylician, with hinij
goes into the Senate-Houfe, makes Oath, that JE{chincs is ill,
and is himfelf appointed. But when the Phocjeans, five or
fix Days afterwards, were utterly deftroyed, and the Wages
of his Perfidy were at an End j he then aded as if feme other
Opportunity of Corruption were offered him. When Der-
cyllus returned from Chalcis, and declared to you in the Aflem-
bly you held in the Pyraeum, that the Phocaeans were deftroyed;
when you, O Men of Athens, upon hearing the News, were
juftly and fenfibly afflidled for their Calamities, and ftruck with
Terrour for yourfelves; when you decreed, that all the Children
and Women fhould be removed out of the open Country into
the City ; that the Frontier-Towns fhould be put into a State
of Defence, the Pyraeum fortified, and the Feftival of Hercules
celebrated within the Walls of Athens ; when our Affairs were
in this Situation; when fuch Confufion, fuch Tumult fpread.
their Terrours through the City, then did this Man of Elo-
quence, and Wifdom, and diftinguifhed for the Sweetnefs of
his Voice, without any Decree either of the Senate or the Peo-
ple, precipitately hurry himfelf into an Embafly to the Perpe-
trator of all thefe Mifchiefs, neither making Account of his
Sicknefs, by which he had fworn himfelf incapable of going,
nor that another Ambaffador had been appointed in his Place,
nor that the Law denounces Death the Punifhment of fuch
Crimes, nor that he had declared (a Circumftance in all its
I Parts
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? DEMOSTHENES. 59
Parts abfurd) that the Thebans had fet a Price upon his Head ;
when, belides the Pofleffion of Boeotia, they were Mafters of
the Territories of the Phocseans, even then did he take his
Progrefs into the midft of Thebes, and into the Camp of the
Thebans. But fo entirely was he out of his Senfes, fo totally
immerfed in Bribes and Corruption, that negledling and dc-
fpifing all thefe Confiderations he hurried away.
Although fuch was his Conduct during this Period, yet
far more atrocious were his A(ftions after his Arrival in Mace-
donia. For while you, and the whole People of Athens ef-
teemed the Sufferings of the miferable Phocsans fo fevere, fo
full of Wretchednefs, that you neither fent any of your Senators
to the Pythian Games, nor the Perfons, ufually appointed
to regulate them; while you deferted thele Solemnities, fo
much honoured by your Anceftors, this Man went to thofe
triumphal Feafts, which the Thebans and Philip celebrated
with Sacrifices for their Succefs, and the Conclufion of the
War. He was Partaker of thofe Libations, which Philip per-
formed, and thofe Vows, which he pronounced upon tlie
Deflrudlbn of the Cities, Territories, and Arms of our Conie-
derates. He was crowned with Philip; he fung with him the
Paean of Vidlory, and drank with him in Familiarity and
Friendfhip. Nor is it pofTible, that we fhould differ in the Re-
prefentation of thefe Fads. His Oath is ftill prefer\'ed in the
I 2 Temple
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? 6o ORATIONSOF
Temple of the Mother of the Gods among your Records, over
which a public Guardian is appointed ; and the Decree, which
was made upon the Occafion of his refuiing this Embafly, is
there accurately written. With Regard to his ConduA in Ma-
cedonia, his Colleagues, and other Pcrfons, who are here pre->>
fent, will give Evidence againft him; they, who have given
me this Information, for I was not of the Embafiy, but dif-
charged myfelf by Oath of the Office. Now read me the De-
cree and the Record; then call the Witnefles.
The Decree. The Record. The Witnesses.
But what Prayers do you imagine did Philip make to the
Gods, when he performed his Libations ? what did the Thebans
make? Did they not pray for Strength in War; for Victory to
themfelves and their Confederates, and the contrary to thofe of
of the Phocasans? -ffifchines therefore joined in thefe Prayers,
and denounced againft his Country thofe Imprecations, which
it is your Duty now to retort upon his Head. He went to
Macedonia in Violation of the Law, which pronounces Death
upon fuch an Offence, and when he had arrived there, he was
apparently guilty of fuch Crimes, as merit other Deaths. His
Adions before he went, and his Condu<5t during his Embafiy
niigiit execute the Sentence of Death upon him, with the
flridefl Juftice.
Let
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? DEMOSTHENES. 6i
f--
Let it be therefore your Care, that the Punifliment you
denounce upon him may be adequate to fuch Crimes. For
were it not the higheft Degree of Turpitude, O Men of Athens,
after you have pubHcly and univerfally condemned the confe-
quences of this Peace, and refufed to participate in the Decrees
of the Amphidyons ; when you have held Philip in Deteftation,
and fufpeded him, as if all his Adions wctq impious and
cruel; unjuft in themfelves, and to you moft injurious, yet
when you have entered this Court of Judicature to pronounce
Sentence upon the Accounts laid before you concerning thefe
Tranfadlions; when you have taken an Oath to judge accord-
ing to the Interefts of the Republic, were it not the utmoft
Degree of Turpitude, that the Author of all thefe Mifchiefs,
whom you have openly furprifed in the very Perpetration of
them, fhould be acquitted ? Will not our other Citizens, or
rather will not the Grecians in general, when they behold you
angry with Philip, who by making Peace in the midft of War,
and by purchafmg the AfUftance of thofe, who are accuftomed
to fell their Abilities, does a Thing which really admits of
much Excufe, will they not juftly blame you, if you after-
wards acquit this Man, who hath bafely betrayed your Interefts ;
efpecially while there are Laws in being, that appoint the laft
Punifliment for fuch Crimes?
Bur-
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? 62 ORATIONSOF
But perhaps they may urge it as an Objedlion, that it will
be the Beginning of another Quarrel with Philip, if you fhould
condemn the Ambafladors, who concluded the Peace. If this
Objedion be juft, I cannot conceive it pofTible to accufe iEf-
chines of a greater Crime. Becaufe, if PhiHp, who gave
Money, that he might obtain a Peace, be now become fo
formidable and powerful, that you muft no longer regard your
Oaths, or the Juftice of this Trial, but only confider with
your beft Attention in what Manner you may oblige him, what
Punifhment, proportioned to their Crimes, can they fufFer, who
have been the Authors of thefe Calamities ? On the contrary,
I think I can demonftrate, that their Condemnation, if we
may form our Judgement upon Conjedures, will be rather
a Beginning of an advantageous Friendftiip with Philip. For
be moft alTured, he does not, O Men of Athens, defpife your
Republic; nor, becaufe he thought you lefs ufeful to him than
the Thebans, has he therefore preferred their Alliance to yours;
but he hath been well inftrufted by your Ambafladors, and
hath heard what I have formerly declared to you in your Af-
femblies, and what they never contradided, " that the People
*' are one meer confuflon ; a Thing of all others moft inconftant
*' and faithlefs; that as the Waves are agitated in the Ocean, (i 8)
<< fo
(i8) Wolfius reads ttviv/jcx, the Winds and Beauty of the Comparifon feems to
are agitated in the Ocean, But the Force confift in comparing the Agitation of the
People
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? <
DEMOSTHENES. 63
** (6 one Man comes, another goes, but none are anxious for
" the Public, or even remember it : that he fhould therefore
" gain fome particular Friends among you conftantly to fup-
* port his Interefts, and according to his good Pleafure diredl
** your Adminiftration: that if he fucceeded in this Point, he
" might eafily obtain from you whatever he defired. " Yet
in my Opinion, if he had heard, that the Perfons, who talked
to him in this Manner, had been inftantly crucified, when they
returned hither, he would have adled like the Perfian Monarch.
