'Twas I gave the little ones their cradles when the goddess of childbirth
Then the Queen answered :
"
freed their mother's womb from its blessed burden
and heaven brought to light her glorious offspring.
Then the Queen answered :
"
freed their mother's womb from its blessed burden
and heaven brought to light her glorious offspring.
Claudian - 1922 - Loeb
Jeep (Leipzig,
1876-79).
In 1892 Birt published what must be considered
as the standard edition of Claudian —-vol. x. in the Monumenta Germaniae historica series. Birt was the first to put the text of Claudian on a firm footing, and it is his edition that I have followed, appending critical notes only where I differ from him. 1
The latest edition of Claudian is that of Koch (Teubner, Leipzig, 1893). Koch was long associated with Birt in his researches into textual questions connected with Claudian, and his text is substantially the same as that of Birt.
1 I should like if possible to anticipate criticism by frankly stating that the text of this edition makes no claims to being based on scientific principles. I have followed Birt not because I think him invariably right but because his is at present the standard text. Where I differ from him (and this is but in a few places) I do so not because I prefer the authority of another ms. or because I am convinced of the Tightness of a conjecture, but because Birt's conservatism commits him (in my opinion) to untranslatable readings, in which cases my choice of a variant is arbitrary. Of the principle of difficilior lectio I pragmatically take no account.
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
So far as I know, there is no English prose transla tion of Claudian already in the field, though various of his poems, notably the " De raptu," have found many verse translators, and in 1817 his complete works were put into English verse by A. Hawkins. An Italian version was published by Domenico Grillo in Venice
in 1716, a German one by Wedekind in Darmstadt in 1868, and there exist two French prose transla
tions, one by MM. Delatour and Geruzez Nisard, Paris, 1850) and one by M. Heguin de Guerle (Gamier freres, Collection Panckoucke, Paris,
1865).
Of Claudiana may be mentioned Vogt, De Clau-
J. H. E. Crees' Claudian as an Historical Authority (Cambridge His torical Essays, No. 17, 1908) ; Professor Postgate's
Panegirici di Claudiano (1909) ;
article on the editions of Birt and Koch in the Class. Rev. (vol. ix. pp. 162 et sqq. ), and the same scholar's Emendations in the Class. Quarterly of 1910 (pp. 257 et sqq. ). Reference may also be made to Pro fessor Bury's appendix to vol. iii. of his edition of Gibbon (1897, under " Claudian ") and to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xxx. The En comiums of Claudius Claudianus. Vollmer's article in Pauly-Wissowa's Lexicon is a mine of information, but for completeness Birt's introduction (over 200 pp. long) stands alone.
The curious may find an interesting light thrown xxiv
(ed.
diani carminum quae Stilickonem praedicant jide kistorica (1863) ; Ney, Vindictae Claudianeae (1865) ; T. Hodgkin's Claudian, the last of the Roman Poets (1875) ; E. Arens' Quaestiones Claudianae (1894) ; two studies by A. Parravicini, (1) Studio di retorica sulle opere di Claudio Claudiano (1905), and (2) /
INTRODUCTION
on Claudian and his circle by Sudermann's play, Die Lobgesange des Claudian (Berlin, 1914).
All Claudian 's genuine works are translated in the present volumes with the exception of the two-line fragment " De Lanario " (Birt, c. m. c. Hi [lxxxviii. )j.
The appendix " vel spuria vel suspecta continens has been rejected both by Birt and Koch, and I have in this followed their example. The eight Greek poems attributed to Claudian are at least of doubtful authenticity, though Birt certainly makes out a good case for the " Gigantomachia " (a fragment of 77 lines). The remainder consists of short epi
two on the well-worn theme of the water enclosed in the crystal and two Christian ones.
These last are almost certainly not the work of Claudius Claudianus but of Claudianus Mamertus,
grams,
of Vienne circ. 474 a. d. We know from Sidonius (Ep. iv. 3. 8) that this Claudian was a writer of sacred poetry both in Greek and Latin —indeed the famous " Pange lingua " is attributed to him.
A word should perhaps be said as to the numbering
of the poems.
It is much to be regretted that Birt did not cut
adrift from Gesner's system, or at least that he only did so in the " Carmina minora. " The resultant discrepancy in his (and Koch's) edition between the order of the poems and their numbering is un doubtedly a nuisance, but I have not felt justified,
in so slight a work as the present one, in departing from the now traditional arrangement.
xxv
presbyter
INTRODUCTION
I wish, in conclusion, to express my thanks to my colleagues, Mr. R. L. A. Du Pontet and Mr. E. H. Blakeney : to the first for valuable suggestions on several obscure points, and to the second for help in reading the proofs.
MAURICE PLATNAUER. Winchester, September 1921.
xxvi
VOL. I B
CLAUDIAN
CLAUDII CLAUDIANI CARMINA
PANEGYRICUS DICTUS PROBINO ET OLYBRIO CONSULIBUS
I
Sol, qui flammigeris mundum complexus habenis volvis inexhausto redeuntia saecula motu,
sparge diem meliore coma crinemque repexi
blandius elato surgant temone iugales
efflantes roseum frenis spumantibus ignem. 5 iam nova germanis vestigia torqueat annus consulibus, laetique petant exordia menses.
Scis genus Auchenium, nec te latuere potentes Anniadae ; nam saepe soles ductoribus illis instaurare vias et cursibus addere nomen. 10 his neque per dubium pendet Fortuna favorem
nec novit mutare vices, sed fixus in omnes
cognatos procedit honos. quemcumque require hac de stirpe virum : certum est de consule nasci.
1 Probinus and Olybrius, the consuls for 395 (they were brothers), both belonged to the Anician gens, of which Auchenius became an alternative gentile name, Anicius becoming, in these cases, the praenomen. Many members of this family had been, and were to be, consuls : e. g. Anicius Auchenius Bassus in a. d. 408. The Annian gens was
2
THE POEMS OF CLAUDIAN
PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULS PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
I
Sun, that encirclest the world with reins of flame and rollest in ceaseless motion the revolving centuries, scatter thy light with kindlier beams and let thy coursers, their manes combed and they breathing forth a rosy flame from their foaming bits, climb the heavens more jocund in their loftier drawn chariot. Now let the year bend its new steps for the consul brothers and the glad months take their beginning.