" How did he aft ? " Having beenimpofed upon by Timagorasj
and given him, as it is reported, forty Talents, yet when he
was informed that Timagoras was put to Death by your Order,
and that he was neither able to fave his own Life, nor to exe-
cute the Promifes he had made him, he was convinced, he had
given his Money to a Man, who had but little Authority in
your Affairs. From whence, although he had reduced Amphi-
polis, a City under your Jurifdidion, to his Obedience, yet
he enrolled it, when Timagoras was condemned, among the
Cities, with which he maintained a Confederacy and Alliance,
nor did he ever give Money to any Athenian Citizen afterwards.
(19) In the fame Manner would Philip then have adted, if he
had
People in going to and from their Af- Return, he was accufed, and found giiil-
femblies, to rhat of the VVaves approach- ty, not of Corruption only, butofprof-
ing to, and rolling from the Shore. Thus tituting the Honour of lils Country by
the Integrity o'i the Metaphor, according doing Homage to the Perfian, contrary
to the Language of Critics, is preferved. to the Cuftoms of Greece. He was ca-
(19) The Athenians had fent Tima- pitally condemned,
goras Ambafladorto Arcaxerxes. At his
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? 64 ORATIONSOF
had feen any one of thefe Traitors punifhed, as he deferved.
Even now, if he faw them punifhed, he would a6t in the fame
Manner. But when he hears them haranguing in your Afiem-
bHes; fees them honoured by you, and accufing others, what
fhould he endeavour to do? Shall he expend greater Sums, when
lefs will be fufficient? Shall he cultivate the Friendfhip
of a whole People, when that of two or three Perfons will an-
fwer his Purpofe? He then were mad indeed. Neither was
Philip inclined to any public A? l of Beneficence towards the
Thebans ; far other wife; but he was influenced by their Ambaf-
fadors ; in what Manner influenced, I will inform you.
There came an Embafly to him from Thebes at the very
Time, when, by your appointment, we arrived at Macedonia.
Philip ofi*ered them Money, and, as they reported, in very confi-
derable Sums, which they refufed to accept. He afterwards,
drinking with them at a certain Sacrifice and Entertainment,
and treating them with exceeding Afiability, among many
other Prefents gave them fome Prifoners, with other Spoils of
War, untill at length he prefented them with the Gold and Silver
Cups, in which he drank to them. Thefe they refufed, nor
proftituted their Integrity. At laft, Philon, one of the Am-
bafladors, addrefled him, O Men of Athens, in a Speech well
worthy of being pronounced, not by a Theban, but an Athe-
nian Ambaflador. (20) He aflured him, that he faw with
Pleafure
(20) A People, who could join with Liberties of Greece, were unworthy of
Philip againft the general Interefts and fuch a Speech, or the Generofity of fuch
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? DEMOSTHENES. 65
Pleafure and Gratitude the Generoiity and Humanity, with
which he treated them ; but that they were already his Friends,
and engaged to him by the Rites of Hofpitality, even without
thefe Prefents; that they earneftiy wifhed he would transfer
this Generoiity to the Affairs of their Republic, which were
then before him; that he would do Something worthy of him-
felf, and of the Thebans, and then, they promifed, that both
their whole Commonwealth, and they themfelves fhould be de -
voted to him for ever.
Now confider, what Confequences, with regard to the The-
bans and to you, attended the condud of thefe Amballadors,
and then behold of what Importance it is never to fell the Inte-
refts of our Country. Firft, they obtained a Peace, when
miferably labouring under the Calamities of War, and finking
beneath the Weight; then the utter Extirpation of their Ene-
mies, the Phocaeans, and the total Subverfion of their Walls
and Cities. Were thefe the only Advantages ? No, by the
Gods. Orchomenus, Coronea, Corii>>, TilphofTieura, were
added to thefe, with as much as they delired of the Phoccean
Territories. Thefe Benefits the Thebans gained by the Peace,
nor could they wifli for greater. But their Ambaffadors ?
What Advantages did they gain? Nothing, except their hav-
VoL. II. , K ing
Sentiments.
An unufual Speflacle, fays Athenians the Sentiments of Thebans.
the SchoUall, to fee the Thebans aflum- The Orator was Theban ; the Oration
ing the Charadler of Athenians, and was of Athens.
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? 66 ORATIONSOF
ing obtained fuch BlefTings for their Country. But lovely, O
Men of Athens, and honourable, to have obtained fuch Bleflings
for their Country, according to the Computation of Virtue and
of Glory, which your Ambaffadors bartered away for Money.
Let us now compare the mutual Advantages, which the
Athenian Republic and her Ambaffadors have received from
the Peace. Then consider whether there be any Refemblance
between them. The Republic therefore hath made a general
Ceflion of all her Dominions, and Confederates; hath given
an Oath to Philip, that you fhall oppofe whoever prefumes
to preferve them to her ; that whoever fhall attempt to reftore
them fhall be declared an Enemy, while he, who hath depri-
ved her of them, fliall be deemed a Confederate and Ally.
Thefe are the Conditions, to which iEfchines confented, and
which his Coadjutor Philocrates decreed. But when I had
gained fome Superiority over them in the firft Day's Debate,
and had perfuaded you to ratify the Decree of the Confederates,
and to call Philip's Ambafladors into the Aflembly, -^fchines,.
having adjourned the Debate to the Day following, prevailed
on you to adhere to the Refolution propofed by Philocrates,
in which thefe Conditions were written, and many others yet
more enormous. Such were the Confequences, that have re-
fulted to the Public from the Peace, nor is it eafy to find many
others more diflionourable. But your Ambafladors, who
coil-
I
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? DEMOSTHENES. 67
concluded this Peace? What have they gained? All other
Particulars, which you yourfelves have feen, their Buildings,
their Importation of Timber and Corn from Macedonia, I fhall
pafs over in Silence, and only mention their Pofleffions and
numerous Eftates in the Territories of your ruined Confederates,
which annually produce a Talent to Philocrates, and to JECt
chines thirty Min^e. Is it not then flagitious, O Men of A-
thens, and miferable, that the Calamities of your Allies fhould
be made an Income to your AmbafTadors, and that the very
fame Peace fhould produce to the Republic, which fent thefe
AmbafTadors, the Deftrudion of their Confederates, the Ruin
of their Dominions, and Infamy inflead of Glory, yet to the
AmbafTadors themfelves, who have thus injured their Republic,
it fhould have wrought out Revenues, Eftates, PofTefTions, and
Riches, inftead of the extremeft Indigence. In Proof of theie
AfTertions, call me the Olynthian Witnefles.
The Witnesses.
I fhall not wonder, if ^Efchines fhould dare to aflert, that
it was impoflible to obtain an honourable Peace, and fuch as
I demand, becaufe our Generals had unhappily conduced the
War. If he gives this Reafon, I conjure you by the Gods to
afk him, whether he went Ambaflador from Athens, or any
other Republic. If from any other, which he will declare was
victorious in War, and pofTefled of able Generals, then indeed
K 2 he
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? 68 ORATIONSOF
he had fome Right to take Money; but if from Athens,
\vhence is he thus openly convided of having received Prefents
on thofe very Conditions, upon which the State, that fent
him, yielded up her own Pofieflions? For certainly the Re-
public, and the Ambaffadors fhe fends, fliould obtain the fame
Ad\antages, if Juftice were in any Meafure obferved. Then
confider, whether the Phocaeans had a greater Superiority over
the Thebans in the late War, or Philip over the Athenians ?
I am confcious of the Superiority of the Phocaeans over the
Thebans, for they were Mafters of Orchomenus, Coronea,
Tilphoffceum ; they recovered their Troops out of Neofis ; kil-
led two hundred and feventy Thebans at Hedylaeum; ereded
a Trophy; gained a Vidlory over their Cavalry, and even an
Iliad of Misfortunes furrounded the Thebans. To you nothing
of this Kind ever happened, and may it never happen. This
was the fevereft Circumftance in your War againft Philip, that
you were unable to hurt him, whenever you pleafed, but you
were perfedlly void of all Apprehenfion of being injured by him.
Whence therefore hath it come to pafs, that, from the very
(Imie Peace, the Thebans, fo greatly inferior in the War,
iliould both preferve their own, and get PofTeflion of their Ene-
my's Dominions, while every Thing, which you Athenians
preferved during the War, was loft by the Peace? Becaufe their
. Ambaffadors never betrayed their Interefts, and yours were fold
by
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? DEMOSTHENES. 69
by thefe Traitors. For that they were really fold, yo\i will
be better convinced by what followed. (21)
When the Peace vv-as finally concluded, that Peace which
Philocratcs propofed, and ^Efchines fupported; when Philip's
Ambafladors were departed, having received your Oaths ; when
the Wounds we received by their Condu6t, were not yet wholly
incurable, except that the Peace was inglorious, and unworthy
of the Commonwealth (and yet in Recompenceof this Infamy
we were to expedl fome marvellous Advantages) even then I re-
quefted, and advifed them to fail with the utmoft Expedition
to the Hellefpont ; not to negledt any Opportunity, nor to fufFer
Philip to take PoiTeffion, in the intermediate Time, (22) of any
Places in that Country. For I was perfedly convinced, that
whatever is neglecfted in the Negotiations after a War, is loft
for ever; becaufe no Power, that hath been perfuaded to con-
clude a Peace upon the general State of their Affairs, will after-
wards renew the War to recover the particular Intercfts they
have negledted, but all Parties will continue to hold what they
have taken. Befides, the Republic, I imagined, could not
have
(21) A Line of the Original is here the NecefTity of the Context, it hath been
left untranflated. The Reader will per- omitted.
haps think it Negligence or Forgetful- (22) Between the Conckifion of the
jiefs. He may find in Do6lor Taylor's Peace on the Side of the Athenians, and
Edition upon what Authority, befides the Ratification of it by the Oaths of
Philip and his Confederates. Scholiast.
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? 70 ORATIONSOF
have failed of gaining two very confiderable Advantages, if we
had gone by Sea. For being prefent ourfelves, and requiring
Philip's Oath according to your Decree, he would either have
reftored the Places he had taken from the Commonwealth, and
not invaded any other, or if he had adled otherwife, we might
have inftantly returned hither to inform you ; that being convin-
ced of his Rapacioufnefs and Perfidy in thefe diftant, and lefs
confiderable Inftances, you might not have abandoned your
nearer, and more important Interefts, I mean the Phocsans
and ThermopylcE. Becaufe, if he had not feized upon thofe
Streights ; if you had not been deceived, your Affairs had been
all in perfect Security, and he had chearfully complied with
your juft Demands. Nor did I without Reafon imagine thefe
Confequences would follow. For if the Phoc^ans had conti-
nued, as at that Time they were, in Safety, and pofi! efi! ed of
Thermopylas, Philip would not have threatened you with any
Terrors, that could have prevented your afferting your rightful
Claims. He could neither have marched by Land, nor was he
powerful enough by Sea, to enter the Territories of Attica,
while you could have inftantly, if he had refufed you the Juft-
ice you demanded, fliut up his Ports, and again have reduced
him, as if he were befiegcd, to the Extremity of Penury, and
a Want of Provifions. He was therefore obliged, not you, to
aft in Compliance with the Utilities of Peace. That I do not
invent thefe Fads, or fafhion them upon what hath fince hapr-
pened,
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? DEMOSTHENES. " 71
pened, but that I was fenfible of them at the Inftant, and in
my -concern for you, forefavv and told them to thefe Ambaffa-
dors, you will be convinced by what I am going to relate.
When there no longer remained any AiTembly to be called (the
Days of convening them being already paft) when your Ambaf-
? fadors were not yet departed, but here wafted away their Time,
I propofed a Decree in the Senate (the People having given that
Power to the Senate) that the Embafly fhould depart with the
utmoft Expedition, and that Proxenus, your General, ihould
give them convoy to wherever he heard Philip refided. I pub-
licity inferted in the Decree the very Words, which I now re-
peat. Take and read it.
The Decree.
Thus I obliged them to leave Athens extremely againft their
Inclinations, as by their Condudl afterwards you will clearly
perceive. But when we arrived at Oreum, and had a Confer-
ence with Proxenus, negledling the fhorter Paftage by Sea, and
the Execution of your Orders, they travelled, as it were, in a
Circle, and before we entered Macedonia, we confumed three
and twenty Days. All the reft we indolently waited at Pella,.
before Philip arrived, wliich, added to thofe of our Journey^
amounted to not lefs than fifty. In this Interval, Philip con-
quered and reduced Dorifcus and Thrace, with all its fortifiej
Towns ; the facred Mountain, and every other Place of Impor-
tance,.
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? 72 ORATIONSOF
tance, even during the Negotiations for Peace, while I urged
a thoufand Reafons, and perpetually exclaimed, again ft their
Condu6l. Firft, as laying my own Opinion openly before the
Public; next, as inftru6ting the ignorant, and laftly, as decla-
ring without Fear or Diffimulation, my Sentiments with regard
to thefe Traitors, thefe moft unhallowed of Mankind. But
he who publickly contradided thefe Declarations; who oppo-
fed whatever I faid, and you decreed, was ^S^fchines ; but whe-
ther his Conduft was agreeable to all his Colleagues, you fhall
inftantly be informed. I neither mention any of them with
Blame, nor accufe them; neither is it abfolutely neceffary, that
any of them fhould be this Day compelled to appear an honeft
Man, but by his own free Choice, and his avoiding all Com-
munication with fuch Crimes.
That thefe Adions are full of Turpitude, and moft flagi-
tious, and not committed for nothing, you have all beheld;
yet who were Partakers in the Guilt, the Fads thcmfelves will
difcover. But in the Name of Jupiter, during all the Time
they confumed at Pel la, did they either receive the Oaths of
Philip's Confederates, or in any other Inftance ad: as they ought?
Far otherwife. Having been abfent from Athens three whole
Months, and received a thoufand Drachmas from you for their
Subfiftcnce (a Sum, which no other State ever gave) they nei-
ther, in their Journey to Macedonia, nor in their return hither,
ever
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? DEMOSTHENES. 73
ever received Philip's Oath, or that of his Confederates, but in
a public Tavern on the Road, oppofite to the Temple of Caf-
torand Pollux, if any of you hath ever been at Pheree, he
will underftand me, there were the Oaths adminiftered, when
Philip was on his March againfl: the Phocsans, inglorioufly ad-
miniftered O Men of Athens, and in a Manner mofl: unworthy
of your Dignity. Yet Philip efteemed it of higheft importance,
to tranfact the Affair in this Manner. For when his Penfioners
here were unable to obtain your Decree for a Peace, as they at
firft attempted, " in Exclufion of the Alenfes and Phocicans;"
when Philocrates was compelled by you to leave out that Claufe,
and openly to infert " the Athenians and Allies of the Atheni-
ans," Philip could not confent, that this Oath fliould be taken
by any of his Confederates; becaufe they might have refufed
to aflift him with their Forces in making thofe Conquefls, in
your Dominions, which he now enjoys, and might have pre-
tended the Obligation of their Oaths. Neither was he willing
they fliould be Witneffes of the Promifes, by which he obtained
the Peace; nor that it fhould be univerfally apparent, that
not the Republic of Athens was conquered, but that Philip
Vol. II. L was
(23) All thefe Circumft. inces are urged not in the Obfcurity and Profanenefs of
with great Spirit. The Ambafladors a Tavern. " But perhaps this laft Cir-
fhould have gone diredlJy to Philip : they " cumftance was unavoidable. There
indolently waited until he had tinilhed " was no Temple near them. " Yes ;
his Conquefts in Thrace, and was now the Temple of Caftor and Pollux. Per-
marching to the Deftrudion of Phocis. fons, who were on the Spot, fhall witnefs
They fhould have tendered him the Oaths it. Scholiast.