Thou wottest of the Auchenian1 race nor are the powerful Anniadae unknown to thee, for thou oft hast started thy yearly journey with them as consuls
and hast given their name to thy revolution. For them Fortune neither hangs on uncertain favour nor changes, but honours, firmly fixed, pass to all their kin. Select what man thou wilt from their family, 'tis certain he is a consul's son. Their ancestors are
related by intermarriage to the Anician : e. g. Annius Bassus
who married the daughter of Annius Anicius lulianus (cos. 322).
3
(cos. 331)
CLAUDIAN
per fasces numerantur avi semperque renata 15 nobilitate virent, et prolem fata sequuntur
continuum simili servantia lege tenorem.
nec quisquam procerum temptat, licet aere vetusto floreat et claro cingatur Roma senatu,
se iactare parem ; sed, prima sede relicta 20 Aucheniis, de iure licet certare secundo :
haud secus ac tacitam Luna regnante per Arcton sidereae cedunt acies, cum fratre retuso
aemulus adversis flagraverit ignibus orbis ;
tunc iubar Arcturi languet, tunc fulva Leonis 25 ira perit, Plaustro iam rara intermicat Arctos indignata tegi, iam caligantibus armis
debilis Orion dextram miratur inertem.
Quem prius adgrediar ? veteris quis facta Probini nesciat aut nimias laudes ignoret Olybri ? 30
Vivit adhuc completque vagis sermonibus aures gloria fusa Probi, quam non ventura silebunt
lustra nec ignota rapiet sub nube vetustas.
illum fama vehit trans aequora transque remotas Tethyos ambages Atlanteosque recessus. 35 audiit et gelido si quem Maeotia pascit
sub love vel calido si quis coniunctus in axe nascentem te, Nile, bibit. virtutibus ille
Fortunam domuit numquamque levantibus alte intumuit rebus ; sed mens circumflua luxu 40 noverat intactum vitio servare rigorftn.
hie non divitias nigrantibus abdidit antris
nec tenebris damnavit opes ; sed largior imbre sueverat innumeras hominum ditare catervas.
1 Probus was born about 332 and dicd about 390. He was (among many other things) proconsul of Africa and praefectus of Illyricum.
4
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
counted by the fasces (for each has held them), the same recurring honours crown them, and a like destiny awaits their children in unbroken succession. No noble, though he boast of the brazen statues of his ancestors, though Rome be thronged with senators, no noble, I say, dare boast himself their equal. Give the first place to the Auchenii and let who will contest the second. It is as when the moon queens it in the calm northern sky and her orb gleams with brightness equal to that of her brother whose light she reflects ; for then the starry hosts give place, Arcturus' beam grows dim and tawny Leo loses his angry glint, far-spaced shine the Bear's stars in the Wain, wroth at their eclipse, Orion's shafts grow dark as he looks in feeble amaze at his strengthless arm.
Which shall I speak of first ? Who has not heard of the deeds of Probinus of ancient lineage, who knows not the endless praise of Olybrius ?
The far-flung fame of Probus1 and his sire lives yet and fills all ears with widespread discourse : the years to come shall not silence it nor time o'ercloud or put an end to it. His great name carries him beyond the seas, beyond Ocean's distant windings and Atlas' mountain caverns. If any live beneath the frozen sky by Maeotis' banks, or any, near neighbours of the torrid zone, drink Nile's stripling stream, they, too, have heard. Fortune yielded to his virtues, but never was he puffed up with success that engenders pride. Though his life was sur rounded with luxury he knew how to preserve his
He did not hide his wealth in dark cellars nor condemn his riches to
the nether gloom, but in showers more abundant than rain would ever enrich countless numbers of 5
uprightness uncorrupted.
CLAUDIAN
quippe velut denso currentia munera nimbo 45 cernere semper erat, populis undare penates, adsiduos intrare inopes, remeare beatos.
praeceps illa manus fluvios superabat Hiberos
aurea dona vomens (sic vix 1 tellure revulsa
sollicitis fodiens miratur collibus aurum), 50 quantum stagna Tagi rudibus stillantia venis effluxere decus, quanto pretiosa metalli
Hermi ripa micat, quantas per Lydia culta
despumat rutilas dives Pactolus harenas.
Non, mihi centenis pateant si vocibus ora 55
multifidusque ruat centum per pectora Phoebus,
acta Probi narrare queam, quot in ordine gentes rexerit, ad summi quotiens fastigia iuris
venerit, Italiae late cum frena teneret
Illyricosque sinus et quos arat Africa campos. 60 sed nati vicere patrem solique merentur
victores audire Probi. non contigit illi
talis honor, prima cum parte viresceret aevi,
nec consul cum fratre fuit. vos nulla fatigat
cura diu maiora petens, non anxia mentem 65 spes agit et longo tendit praecordia voto :
coepistis quo finis erat. primordia vestra
vix pauci meruere senes, metasque tenetis
ante genas dulces quam flos iuvenilis inumbret oraque ridenti lanugine vestiat aetas. 70 tu, precor, ignarum doceas, Parnasia, vatem,
quis deus ambobus tanti sit muneris auctor.
Postquam fulmineis impellens viribus hostem
belliger Augustus trepidas laxaverat Alpes,
1 mss. si quis ; Birt suggests sic vix ; possibly ecquis should be read. Postgate (C. Q. iv. p. 258) quae vix . . . miretur . . . Astur
6
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
men. The thick cloud of his generosity was ever big with gifts, full and overflowing with clients was his mansion, and thereinto there poured a stream of paupers to issue forth again rich men. His prodigal hand outdid Spain's rivers in scattering gifts of gold
so much precious metal dazzles the gaze of the miner delving in the vexed bowels of the earth), exceeding all the gold dust carried down by Tagus' water trickling from unsmelted lodes, the glittering ore that enriches Hermus' banks, the golden sand that rich Pactolus in flood deposits over the plains
of Lydia.