either in his Camp, or in a Temple j
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? 74 ORATIONSOF
was earneftly defirous of Peace, and by numberlefs Promiies
obtained it from the Athenian People. That thefe Circum-
flances, which I have mentioned, might not be publickly
known, he thought proper, that your Ambailadors fhould not
go any where from Pella, and they gratified him in every
Thing, even to Oftentation, and moft exceeding Flattery. If
they fhall therefore be convided of all thefe Crimes; of vainly
confuming their Time; negleding Thrace; never ading in
Obedience to your Decrees, or for the Intereft of the Republic,
and of bringing Falfehoods hither, how is it poflible, that by
wife and upright Judges, who are willing religioufly to keep
their Oaths inviolable, that ever thefe Men fhould be acquitted?
In Proof of what I afiert, read, firft the Decree, direding us in
what Manner to require the Oaths of Philip's Confederates;
next his Letters ; then the Decree of Philocrates, and laftly the
Rcfolutions of your own Aflembly.
The Decrees. The Letters.
To make it evident, that we fhould have found Philip in the
Heliefpont, if they had been perfuaded by me, or had aded
according to their Inftrudions in your Decree, call the Wit-
nefTes, who were prefent.
The Witnesses.
Now read that other Teflimony, which appears in Philip's
Anfwer
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? DEMOSTHENES. 75
Anlwer to Euclides, when he was fent to him after the Con-
queft of Thrace and Cherfobleptes. (24)
The Testimony.
To be convinced, that it is impoffible for them to deny their
having aded in thefe Inftances for PhiHp's Advantage, Hften
to me. When we went upon our firft Embafly to negotiate a
Peace, you fent an Herald before us to demand the Faith of
Nations for our Security. As foon therefore as they arrived at
Oreum, they neither waited for the Herald, nor wafted a Mo-
ment of their Time, but although Alus was invefted, they en-
tered it by Sea, and from thence went to Parmenio, who be-
fieged it; then paffed through the Enemy's Army toPagaf^, and
advancing on their Journey met the Herald at Larifla. With
fuch Diligence and Solicitude did they travel. Yet afterwards
in Time of profound Peace, when they might have gone in
perfed: Security; when your Orders required their utmoft
L 2 Expe-
(24) When the Athenians heard, that went, but when he is apprehenfive of
Cherfobleptes was driven out of his Do- being fufpeiSted as a Partner in their Guilt,
minions, they fent Euclides to Philip to then they arrived at Oreum ; they neither
remonftrate againft his Conduft. The waited for the Herald, nor, i^c. Per-
Monarch anfwered, he was not informed haps Demofthenes never thought of fuch
by their Ambafiadors that the Peace was Refinements, which feem to have fome-
concluded, and had therefore a Right to what too trivial for his Cliarader. In
purfue his Conqueflrs. Scholiast, general, his natural Impetuofity frequently
(25) The Scholiafl: here defires his throws him into thefe Diforders, which
Readers to remark the Expreflions in pur Critics fhould not be too careful to
thefe Sentences. Our Orator fets out with correft.
his Colleagues upon his Embafly, we
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? ^6 ORATIONSOF
Expedition, then they travelled with not too much Alacrity,
nor ever thought of going by Sea. Whence this Difference?
Becaufe, an immediate Peace was then extremely neceffary to
Philip's Affairs, but now to confume as much Time as they
poffibly could, before they required his Oath, was of equal ad-
vantage. In Proof of thefe Fads, read me this Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Is it then pofTible, that ever Men fliould be more clearly
convi6led of perpetually a6ling in Favour of Philip, than thofe,
who, when Hafte was moft neceffary to your Affairs, fat down
in Indolence ; but when their going before the Herald was by
no means convenient, then preffed forward with their utmoft
Expedition ?
But while we ftaid thus indolently at Pella, behold, what
Employment each of us chofe for himfelf. Mine was to find out
Prifoners, and to ranfom them at my own Expence ; to implore
Philip, inftead of the Prefents of Hofpitality, which he offered
us, to give them their Liberty. In what Manner iEfchines
fpent his Time, you fhall hear immediately. " But really
" what was his Employment? " To engage Philip to make
Prefents in common to us all.
" That I may, therefore, neither acquit or condemn any one,
" but that the Fad itfelf may difcover the guilty, and abfolve
" thofe who had no Partnerfhip in the Crime; let whoever
" pleafes arife; let him come forward on the Tribunal; let
" him make it manifefl:, that he never had any fhare in the
" Counfels, nor ever approved of the Conduct of Philocrates.
" The Man, who fhall adl in this Manner, I will acquit. '*
Thefe Declarations, as I conceive, you muft remember. Yet
no one appeared ; no one fhewed himfelf. However, each of
the other AnbafTadors had it feems, fome Excufe; one of them
had already paffed the Accounts of his Embafly; another, per-
chance, was abfent ; a third was nearly related to Philip ; (i 6) but
iEfchines had none of thefe Excufes ; yet fo abfolutely had he
fold himfelf, that he not only received the Wages of Corrup-
tion for Time paft, but made it moft manifeft:, that if Philo-
crates fhould efcape this Profecution, he would for ever fupport
him againft you. He therefore never uttered a fingle Expref-
flon, not even a Word in Oppofition to Philip ; as if he were
determined not to acquit you, though you acquitted Philocra-
tes; but chofe rather to be ftigmatized with Infamy, to be
accufed, to fuffer your utmoft Refentment, than to difoblige
Philip. Yet what can this Union of Interefts mean ? Whence
is
(i6) There is much Malignity, and tuted his Son to Philip, from whence
much Modefty, fays the Scholiaft, in this our Orator pleafantly calls that Monarch
Exprefl'ion. Phrynon, the Perfon here his Relation.
intended, was lufpeded of having profti-
I
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? DEMOSTHENES. 55
is this abundant Solicitude for Philocrates? For however glo-
rioufly he might have a6led in his Embafly ; whatever Advan-
tages he might have gained for the RepubHc, yet if he con-
fefled, as he did confefs, that he had taken Money, it would
become an uncorrupted AmbafTador to fly from him; earneftly
to avoid him, and to give this Teftimony of his own Integrity,
But ^fchines adled not in this Manner.