Could my words issue from a hundred mouths,
could Phoebus' manifold inspiration breathe through a hundred breasts, even so I could not tell of Probus' deeds, of all the people his ordered governance ruled, of the many times he rose to the highest honours, when he held the reins of broad-acred Italy, the Illyrian coast, and Africa's lands. But his sons o'ershadowed their sire and they alone deserve to be called Probus' vanquishers. No such honour befell Probus in his youth : he was never consul with his brother. You ambition, ever o'ervaulting itself, pricks not ; no anxious hopes afflict your minds or keep your hearts in long suspense. You have begun where most end : but few seniors have attained to your earliest office. You have finished your race e'er the full flower of youth has crowned your gentle cheeks or adolescence clothed your faces with its pleasant down. Do thou, my Muse, tell their ignorant poet what god it was granted such a boon to the twain.
When the warlike emperor had with the thunder bolt of his might put his enemy to flight and freed 7
(scarce
CLAUDIAN
Roma Probo cupiens dignas persolvere grates 75 sedula pro natis dominum flexura rogando
ire parat. famuli currum iunxere volantem
Impetus horribilisque Metus, qui semper agentes proelia cum fremitu Romam comitantur anhelo,
sive petat Parthos seu cuspide turbet Hydaspen. 80 hie ligat axe rotas ; hie sub iuga ferrea nectit cornipedes rigidisque docet servire lupatis.
ipsa, triumphatis qua possidet aethera regnis,
adsilit innuptae ritus imitata Minervae.
nam neque caesariem crinali stringere cultu 85 colla nec ornatu patitur mollire retorto ;
dextrum nuda latus, niveos exerta lacertos,
audacem retegit mammam, laxumque coercens mordet gemma sinum ; nodus, qui sublevat ensem, album puniceo pectus discriminat ostro. 90 miscetur decori virtus pulcherque severo
armatur terrore pudor, galeaeque minaci
flava cruentarum praetenditur umbra iubarum,
et formidito clipeus Titana lacessit
lumine . quem tota variarat Mulciber arte. 95 hie patrius Mavortis amor fetusque notantur
Romulei ; pius amnis inest et belua nutrix ;
electro Tiberis, pueri formantur in auro ;
fingunt aera lupam ; Mavors adamante coruscat.
Iam simul emissis rapido velocior Euro 100 fertur equis ; strident Zephyri cursuque rotarum saucia dividuis clarescunt nubila sulcis.
nec traxere moras, sed lapsu protinus uno,
8
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
the Alps from fear, Rome, anxious worthily to thank her Probus, hastened to beg the Emperor's favour for that hero's sons. Her slaves, Shock and horrid Fear, yoked her winged chariot ; 'tis they who ever attend Rome with loud-voiced roar, setting wars afoot, whether she battle against the Parthians or vex Hydaspes' stream with her spear. The one fastens the wheels to the hubs, the other drives the horses beneath the iron yoke and makes them obey the stubborn bit. Rome herself in the guise of the virgin goddess Minerva soars aloft on the road by
which she takes possession of the sky after triumph ing over the realms of earth. She will not have her hair bound with a comb nor her neck made effeminate with a twisted necklace. Her right side is bare ; her snowy shoulder exposed ; her brooch fastens her flowing garments but loosely and boldly shows her breast : the belt that supports her sword throws a strip of scarlet across her fair skin. She looks as good as she is fair, chaste beauty armed with awe ; her threatening helm of blood-red plumes casts a dark shadow and her shield challenges the sun in
its fearful brilliance, that shield which Vulcan forged with all the subtlety of his skill. In it are depicted the children Romulus and Remus, and their loving father Mars, Tiber's reverent stream,
and the wolf that was their nurse ; Tiber is embossed in electrum, the children in pure gold, brazen is the wolf, and Mars fashioned of flashing steel.
And now Rome, loosing both her steeds together, flies swifter than the fleet east wind ; the Zephyrs shrill and the clouds, cleft with the track of the wheels, glow in separate furrows. What matchless speed ! One pinion's stroke and they reach their
9
CLAUDIAN
quem poscunt, tetigere locum : qua fine sub imo
angustant aditum curvis anfractibus Alpes 105
claustraque congestis scopulis durissima tendunt, non alia reseranda manu, sed pervia tantum
Augusto geminisque fidem mentita tyrannis. semirutae turres avulsaque moenia fumant ;
crescunt in cumulum strages vallemque profundam aequavere iugis ; stagnant inmersa cruore 111 corpora ; turbantur permixto funere manes.
Haud procul exhausto laetus certamine victor caespite gramineo consederat arbore fultus
adclines umeros ; dominum gavisa coronat 115 terra suum, surguntque toris maioribus herbae. sudor adhuc per membra calet creberque recurrit halitus et placidi radiant in casside vultus :
qualis letifera populatus caede Gelonos
procubat horrendus Getico Gradivus in arvo ; 120 exuvias Bellona levat, Bellona tepentes
pulvere solvit equos, inmensaque cornus in hastam porrigitur tremulisque ferit splendoribus Hebrum.
Ut stetit ante ducem discussas Roma per auras, conscia ter sonuit rupes et inhorruit atrum 125 maiestate nemus. prior hie : " o numen amicum " dux ait " et legum genetrix longeque regendo circumfusa polo consors ac dicta Tonantis,
die agedum, quae causa viae ? cur deseris arces Ausonias caelumque tuum ? die, maxima rerum ! 130
1 Maximus and Eugenius. See Introduction, p. ix. 10
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
goal : it is there where in their furthermost parts the Alps narrow their approaches into tortuous valleys and extend their adamantine bars of piled-up rocks. No other hand could unlock that gate, as, to their cost, those two tyrants 1 found ; to the Emperor only they offer a way. The smoke of towers o'er- thrown and of ruined fortresses ascends to heaven.
men are piled up on a heap and bring the lowest valley equal with the hills ; corpses
welter in their blood ; the very shades are con founded with the inrush of the slain.
Close at hand the victor, Theodosius, happy that
his warfare is accomplished, sits upon the green sward, his shoulders leaning against a tree. Trium phant earth crowned her lord and flowers sprang up from prouder banks. The sweat is still warm upon his body, his breath comes panting, but calm shines his countenance beneath his helmet. Such is Mars, when with deadly slaughter he has devastated the Geloni and thereafter rests, a dread figure, in the Getic plain, while Bellona, goddess of war,
lightens him of his armour and unyokes his dust- stained coursers ; an outstretched spear, a huge cornel trunk, arms his hand and flashes its tremulous splendour over Hebrus* stream.
When Rome had ended her airy journey and now stood before her lord, thrice thundered the conscious rocks and the black wood shuddered in awe. First to speak was the hero : " Goddess and friend, mother of laws, thou whose empire is conterminous with heaven, thou that art called the consort of the Thunderer, say what hath caused thy coming : why leavest thou the towns of Italy and thy native clime ? Say, queen of the world. Were it thy
11
Slaughtered
CLAUDIAN
non ego vel Libycos cessem tolerare labores Sarmaticosve pati medio sub frigore Cauros,
si tu, Roma, velis ; pro te quascumque per oras
ibimus et nulla sub tempestate timentes
solstitio Meroen, bruma temptabimus Histrum. " 135 Tum regina refert : " non me latet, inclite rector,
quod tua pro Latio victricia castra laborant
nec quod servitium rursus Furiaeque rebelles edomitae paribus sub te cecidere triumphis.
sed precor hoc donum cum libertate recenti 140 adicias, si vera manet reverentia nostri.
sunt mihi pubentes alto de semine fratres,
pignora cara Probi, festa quos luce creatos
ipsa meo fovi gremio. cunabula parvis
ipsa dedi, cum matris onus Lucina beatum 145 solver et et magnos proferrent sidera partus.
his ego nec Decios pulchros fortesve Metellos praetulerim, non, qui Poenum domuere ferocem, Scipiadas Gallisque genus fatale Camillos.
Pieriis pollent studiis multoque redundant 150 eloquio ; nec desidiis dapibusve paratis
indulgere iuvat nec tanta licentia vitae
adripit aut mores aetas lasciva relaxat :
sed gravibus curis animum sortita senilem
ignea longaevo frenatur corde iuventus. 155 illis, quam propriam ducunt ab origine, sortem oramus praebere velis annique futurum
devoveas venientis iter. non improba posco,
non insueta dabis : domus haec de more requirit.
adnue : sic nobis Scythicus famuletur Araxes, 160 12
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
wish I would not shrink from toiling neath a
sun nor from the cold winds of a Russian midwinter. At thy behest I will traverse all lands and fearing no season of the year will hazard Meroe in summer and the Danube in winter. "
Libyan
Full well know I, far-famed ruler, that thy victorious armies toil for Italy, and that once again servitude and furious rebels have given way before thee, overthrown in one and the same battle. Yet I pray thee add to our late won liberty this further boon, if in very truth thou still reverest me. There are among my citizens two young brothers of noble lineage, the dearly loved sons of Probus, born on a festal day and reared in my own bosom.
'Twas I gave the little ones their cradles when the goddess of childbirth
Then the Queen answered :
"
freed their mother's womb from its blessed burden
and heaven brought to light her glorious offspring. To these I would not prefer the noble Decii nor the brave Metelli, no, nor the Scipios who overcame the warlike Carthaginians nor the Camilli, that family fraught with ruin for the Gauls. The Muses have endowed them with full measure of their skill ; their eloquence knows no bounds. Theirs not to wanton in sloth and banquets spread ; unbridled pleasure
tempts them not, nor can the lure of youth under mine their characters. Gaining from weighty cares an old man's mind, their fiery youth is bridled by a greybeard's wisdom. That fortune to which their birth entitles them I beg thee assure them and appoint for them the path of the coming year.
'Tis no unreasonable request and will be no unheard- of boon. Their birth demands it should be so. Grant it ; so may Scythian Araxes be our vassal
13
CLAUDIAN
sic Rhenus per utrumque latus, Medisque subactis nostra Semiramiae timeant insignia turres ;
sic fluat attonitus Romana per oppida Ganges. "
Ductor ad haec : " optata iubes ultroque volentem,
diva, rogas ; non haec precibus temptanda fuissent. usque adeone meam condunt oblivia mentem, 166 ut pigeat meminisse Probi, quo vindice totam vidimus Hesperiam fessasque resurgere gentes ?
ante dabunt hiemes Nilum, per flumina dammae errabunt glacieque niger damnabitur Indus, 170 ante Thyesteis iterum conterrita mensis
intercisa dies refugos vertetur in ortus,
quam Probus a nostro possit discedere sensu. "
Dixerat et velox iam nuntius advolat urbem. extemplo strepuere chori collesque canoris 175
plausibus impulsi septena voce resultant,
laetatur veneranda parens et pollice docto
iam parat auratas trabeas cinctusque micantes stamine, quod molli tondent de stipite Seres
frondea lanigerae carpentes vellera silvae, 180 et longum tenues tractus producit in aurum
filaque concreto cogit squalere metallo :
qualis purpureas praebebat candida vestes
numinibus Latona suis, cum sacra redirent
ad loca nutricis iam non errantia Deli, 185
illa feros saltus et desolata relinquens Maenala lassato certis venatibus arcu, Phoebus adhuc nigris rorantia tela venenis extincto Pythone gerens ; tunc insula notos
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
and Rhine's either bank ; so may the Mede be o'erthrown and the towers that Semiramis built yield to our standards, while amazed Ganges flows between Roman cities. "
To this the king : " Goddess, thou biddest me do what I would fain do and askest a boon that I wish to grant : thy entreaties were not needed for this. Does forgetfulness so wholly cloud my mind that I will not remember Probus, beneath whose leadership I have seen all Italy and her war-weary peoples come again to prosperity ? Winter shall cause Nile's rising, hinds shall make rivers their element, dark- flowing Indus shall be ice-bound, terror-stricken once again by the banquet of Thyestes the sun
shall stay his course and fly for refuge back into the east, all this ere Probus can fade from my memory. " He spake, and now the speedy messenger hies him to Rome. Straightway the choirs chant and the
seven hills re-echo their tuneful applause. Joy is in the heart of that aged mother whose skilled fingers
now make ready gold-embroidered vestment and garments agleam with the thread which the Seres comb out from their delicate plants, gathering the leafy fleece of the wool-bearing trees. These long threads she draws out to an equal length with the threads of gold and by intertwining them makes
one golden cord ; as fair Latona gave scarlet gar ments to her divine offspring when they returned to the now firm-fixed shrine of Delos their foster- island, Diana leaving the forest glades and bleak Maenalus, her unerring bow wearied with much hunting, and Phoebus bearing the sword still drip ping with black venom from the slaughtered Python. Then their dear island laved the feet of its acknow
15
CLAUDIAN
lambit amica pedes ridetque Aegaeus alumnis 190 lenior et blando testatur gaudia fluctu.