These Fa<Sls, O Men of Athens, are they not moft confpi-
cuous ? Do they not cry aloud, and declare, that ^fchines is
corrupted, and perpetually committing Crimes for the Money
he hath received, not through Imprudence, or Ignorance, or
being difappointed in his Expedations? Yet he demands,
" Who gives Evidence of my receiving Money? " Such is his
illuftrious Defence. Fads themfelves, iEfchines, of all others
the moft credible Witnefles. Nor can it be aflerted, or even pre-
tended, that they are influenced to give this Evidence againfl:
you, either by Perfuafion or Intereft:, but fuch as you your-
felf have made them by Treachery and Corruption, fuch, upon
the beft Inquiry, do they appear. Yet in addition to this Evi-
dence of Fadls, you yourfelf (hall inftantly give Teftimony
againft yourfelf. Rife, therefore; come hither; anfwer me,
Impoflible you fliould deny your being able to anfwer, through
Ignorance or Inexperience. For the extraordinary Profecutions
in which you have appeared, as in a Tragedy, the principal
Afior J
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? 56 ORATIONSOF
A6tor; in which you triumphed even without witnefles, and
which were of fuch Importance as to demand a particular Day
for their Determination, all thefe Circumftances make it ap-
parent that you are a moft formidable Orator. (17)
While the Crimes of -/Efchines are thus numerous, thus atro-
cious, thus abundant in Mifchief, as, I prefiame, you are per-
fedly convinced, yet no other, in my Judgement, is more
flagitious, than that, which I am going to mention, or more
evidently takes him in the very Fad of corruption, and convicts
him of having fet every Thing to fale. When you had deter-
mined to fend again a third Embafly to Philip, upon thofe
pompous and mighty Hopes, which i^fchines had promifed',
you appointed him and me, and in general the fame Ambaf-
fadors. I came forward and inftantly declared upon Oath, I
could not accept the Employment, and while fome were cla-
moroufly tumultuous, and commanded me to go, I pofitively
refufed. iEfchines was appointed by your Decree, but when
the Aficmbly was diffolved, the Ambaffadors met together and
confulted, whom they fhould leave behind them here ; for as
Matters were in fufpence, and the Event uncertain, there were
frequent
(17) He alludes to the extraordinary as if they were only dramatic Peiform-
Profccution of Timarchus, unfupported ances, but in which however he is al-
by Evidence, and founded only upon ge- lowed to have performed a principal
neral Reports of the Impurity of his Life. Character, and to have appeared a very
Jle alludes to the theatrical ProfefTion of powerful Orator. Scholiast.
iEfchines, who treated fuch Profecutions,
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? DEMOSTHENES. r;j
frequent Meetings, ^nd various Rumours among the Populace
in the Town. They were befides extremely apprelieniivc,
that an extraordinary AfTembly might be fuddenly called ; and
that having heard me declare the Truth you might decree the
neceflary Succours to the Phocasans, and Philip might lofe that
Opportunity of deftroying them. Becaufe, if you had only
made a Decree, and given them any the leaft Degree of Hope,
they had been ftill preferved. For it was not, indeed it was
not in the Nature of Things, that Philip, if you had not been
impofed upon, could have fiibfifted in Phocis. Impoflible to
get Supplies of Corn in a Country, uncultivated upon Account
of the War ; and equally impofGble the Importation of it, as
your (hips were ftationed, and Matters of the Sea. Befides,
the Cities of the Phocaeans were numerous, and hardly to be
taken, except in a Length of Time, and by a regular Siege.
If Philip had taken one every Day, yet they were two and
twenty in Number. Upon thefe Accounts therefore they left
^fchines here, that you might not alter the Refolutions you
made, while you were deceived. Yet it was too flagrant,
and greatly liable to Sufpicion, to fwear, without afligning
? bme Caufe, that he was incapable of going. " What do you
reply ? Will you not go to receive the numerous and important
" Advantages, which you have promifed us ? Will you not be
an Ambaflador ? " But it is neceflary, that he fhould remain in
Athens. How then fhall he a<St ? He counterfeits Sicknefs,
Vol. IL I and
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? 58 ORATIONSOF
and his Brother, taking Execeftos, the Phylician, with hinij
goes into the Senate-Houfe, makes Oath, that JE{chincs is ill,
and is himfelf appointed. But when the Phocjeans, five or
fix Days afterwards, were utterly deftroyed, and the Wages
of his Perfidy were at an End j he then aded as if feme other
Opportunity of Corruption were offered him. When Der-
cyllus returned from Chalcis, and declared to you in the Aflem-
bly you held in the Pyraeum, that the Phocaeans were deftroyed;
when you, O Men of Athens, upon hearing the News, were
juftly and fenfibly afflidled for their Calamities, and ftruck with
Terrour for yourfelves; when you decreed, that all the Children
and Women fhould be removed out of the open Country into
the City ; that the Frontier-Towns fhould be put into a State
of Defence, the Pyraeum fortified, and the Feftival of Hercules
celebrated within the Walls of Athens ; when our Affairs were
in this Situation; when fuch Confufion, fuch Tumult fpread.
their Terrours through the City, then did this Man of Elo-
quence, and Wifdom, and diftinguifhed for the Sweetnefs of
his Voice, without any Decree either of the Senate or the Peo-
ple, precipitately hurry himfelf into an Embafly to the Perpe-
trator of all thefe Mifchiefs, neither making Account of his
Sicknefs, by which he had fworn himfelf incapable of going,
nor that another Ambaffador had been appointed in his Place,
nor that the Law denounces Death the Punifhment of fuch
Crimes, nor that he had declared (a Circumftance in all its
I Parts
? 5 "
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? DEMOSTHENES. 59
Parts abfurd) that the Thebans had fet a Price upon his Head ;
when, belides the Pofleffion of Boeotia, they were Mafters of
the Territories of the Phocseans, even then did he take his
Progrefs into the midft of Thebes, and into the Camp of the
Thebans. But fo entirely was he out of his Senfes, fo totally
immerfed in Bribes and Corruption, that negledling and dc-
fpifing all thefe Confiderations he hurried away.
Although fuch was his Conduct during this Period, yet
far more atrocious were his A(ftions after his Arrival in Mace-
donia. For while you, and the whole People of Athens ef-
teemed the Sufferings of the miferable Phocsans fo fevere, fo
full of Wretchednefs, that you neither fent any of your Senators
to the Pythian Games, nor the Perfons, ufually appointed
to regulate them; while you deferted thele Solemnities, fo
much honoured by your Anceftors, this Man went to thofe
triumphal Feafts, which the Thebans and Philip celebrated
with Sacrifices for their Succefs, and the Conclufion of the
War. He was Partaker of thofe Libations, which Philip per-
formed, and thofe Vows, which he pronounced upon tlie
Deflrudlbn of the Cities, Territories, and Arms of our Conie-
derates. He was crowned with Philip; he fung with him the
Paean of Vidlory, and drank with him in Familiarity and
Friendfhip. Nor is it pofTible, that we fhould differ in the Re-
prefentation of thefe Fads. His Oath is ftill prefer\'ed in the
I 2 Temple
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? 6o ORATIONSOF
Temple of the Mother of the Gods among your Records, over
which a public Guardian is appointed ; and the Decree, which
was made upon the Occafion of his refuiing this Embafly, is
there accurately written. With Regard to his ConduA in Ma-
cedonia, his Colleagues, and other Pcrfons, who are here pre->>
fent, will give Evidence againft him; they, who have given
me this Information, for I was not of the Embafiy, but dif-
charged myfelf by Oath of the Office. Now read me the De-
cree and the Record; then call the Witnefles.
The Decree. The Record. The Witnesses.
But what Prayers do you imagine did Philip make to the
Gods, when he performed his Libations ? what did the Thebans
make? Did they not pray for Strength in War; for Victory to
themfelves and their Confederates, and the contrary to thofe of
of the Phocasans? -ffifchines therefore joined in thefe Prayers,
and denounced againft his Country thofe Imprecations, which
it is your Duty now to retort upon his Head. He went to
Macedonia in Violation of the Law, which pronounces Death
upon fuch an Offence, and when he had arrived there, he was
apparently guilty of fuch Crimes, as merit other Deaths. His
Adions before he went, and his Condu<5t during his Embafiy
niigiit execute the Sentence of Death upon him, with the
flridefl Juftice.