Sic Proba praecipuo natos exornat amictu : quae decorat mundum, cuius Romana potestas fetibus augetur. credas ex aethere lapsam
stare Pudicitiam vel sacro ture vocatam 195 Iunonem Inachiis oculos advertere templis.
talem nulla refert antiquis pagina libris
nec Latiae cecinere tubae nec Graeca vetustas. coniuge digna Probo ; nam tantum coetibus extat femineis, quantum supereminet ille maritos. 200
ceu sibi certantes, sexus quid possit uterque, hunc legere torum. taceat Nereida nuptam Pelion. o duplici fecundam consule matrem felicemque uterum, qui nomina parturit annis !
Ut sceptrum gessere manu membrisque rigentes aptavere togas, signum dat summus hiulca 206 nube Pater gratamque facem per inane rotantes prospera vibrati tonuerunt omina nimbi.
accepit sonitus curvis Tiberinus in antris
ima valle sedens. adrectis auribus haesit, 210 unde repentinus populi fragor. ilicet herbis pallentes thalamos et structa cubilia musco
deserit ac Nymphis urnam commendat erilem.
illi glauca nitent hirsuto lumina vultu
caeruleis infecta notis, reddentia patrem 215 Oceanum ; crispo densantur gramine colla ;
vertice luxuriat toto crinalis harundo,
1 Anicia Faltonia Proba. She was still alive in 410 and according to Procopius (Bell. Vand. i. 2) opened the gates of Rome to Alaric.
16
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
ledged deities, the Aegean smiled more gently on its nurslings, the Aegean whose soft ripples bore witness to its joy.
So Proba1 adorns her children with vestment rare, Proba, the world's glory, by whose increase the power of Rome, too, is increased. You would have thought her Modesty's self fallen from heaven or Juno, summoned by sacred incense, turning her eyes on the shrines of Hellas. No page in ancient
tells of such a mother, no Latin Muse nor old Grecian tale. Worthy is she of Probus for a husband, for he surpassed all husbands as she all wives. 'Twas as though in rivalry either sex had done its uttermost and so brought about this mar
story
Let Pelion vaunt no more that Nereid bride. 2 Happy thou that art the mother of consuls twain, blessed thy womb whose offspring have given the year their name for its own.
So soon as their hands held the sceptres and the jewel-studded togas had enfolded their limbs the almighty Sire vouchsafes a sign with riven cloud
and the shaken heavens, projecting a welcoming flash through the void, thundered with prosperous omen. Father Tiber, seated in that low valley, heard the sound in his labyrinthine cave. He stays with ears pricked up wondering whence this sudden popular clamour comes. Straightway he leaves his couch of green leaves, his mossy bed, and entrusts his urn to his attendant nymphs. Grey eyes necked with blue shine out from his shaggy countenance, recalling his father Oceanus ; thick curled grasses cover his neck and lush sedge crowns his head.
a Thetis, daughter of Nereus, was married to Achilles on Mount Pelion in Thessaly.
vol. i c 17
riage.
CLAUDIAN
quam neque fas Zephyris frangi nec sole perustam aestivo candore mori ; sed vivida frondet
aequaevum complexa caput. taurina levantur 220 cornua temporibus raucos sudantia rivos ;
distillant per pectus aquae ; frons hispida manat imbribus ; in liquidos fontes se barba repectit.
palla graves umeros velat, quam neverat uxor
Ilia percurrens vitreas sub gurgite telas. 225
Est in Romuleo procumbens insula Thybri qua medius geminas interfluit alveus urbes discretas subeunte freto, pariterque minantes ardua turrigerae surgunt in culmina ripae.
hic stetit et subitum prospexit ab aggere votum: 230 unanimos 1 fratres iuncto stipante senatu
ire forum strictasque procul radiare secures atque uno biiuges toUi de limine fasces, obstupuit visu suspensaque gaudia vocem
tenuere diu ; mox incohat ore : 235 " Respice, si tales iactas aluisse fluentis,
Eurota Spartane, tuis. quid protulit aequum
falsus olor, valido quamvis decernere caestu
noverit et ratibus saevas arcere procellas ?
en nova Ledaeis suboles fulgentior astris, 240 ecce mei cives, quorum iam Signifer optat
adventum stellisque parat convexa futuris.
iam per noctivagos dominetur Olybrius axes
pro Polluce rubens, pro Castore flamma Probini.
1 Birt, following mss. , unanimes; Koch unanimos
1 Jupiter, who courted Leda in the form of a swan, becoming by her the father of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux. These latter two were the patrons of the ring— hence "decernere" caestu" 238); and of sailors —hence "arcere procellas 239).
18
oppressam
(1.
(1.
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
This the Zephyrs may not break nor the summer sun scorch to withering ; it lives and burgeons around those brows immortal as itself. From his temples sprout horns like those of a bull ; from these pour babbling streamlets ; water drips upon his breast, showers pour down his hair-crowned forehead, flowing rivers from his parted beard. There clothes his massy shoulders a cloak woven by his wife Ilia, who threaded the crystalline loom beneath the flood.