Let
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? DEMOSTHENES. 6i
f--
Let it be therefore your Care, that the Punifliment you
denounce upon him may be adequate to fuch Crimes. For
were it not the higheft Degree of Turpitude, O Men of Athens,
after you have pubHcly and univerfally condemned the confe-
quences of this Peace, and refufed to participate in the Decrees
of the Amphidyons ; when you have held Philip in Deteftation,
and fufpeded him, as if all his Adions wctq impious and
cruel; unjuft in themfelves, and to you moft injurious, yet
when you have entered this Court of Judicature to pronounce
Sentence upon the Accounts laid before you concerning thefe
Tranfadlions; when you have taken an Oath to judge accord-
ing to the Interefts of the Republic, were it not the utmoft
Degree of Turpitude, that the Author of all thefe Mifchiefs,
whom you have openly furprifed in the very Perpetration of
them, fhould be acquitted ? Will not our other Citizens, or
rather will not the Grecians in general, when they behold you
angry with Philip, who by making Peace in the midft of War,
and by purchafmg the AfUftance of thofe, who are accuftomed
to fell their Abilities, does a Thing which really admits of
much Excufe, will they not juftly blame you, if you after-
wards acquit this Man, who hath bafely betrayed your Interefts ;
efpecially while there are Laws in being, that appoint the laft
Punifliment for fuch Crimes?
Bur-
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? 62 ORATIONSOF
But perhaps they may urge it as an Objedlion, that it will
be the Beginning of another Quarrel with Philip, if you fhould
condemn the Ambafladors, who concluded the Peace. If this
Objedion be juft, I cannot conceive it pofTible to accufe iEf-
chines of a greater Crime. Becaufe, if PhiHp, who gave
Money, that he might obtain a Peace, be now become fo
formidable and powerful, that you muft no longer regard your
Oaths, or the Juftice of this Trial, but only confider with
your beft Attention in what Manner you may oblige him, what
Punifhment, proportioned to their Crimes, can they fufFer, who
have been the Authors of thefe Calamities ? On the contrary,
I think I can demonftrate, that their Condemnation, if we
may form our Judgement upon Conjedures, will be rather
a Beginning of an advantageous Friendftiip with Philip. For
be moft alTured, he does not, O Men of Athens, defpife your
Republic; nor, becaufe he thought you lefs ufeful to him than
the Thebans, has he therefore preferred their Alliance to yours;
but he hath been well inftrufted by your Ambafladors, and
hath heard what I have formerly declared to you in your Af-
femblies, and what they never contradided, " that the People
*' are one meer confuflon ; a Thing of all others moft inconftant
*' and faithlefs; that as the Waves are agitated in the Ocean, (i 8)
<< fo
(i8) Wolfius reads ttviv/jcx, the Winds and Beauty of the Comparifon feems to
are agitated in the Ocean, But the Force confift in comparing the Agitation of the
People
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? <
DEMOSTHENES. 63
** (6 one Man comes, another goes, but none are anxious for
" the Public, or even remember it : that he fhould therefore
" gain fome particular Friends among you conftantly to fup-
* port his Interefts, and according to his good Pleafure diredl
** your Adminiftration: that if he fucceeded in this Point, he
" might eafily obtain from you whatever he defired. " Yet
in my Opinion, if he had heard, that the Perfons, who talked
to him in this Manner, had been inftantly crucified, when they
returned hither, he would have adled like the Perfian Monarch.
" How did he aft ? " Having beenimpofed upon by Timagorasj
and given him, as it is reported, forty Talents, yet when he
was informed that Timagoras was put to Death by your Order,
and that he was neither able to fave his own Life, nor to exe-
cute the Promifes he had made him, he was convinced, he had
given his Money to a Man, who had but little Authority in
your Affairs. From whence, although he had reduced Amphi-
polis, a City under your Jurifdidion, to his Obedience, yet
he enrolled it, when Timagoras was condemned, among the
Cities, with which he maintained a Confederacy and Alliance,
nor did he ever give Money to any Athenian Citizen afterwards.
(19) In the fame Manner would Philip then have adted, if he
had
People in going to and from their Af- Return, he was accufed, and found giiil-
femblies, to rhat of the VVaves approach- ty, not of Corruption only, butofprof-
ing to, and rolling from the Shore. Thus tituting the Honour of lils Country by
the Integrity o'i the Metaphor, according doing Homage to the Perfian, contrary
to the Language of Critics, is preferved. to the Cuftoms of Greece. He was ca-
(19) The Athenians had fent Tima- pitally condemned,
goras Ambafladorto Arcaxerxes. At his
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? 64 ORATIONSOF
had feen any one of thefe Traitors punifhed, as he deferved.
Even now, if he faw them punifhed, he would a6t in the fame
Manner. But when he hears them haranguing in your Afiem-
bHes; fees them honoured by you, and accufing others, what
fhould he endeavour to do? Shall he expend greater Sums, when
lefs will be fufficient? Shall he cultivate the Friendfhip
of a whole People, when that of two or three Perfons will an-
fwer his Purpofe? He then were mad indeed. Neither was
Philip inclined to any public A? l of Beneficence towards the
Thebans ; far other wife; but he was influenced by their Ambaf-
fadors ; in what Manner influenced, I will inform you.
There came an Embafly to him from Thebes at the very
Time, when, by your appointment, we arrived at Macedonia.
Philip ofi*ered them Money, and, as they reported, in very confi-
derable Sums, which they refufed to accept. He afterwards,
drinking with them at a certain Sacrifice and Entertainment,
and treating them with exceeding Afiability, among many
other Prefents gave them fome Prifoners, with other Spoils of
War, untill at length he prefented them with the Gold and Silver
Cups, in which he drank to them. Thefe they refufed, nor
proftituted their Integrity. At laft, Philon, one of the Am-
bafladors, addrefled him, O Men of Athens, in a Speech well
worthy of being pronounced, not by a Theban, but an Athe-
nian Ambaflador. (20) He aflured him, that he faw with
Pleafure
(20) A People, who could join with Liberties of Greece, were unworthy of
Philip againft the general Interefts and fuch a Speech, or the Generofity of fuch
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? DEMOSTHENES. 65
Pleafure and Gratitude the Generoiity and Humanity, with
which he treated them ; but that they were already his Friends,
and engaged to him by the Rites of Hofpitality, even without
thefe Prefents; that they earneftiy wifhed he would transfer
this Generoiity to the Affairs of their Republic, which were
then before him; that he would do Something worthy of him-
felf, and of the Thebans, and then, they promifed, that both
their whole Commonwealth, and they themfelves fhould be de -
voted to him for ever.
Now confider, what Confequences, with regard to the The-
bans and to you, attended the condud of thefe Amballadors,
and then behold of what Importance it is never to fell the Inte-
refts of our Country. Firft, they obtained a Peace, when
miferably labouring under the Calamities of War, and finking
beneath the Weight; then the utter Extirpation of their Ene-
mies, the Phocaeans, and the total Subverfion of their Walls
and Cities. Were thefe the only Advantages ? No, by the
Gods. Orchomenus, Coronea, Corii>>, TilphofTieura, were
added to thefe, with as much as they delired of the Phoccean
Territories. Thefe Benefits the Thebans gained by the Peace,
nor could they wifli for greater. But their Ambaffadors ?
What Advantages did they gain? Nothing, except their hav-
VoL. II. , K ing
Sentiments.
An unufual Speflacle, fays Athenians the Sentiments of Thebans.
the SchoUall, to fee the Thebans aflum- The Orator was Theban ; the Oration
ing the Charadler of Athenians, and was of Athens.
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? 66 ORATIONSOF
ing obtained fuch BlefTings for their Country. But lovely, O
Men of Athens, and honourable, to have obtained fuch Bleflings
for their Country, according to the Computation of Virtue and
of Glory, which your Ambaffadors bartered away for Money.
Let us now compare the mutual Advantages, which the
Athenian Republic and her Ambaffadors have received from
the Peace. Then consider whether there be any Refemblance
between them. The Republic therefore hath made a general
Ceflion of all her Dominions, and Confederates; hath given
an Oath to Philip, that you fhall oppofe whoever prefumes
to preferve them to her ; that whoever fhall attempt to reftore
them fhall be declared an Enemy, while he, who hath depri-
ved her of them, fliall be deemed a Confederate and Ally.
Thefe are the Conditions, to which iEfchines confented, and
which his Coadjutor Philocrates decreed. But when I had
gained fome Superiority over them in the firft Day's Debate,
and had perfuaded you to ratify the Decree of the Confederates,
and to call Philip's Ambafladors into the Aflembly, -^fchines,.
having adjourned the Debate to the Day following, prevailed
on you to adhere to the Refolution propofed by Philocrates,
in which thefe Conditions were written, and many others yet
more enormous. Such were the Confequences, that have re-
fulted to the Public from the Peace, nor is it eafy to find many
others more diflionourable. But your Ambafladors, who
coil-
I
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? DEMOSTHENES. 67
concluded this Peace? What have they gained? All other
Particulars, which you yourfelves have feen, their Buildings,
their Importation of Timber and Corn from Macedonia, I fhall
pafs over in Silence, and only mention their Pofleffions and
numerous Eftates in the Territories of your ruined Confederates,
which annually produce a Talent to Philocrates, and to JECt
chines thirty Min^e. Is it not then flagitious, O Men of A-
thens, and miferable, that the Calamities of your Allies fhould
be made an Income to your AmbafTadors, and that the very
fame Peace fhould produce to the Republic, which fent thefe
AmbafTadors, the Deftrudion of their Confederates, the Ruin
of their Dominions, and Infamy inflead of Glory, yet to the
AmbafTadors themfelves, who have thus injured their Republic,
it fhould have wrought out Revenues, Eftates, PofTefTions, and
Riches, inftead of the extremeft Indigence. In Proof of theie
AfTertions, call me the Olynthian Witnefles.
The Witnesses.
I fhall not wonder, if ^Efchines fhould dare to aflert, that
it was impoflible to obtain an honourable Peace, and fuch as
I demand, becaufe our Generals had unhappily conduced the
War. If he gives this Reafon, I conjure you by the Gods to
afk him, whether he went Ambaflador from Athens, or any
other Republic. If from any other, which he will declare was
victorious in War, and pofTefled of able Generals, then indeed
K 2 he
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? 68 ORATIONSOF
he had fome Right to take Money; but if from Athens,
\vhence is he thus openly convided of having received Prefents
on thofe very Conditions, upon which the State, that fent
him, yielded up her own Pofieflions? For certainly the Re-
public, and the Ambaffadors fhe fends, fliould obtain the fame
Ad\antages, if Juftice were in any Meafure obferved. Then
confider, whether the Phocaeans had a greater Superiority over
the Thebans in the late War, or Philip over the Athenians ?
I am confcious of the Superiority of the Phocaeans over the
Thebans, for they were Mafters of Orchomenus, Coronea,
Tilphoffceum ; they recovered their Troops out of Neofis ; kil-
led two hundred and feventy Thebans at Hedylaeum; ereded
a Trophy; gained a Vidlory over their Cavalry, and even an
Iliad of Misfortunes furrounded the Thebans. To you nothing
of this Kind ever happened, and may it never happen. This
was the fevereft Circumftance in your War againft Philip, that
you were unable to hurt him, whenever you pleafed, but you
were perfedlly void of all Apprehenfion of being injured by him.
Whence therefore hath it come to pafs, that, from the very
(Imie Peace, the Thebans, fo greatly inferior in the War,
iliould both preferve their own, and get PofTeflion of their Ene-
my's Dominions, while every Thing, which you Athenians
preferved during the War, was loft by the Peace? Becaufe their
. Ambaffadors never betrayed their Interefts, and yours were fold
by
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? DEMOSTHENES. 69
by thefe Traitors. For that they were really fold, yo\i will
be better convinced by what followed. (21)
When the Peace vv-as finally concluded, that Peace which
Philocratcs propofed, and ^Efchines fupported; when Philip's
Ambafladors were departed, having received your Oaths ; when
the Wounds we received by their Condu6t, were not yet wholly
incurable, except that the Peace was inglorious, and unworthy
of the Commonwealth (and yet in Recompenceof this Infamy
we were to expedl fome marvellous Advantages) even then I re-
quefted, and advifed them to fail with the utmoft Expedition
to the Hellefpont ; not to negledt any Opportunity, nor to fufFer
Philip to take PoiTeffion, in the intermediate Time, (22) of any
Places in that Country. For I was perfedly convinced, that
whatever is neglecfted in the Negotiations after a War, is loft
for ever; becaufe no Power, that hath been perfuaded to con-
clude a Peace upon the general State of their Affairs, will after-
wards renew the War to recover the particular Intercfts they
have negledted, but all Parties will continue to hold what they
have taken. Befides, the Republic, I imagined, could not
have
(21) A Line of the Original is here the NecefTity of the Context, it hath been
left untranflated. The Reader will per- omitted.
haps think it Negligence or Forgetful- (22) Between the Conckifion of the
jiefs. He may find in Do6lor Taylor's Peace on the Side of the Athenians, and
Edition upon what Authority, befides the Ratification of it by the Oaths of
Philip and his Confederates. Scholiast.
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? 70 ORATIONSOF
have failed of gaining two very confiderable Advantages, if we
had gone by Sea. For being prefent ourfelves, and requiring
Philip's Oath according to your Decree, he would either have
reftored the Places he had taken from the Commonwealth, and
not invaded any other, or if he had adled otherwife, we might
have inftantly returned hither to inform you ; that being convin-
ced of his Rapacioufnefs and Perfidy in thefe diftant, and lefs
confiderable Inftances, you might not have abandoned your
nearer, and more important Interefts, I mean the Phocsans
and ThermopylcE. Becaufe, if he had not feized upon thofe
Streights ; if you had not been deceived, your Affairs had been
all in perfect Security, and he had chearfully complied with
your juft Demands. Nor did I without Reafon imagine thefe
Confequences would follow. For if the Phoc^ans had conti-
nued, as at that Time they were, in Safety, and pofi! efi! ed of
Thermopylas, Philip would not have threatened you with any
Terrors, that could have prevented your afferting your rightful
Claims. He could neither have marched by Land, nor was he
powerful enough by Sea, to enter the Territories of Attica,
while you could have inftantly, if he had refufed you the Juft-
ice you demanded, fliut up his Ports, and again have reduced
him, as if he were befiegcd, to the Extremity of Penury, and
a Want of Provifions. He was therefore obliged, not you, to
aft in Compliance with the Utilities of Peace. That I do not
invent thefe Fads, or fafhion them upon what hath fince hapr-
pened,
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? DEMOSTHENES. " 71
pened, but that I was fenfible of them at the Inftant, and in
my -concern for you, forefavv and told them to thefe Ambaffa-
dors, you will be convinced by what I am going to relate.
When there no longer remained any AiTembly to be called (the
Days of convening them being already paft) when your Ambaf-
? fadors were not yet departed, but here wafted away their Time,
I propofed a Decree in the Senate (the People having given that
Power to the Senate) that the Embafly fhould depart with the
utmoft Expedition, and that Proxenus, your General, ihould
give them convoy to wherever he heard Philip refided. I pub-
licity inferted in the Decree the very Words, which I now re-
peat. Take and read it.
The Decree.
Thus I obliged them to leave Athens extremely againft their
Inclinations, as by their Condudl afterwards you will clearly
perceive. But when we arrived at Oreum, and had a Confer-
ence with Proxenus, negledling the fhorter Paftage by Sea, and
the Execution of your Orders, they travelled, as it were, in a
Circle, and before we entered Macedonia, we confumed three
and twenty Days. All the reft we indolently waited at Pella,.
before Philip arrived, wliich, added to thofe of our Journey^
amounted to not lefs than fifty. In this Interval, Philip con-
quered and reduced Dorifcus and Thrace, with all its fortifiej
Towns ; the facred Mountain, and every other Place of Impor-
tance,.