There lies in Roman Tiber's stream an island where the central flood washes as 'twere two cities
parted by the sundering waters : with equal threaten ing height the tower-clad banks rise in lofty build
Here stood Tiber and from this eminence beheld his prayer of a sudden fulfilled, saw the twin-souled brothers enter the Forum amid the
ings.
press of thronging senators, the bared axes gleam afar and both sets of fasces brought forth from one threshold. He stood amazed at the sight and for a long time incredulous joy held his voice in check. Yet soon he thus began :
" Behold, Eurotas, river of Sparta, boastest thou that thy streams have ever nurtured such as these ? Did that false swan1 beget a child to rival them, though 'tis true his sons could fight with the heavy glove and save ships from cruel tempests ? Behold new offspring outshining the stars to which Leda
gave birth, men of my city for whose coming the Zodiac is now awatch, making ready his hollow tract of sky for a constellation that is to be. Hence forth let Olybrius rule the nightly sky, shedding his ruddy light where Pollux once shone, and where glinted Castor's fires there let glitter Probinus'
19
CLAUDIAN
ipsi vela regent, ipsis donantibus auras 245 navita tranquillo moderabitur aequore pinum.
nunc pateras libare deis, nunc solvere multo
nectare corda libet. niveos iam pandite coetus, Naides, et totum violis praetexite fontem ;
mella ferant silvae ; iam profluat ebrius amnis 250 mutatis in vina vadis ; iam sponte per agros
sudent inriguae spirantia balsama venae !
currat, qui sociae roget in convivia mensae
indigenas Fluvios, Italis quicumque suberrant montibus Alpinasque bibunt de more pruinas : 255 Vulturnusque rapax et Nar vitiatus odoro
sulphure tardatusque suis erroribus Ufens
et Phaethonteae perpessus damna ruinae
Eridanus flavaeque terens querceta Maricae
Liris et Oebaliae qui temperat arva Galaesus. 260 semper honoratus nostris celebrabitur undis
iste dies, semper dapibus recoletur opimis. "
Sic ait et Nymphae patris praecepta secutae
tecta parant epulis ostroque infecta corusco
umida gemmiferis inluxit regia mensis. 265
O bene signatum fraterno nomine tempus ! o consanguineis felix auctoribus annus,
incipe quadrifidum Phoebi torquere laborem.
prima tibi procedat hiems non frigore torpens,
non canas vestita nives, non aspera ventis, 270 sed tepido calefacta Noto ; ver inde serenum protinus et liquidi clementior aura Favoni
pratis te croceis pingat ; te messibus aestas
20
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
flame. These shall direct men's sails and vouchsafe those breezes whereby the sailor shall guide his bark o'er the calm ocean. Let us now pour libation to the new gods and ease our hearts with copious draughts of nectar. Naiads, now spread your snowy bands, wreath every brow with violets . Let the woods bring forth honey and the drunken river roll, its waters changed to wine ; let the watering streams that vein the fields give off the scent of balsam spice. Let one run and invite to the feast and banquet- board all the rivers of our land, even all that wander beneath the mountains of Italy and drink as their portion the Alpine snows, swift Vulturnus and Nar infected with ill-smelling sulphur, Ufens whose
his course and Eridanus into whose waters Phaethon fell headlong ; Liris who laves Marica's golden oak groves and Galaesus
who tempers the fields of Sparta's colony Tarentum. This day shall always be held in honour and observed by our rivers and its anniversary ever celebrated with rich feastings. "
So spake he, and the Nymphs, obeying their sire's behest, made ready the rooms for the banquet, and
the watery palace, ablaze with gleaming purple, shone with jewelled tables.
O happy months to bear these brothers' name ! O year blessed to own such a pair as overlords, begin thou to turn the laborious wheel of Phoebus' four
fold circle. First let thy winter pursue its course, sans numbing cold, not clothed in white snow nor torn by rough blasts, but warmed with the south wind's breath : next, be thy spring calm from the outset and let the limpid west wind's gentler breeze flood thy meads with yellow flowers.
21
meanderings delay
CLAUDIAN
induat autumnusque madentibus ambiat uvis.
omni nobilior lustro, tibi gloria soli 275 contigit exactum numquam memorata per aevum, germanos habuisse duces ; te cuncta loquetur
tellus ; te variis scribent in floribus Horae
longaque perpetui ducent in saecula fasti.
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
May summer crown thee with harvest and autumn store thee with luscious grapes. An honour that no age has ever yet known, a privilege never yet heard of in times gone by, this has been thine and thine alone — to have had brothers as thy consuls. The whole world shall tell of thee, the Hours shall
inscribe thy name in various flowers, and age-long annals hand thy fame down through the long centuries.
23
IN RUFINUM LIBER PRIMUS
INCIPIT PRAEFATIO
(II)
Phoebeo domitus Python cum decidit arcu membraque Cirrhaeo fudit anhela iugo,
qui spiris tegeret montes, hauriret hiatu flumina, sanguineis tangeret astra iubis :
iam liber Parnasus erat nexuque soluto 5 coeperat erecta surgere fronde nemus
diu spatiosis tractibus orni securas ventis explicuere comas
concussaeque
et qui vipereo spumavit saepe veneno
Cephisos nitidis purior ibat aquis. 10
omnis " io Paean " regio sonat ; omnia Phoebum rura canunt ; tripodas plenior aura rotat,
auditoque procul Musarum carmine dulci ad Themidis coeunt antra severa dei.
Nunc alio domini telis Pythone perempto 15 convenit ad nostram sacra caterva lyram,
qui stabilem servans Augustis fratribus orbem iustitia pacem, viribus arma regit.
24
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS PREFACE
(II)
When Python had fallen, laid low by the arrow of Phoebus, his dying limbs outspread o'er Cirrha's heights —Python, whose coils covered whole moun tains, whose maw swallowed rivers and whose
crest touched the stars — then Parnassus was free and the woods, their serpent fetters shaken off, began to grow tall with lofty trees. The moun tain - ashes, long shaken by the dragon's sinuous coils, spread their leaves securely to the breeze, and Cephisus, who had so often foamed with his poisonous venom, now flowed a purer stream with limpid wave. The whole country echoed with the cry,
bloody
" hail, Healer "
fuller wind shakes the tripod, and the gods, hearing the Muses' sweet song from afar off, gather in the
: land every
Phoebus' A praise.
sang
dread caverns of Themis.
A blessed band comes together to hear my song,
now that a second Python has been slain by the weapons of that master of ours who made the rule
of the brother Emperors hold the world
steady, observing justice in peace and showing vigour
in war.
25
LIBER I
(III)
Saepe mihi dubiam traxit sententia mentem curarent superi terras an nullus inesset
rector et incerto fluerent mortalia casu.
nam cum dispositi quaesissem foedera mundi praescriptosque mari fines annisque meatus 5 et lucis noctisque vices : tunc omnia rebar
consilio firmata dei, qui lege moveri
sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,
qui variam Phoeben alieno iusserit igni
compleri Solemque suo, porrexerit undis 10 litora, tellurem medio libraverit axe.
sed cum res hominum tanta caligine volvi
adspicerem laetosque diu florere nocentes
vexarique pios, rursus labefacta cadebat
relligio causaeque viam non sponte sequebar 16 alterius, vacuo quae currere semina motu
adfirmat magnumque novas per inane figuras
fortuna non arte regi, quae numina sensu
ambiguo vel nulla putat vel nescia nostri.
26
Epicureanism.
BOOK I
(III)
My mind has often wavered between two opinions : have the gods a care for the world or is there no ruler therein and do mortal things drift as dubious chance dictates ? For when I investigated the laws and the ordinances of heaven and observed the sea's appointed limits, the year's fixed cycle and the alternation of light and darkness, then methought everything was ordained according to the direction of a God who had bidden the stars move by fixed laws, plants grow at different seasons, the changing moon fulfil her circle with borrowed light and the sun shine by his own, who spread the shore before the waves and balanced the world in the centre of the firmament. But when I saw the impenetrable mist which surrounds human affairs, the wicked happy and long prosperous and the good discom forted, then in turn my belief in God was weakened and failed, and even against mine own will I embraced the tenets of that other philosophy 1 which teaches that atoms drift in purposeless motion and that new forms throughout the vast void are shaped by chance and not design—that philosophy which believes in
God in an ambiguous sense, or holds that there be no gods, or that they are careless of our doings. At
27
CLAUDIAN
abstulit hunc tandem Rufini poena tumultum 20 absolvitque deos. iara non ad culmina rerum iniustos crevisse queror ; tolluntur in altum,
ut lapsu graviore ruant. vos pandite vati,
Pierides, quo tanta lues eruperit ortu.
Invidiae quondam stimulis incanduit atrox 25
Allecto, placidas late cum cerneret urbes.
protinus infernas ad limina taetra sorores
concilium deforme vocat. glomerantur in unum innumerae pestes Erebi, quascumque sinistro
Nox genuit fetu : nutrix Discordia belli, 30 imperiosa Fames, leto vicina Senectus
impatiensque sui Morbus Livorque secundis
anxius et scisso maerens velamine Luctus
et Timor et caeco praeceps Audacia vultu
et Luxus populator opum, quem semper adhaerens 35 infelix humili gressu comitatur Egestas,
foedaque Avaritiae complexae pectora matris insomnes longo veniunt examine Curae. complentur vario ferrata sedilia coetu
torvaque collectis stipatur curia monstris. 40 Allecto stetit in mediis vulgusque tacere
iussit et obstantes in tergum reppulit angues perque umeros errare dedit. tum corde sub imo inclusam rabidis patefecit vocibus iram :
" Sicine tranquillo produci saecula cursu, 45 sic fortunatas patiemur vivere gentes ?
quae nova corrupit nostros dementia mores ?
quo rabies innata perit ? quid inania prosunt
verbera ? quid facibus nequiquam cingimur atris ? 28
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
last Rufinus' fate has dispelled this uncertainty and freed the gods from this imputation. No longer can I complain that the unrighteous man reaches the highest pinnacle of success. He is raised aloft that he may be hurled down in more headlong
ruin. Muses, unfold to your poet whence sprang this grievous pest.
Dire Allecto once kindled with jealous wrath on
seeing widespread peace among the cities of men. Straightway she summons the hideous council of the nether-world sisters to her foul palace gates. Hell's numberless monsters are gathered together, Night's children of ill-omened birth . Discord, mother of war, imperious Hunger, Age, near neighbour to Death ; Disease, whose life is a burden to himself ; Envy that brooks not another's prosperity, woeful Sorrow with rent garments ; Fear and foolhardy Rashness with sightless eyes ; Luxury, destroyer of wealth, to whose side ever clings unhappy Want with humble tread, and the long company of sleep less Cares, hanging round the foul neck of their mother Avarice. The iron seats are filled with all this rout and the grim chamber is thronged with the monstrous crowd. Allecto stood in their midst and called for silence, thrusting behind her back the snaky hair that swept her face and letting it play over her shoulders. Then with mad utterance
she unlocked the anger deep hidden in her heart.
" Shall we allow the centuries to roll on in this even tenour, and man to live thus blessed ? What novel kindliness has corrupted our characters ? Where is our inbred fury ? Of what use the lash with none to* suffer beneath it ? Why this purposeless girdle of smoky torches ? Sluggards, ye,
29
CLAUDIAN
heu nimis ignavae, quas Iuppiter arcet Olympo, 50 Theodosius terris. en aurea nascitur aetas,
en proles antiqua redit. Concordia, Virtus
cumque Fide Pietas alta cervice vagantur insignemque canunt nostra de plebe triumphum.
pro dolor ! ipsa mihi liquidas delapsa per auras 55 Iustitia insultat vitiisque a stirpe recisis
elicit oppressas tenebroso carcere leges.
at nos indecores longo torpebimus aevo
omnibus eiectae regnis ! agnoscite tandem
quid Furias deceat ; consuetas sumite vires 60 conventuque nefas tanto decernite dignum.
iam cupio Stygiis invadere nubibus astra, iam flatu violare diem, laxare profundo frena mari, fluvios ruptis inmittere ripis
et rerum vexare fidem. "
Sic fata cruentum 65 mugiit et totos serpentum erexit hiatus
noxiaque effudit concusso crine venena.
anceps motus erat vulgi. pars maxima bellum indicit superis, pars Ditis iura veretur,
dissensuque alitur rumor : ceu murmurat alti 70 impacata quies pelagi, cum flamine fracto
durat adhuc saevitque tumor dubiumque per aestum lassa recedentis fluitant vestigia venti.