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? 72 ORATIONSOF
tance, even during the Negotiations for Peace, while I urged
a thoufand Reafons, and perpetually exclaimed, again ft their
Condu6l. Firft, as laying my own Opinion openly before the
Public; next, as inftru6ting the ignorant, and laftly, as decla-
ring without Fear or Diffimulation, my Sentiments with regard
to thefe Traitors, thefe moft unhallowed of Mankind. But
he who publickly contradided thefe Declarations; who oppo-
fed whatever I faid, and you decreed, was ^S^fchines ; but whe-
ther his Conduft was agreeable to all his Colleagues, you fhall
inftantly be informed. I neither mention any of them with
Blame, nor accufe them; neither is it abfolutely neceffary, that
any of them fhould be this Day compelled to appear an honeft
Man, but by his own free Choice, and his avoiding all Com-
munication with fuch Crimes.
That thefe Adions are full of Turpitude, and moft flagi-
tious, and not committed for nothing, you have all beheld;
yet who were Partakers in the Guilt, the Fads thcmfelves will
difcover. But in the Name of Jupiter, during all the Time
they confumed at Pel la, did they either receive the Oaths of
Philip's Confederates, or in any other Inftance ad: as they ought?
Far otherwife. Having been abfent from Athens three whole
Months, and received a thoufand Drachmas from you for their
Subfiftcnce (a Sum, which no other State ever gave) they nei-
ther, in their Journey to Macedonia, nor in their return hither,
ever
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? DEMOSTHENES. 73
ever received Philip's Oath, or that of his Confederates, but in
a public Tavern on the Road, oppofite to the Temple of Caf-
torand Pollux, if any of you hath ever been at Pheree, he
will underftand me, there were the Oaths adminiftered, when
Philip was on his March againfl: the Phocsans, inglorioufly ad-
miniftered O Men of Athens, and in a Manner mofl: unworthy
of your Dignity. Yet Philip efteemed it of higheft importance,
to tranfact the Affair in this Manner. For when his Penfioners
here were unable to obtain your Decree for a Peace, as they at
firft attempted, " in Exclufion of the Alenfes and Phocicans;"
when Philocrates was compelled by you to leave out that Claufe,
and openly to infert " the Athenians and Allies of the Atheni-
ans," Philip could not confent, that this Oath fliould be taken
by any of his Confederates; becaufe they might have refufed
to aflift him with their Forces in making thofe Conquefls, in
your Dominions, which he now enjoys, and might have pre-
tended the Obligation of their Oaths. Neither was he willing
they fliould be Witneffes of the Promifes, by which he obtained
the Peace; nor that it fhould be univerfally apparent, that
not the Republic of Athens was conquered, but that Philip
Vol. II. L was
(23) All thefe Circumft. inces are urged not in the Obfcurity and Profanenefs of
with great Spirit. The Ambafladors a Tavern. " But perhaps this laft Cir-
fhould have gone diredlJy to Philip : they " cumftance was unavoidable. There
indolently waited until he had tinilhed " was no Temple near them. " Yes ;
his Conquefts in Thrace, and was now the Temple of Caftor and Pollux. Per-
marching to the Deftrudion of Phocis. fons, who were on the Spot, fhall witnefs
They fhould have tendered him the Oaths it. Scholiast.
either in his Camp, or in a Temple j
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? 74 ORATIONSOF
was earneftly defirous of Peace, and by numberlefs Promiies
obtained it from the Athenian People. That thefe Circum-
flances, which I have mentioned, might not be publickly
known, he thought proper, that your Ambailadors fhould not
go any where from Pella, and they gratified him in every
Thing, even to Oftentation, and moft exceeding Flattery. If
they fhall therefore be convided of all thefe Crimes; of vainly
confuming their Time; negleding Thrace; never ading in
Obedience to your Decrees, or for the Intereft of the Republic,
and of bringing Falfehoods hither, how is it poflible, that by
wife and upright Judges, who are willing religioufly to keep
their Oaths inviolable, that ever thefe Men fhould be acquitted?
In Proof of what I afiert, read, firft the Decree, direding us in
what Manner to require the Oaths of Philip's Confederates;
next his Letters ; then the Decree of Philocrates, and laftly the
Rcfolutions of your own Aflembly.
The Decrees. The Letters.
To make it evident, that we fhould have found Philip in the
Heliefpont, if they had been perfuaded by me, or had aded
according to their Inftrudions in your Decree, call the Wit-
nefTes, who were prefent.
The Witnesses.
Now read that other Teflimony, which appears in Philip's
Anfwer
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? DEMOSTHENES. 75
Anlwer to Euclides, when he was fent to him after the Con-
queft of Thrace and Cherfobleptes. (24)
The Testimony.
To be convinced, that it is impoffible for them to deny their
having aded in thefe Inftances for PhiHp's Advantage, Hften
to me. When we went upon our firft Embafly to negotiate a
Peace, you fent an Herald before us to demand the Faith of
Nations for our Security. As foon therefore as they arrived at
Oreum, they neither waited for the Herald, nor wafted a Mo-
ment of their Time, but although Alus was invefted, they en-
tered it by Sea, and from thence went to Parmenio, who be-
fieged it; then paffed through the Enemy's Army toPagaf^, and
advancing on their Journey met the Herald at Larifla. With
fuch Diligence and Solicitude did they travel. Yet afterwards
in Time of profound Peace, when they might have gone in
perfed: Security; when your Orders required their utmoft
L 2 Expe-
(24) When the Athenians heard, that went, but when he is apprehenfive of
Cherfobleptes was driven out of his Do- being fufpeiSted as a Partner in their Guilt,
minions, they fent Euclides to Philip to then they arrived at Oreum ; they neither
remonftrate againft his Conduft. The waited for the Herald, nor, i^c. Per-
Monarch anfwered, he was not informed haps Demofthenes never thought of fuch
by their Ambafiadors that the Peace was Refinements, which feem to have fome-
concluded, and had therefore a Right to what too trivial for his Cliarader. In
purfue his Conqueflrs. Scholiast, general, his natural Impetuofity frequently
(25) The Scholiafl: here defires his throws him into thefe Diforders, which
Readers to remark the Expreflions in pur Critics fhould not be too careful to
thefe Sentences. Our Orator fets out with correft.
his Colleagues upon his Embafly, we
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? ^6 ORATIONSOF
Expedition, then they travelled with not too much Alacrity,
nor ever thought of going by Sea. Whence this Difference?
Becaufe, an immediate Peace was then extremely neceffary to
Philip's Affairs, but now to confume as much Time as they
poffibly could, before they required his Oath, was of equal ad-
vantage. In Proof of thefe Fads, read me this Teftimony.
The Testimony.
Is it then pofTible, that ever Men fliould be more clearly
convi6led of perpetually a6ling in Favour of Philip, than thofe,
who, when Hafte was moft neceffary to your Affairs, fat down
in Indolence ; but when their going before the Herald was by
no means convenient, then preffed forward with their utmoft
Expedition ?
But while we ftaid thus indolently at Pella, behold, what
Employment each of us chofe for himfelf. Mine was to find out
Prifoners, and to ranfom them at my own Expence ; to implore
Philip, inftead of the Prefents of Hofpitality, which he offered
us, to give them their Liberty. In what Manner iEfchines
fpent his Time, you fhall hear immediately. " But really
" what was his Employment? " To engage Philip to make
Prefents in common to us all.