Improba mox surgit tristi de sede Megaera,
quam penes insani fremitus animique profanus 75 error et undantes spumis furialibus irae :
non nisi quaesitum cognata caede cruorem inlicitumve bibit, patrius quem fuderit ensis,
30
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
whom Jove has excluded from heaven, Theodosius from earth. Lo ! a golden age begins ; lo ! the old breed of men returns. Peace and Godliness,
Love and Honour hold high their heads throughout the world and sing a proud song of triumph over our conquered folk. Justice herself (oh the pity of
it down - gliding through the limpid air, exults over me and, now that crime has been cut down to the roots, frees law from the dark prison wherein she lay oppressed. Shall we, expelled from every land, lie this long age in shameful torpor Ere it be too late recognize a Fury's duty resume your wonted strength and decree crime worthy of this
Fain would shroud the stars in Stygian darkness, smirch the light of day with our breath, unbridle the ocean deeps, hurl rivers against their shattered banks, and break the bonds of the
universe. "
So spake she with cruel roar and uproused every
gaping serpent mouth as she shook her snaky locks and scattered their baneful poison. Of two minds was the band of her sisters. The greater number was for declaring war upon heaven, yet some respected still the ordinances of Dis and the uproar grew by reason of their dissension, even as the sea's calm not at once restored, but the deep still thunders when, for all the wind be dropped, the swelling tide yet flows, and the last weary winds of the departing storm play o'er the tossing waves.
Thereupon cruel Megaera rose from her funereal seat, mistress she of madness' howlings and impious ill and wrath bathed in fury's foam. No blood her
drink but that flowing from kindred slaughter and forbidden crime, shed by a father's, by a brother's
31
august assembly.
is
Ia
:
?
! ),
CLAUDIAN
quem dederint fratres ; haec terruit Herculis ora
et defensores terrarum polluit arcus, 80 haec Athamanteae direxit spicula dextrae,
haec Agamemnonios inter bacchata penates
alternis lusit iugulis ; hac auspice taedae
Oedipoden matri, natae iunxere Thyesten.
quae tunc horrisonis effatur talia dictis : 85
" Signa quidem, sociae, divos attollere contra
nec fas est nec posse reor ; sed laedere mundum
si libet et populis commune intendere letum.
est mihi prodigium cunctis inmanius hydris,
tigride mobilius feta, violentius Austris 90 acribus, Euripi fulvis incertius undis
Rufinus, quem prima meo de matre cadentem
suscepi gremio. parvus reptavit in isto
saepe sinu teneroque per ardua colla volutus
ubera quaesivit fletu linguisque trisulcis 93 mollia lambentes finxerunt membra cerastae ;
meque etiam tradente dolos artesque nocendi
edidicit : simulare fidem sensusque minaces protegere et blando fraudem praetexere risu,
plenus saevitiae lucrique cupidine fervens. 100 non Tartesiacis illum satiaret harenis
tempestas pretiosa Tagi, non stagna rubentis
aurea Pactoli ; totumque exhauserit Hermum, ardebit maiore siti. quam fallere mentes
doctus et unanimos odiis turbare sodales ! 105 talem progenies hominum si prisca tulisset, Perithoum fugeret Theseus, offensus Orestem desereret Pylades, odisset Castora Pollux.
ipsa quidem fateor vinci rapidoque magistram
1 Athamas, king of Orchomenus, murdered his son Learchus in a fit of madness.
32
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
sword. 'Twas she made e'en Hercules afraid and
shame upon that bow that had freed the world of monsters ; she aimed the arrow in Athamas' 1 hand : she took her pleasure in murder after murder, a mad fury in Agamemnon's palace ; beneath her auspices wedlock mated Oedipus with his mother and Thyestes with his daughter. Thus then she speaks with dread-sounding words :
brought
" To raise our standards against the gods, my sisters, is neither right nor, methinks, possible ; but hurt the world we may, if such our wish, and bring an universal destruction upon its inhabitants. I have a monster more savage than the hydra brood, swifter than the mother tigress, fiercer than the south wind's blast, more treacherous than Euripus' yellow flood—Rufinus. I was the first to gather him, a new-born babe, to my bosom. Often did the child nestle in mine embrace and seek breast, his arms thrown about my neck in a flood of infant tears. My snakes shaped his soft limbs licking them with their three-forked tongues. I taught him guile whereby he learnt the arts of injury and deceit, how to conceal the intended
menace and cover his treachery with a smile, full- filled with savagery and hot with lust of gain. Him nor the sands of rich Tagus' flood by Tartessus' town could satisfy nor the golden waters of ruddy
id
Pactolus ; should he drink all Hermus' stream he would parch with the greedier thirst. How skilled
Had that old generation of men produced such an one as he, Theseus had fled Pirithous, Pylades deserted
to deceive and wreck friendships with hate !
Orestes in wrath, Pollux hated Castor. I confess myself his inferior : his quick genius has outstripped
vol.
33
my
CLAUDIAN
praevenit ingenio ; nec plus sermone morabor : 110 solus habet scelerum quidquid possedimus omnes. hunc ego, si vestrae res est accommoda turbae, regalem ad summi producam principis aulam.
sit licet ipse Numa gravior, sit denique Minos,
cedet et insidiis nostri flectetur alumni. " 115
Orantem sequitur clamor cunctaeque profanas porrexere manus inventaque tristia laudant.
illa ubi caeruleo vestes conexuit angue
nodavitque adamante comas, Phlegethonta sonorum poscit et ambusto flagrantis ab aggere ripae 120 ingentem piceo succendit gurgite pinum
pigraque veloces per Tartara concutit alas. Est locus extremum pandit qua Gallia litus
Oceani praetentus aquis, ubi fertur Ulixes
sanguine libato populum movisse silentem. 125 illic umbrarum tenui stridore volantum
flebilis auditur questus ; simulacra coloni
pallida defunctasque vident migrare figuras.
hinc dea prosiluit Phoebique egressa serenos
infecit radios ululatuque aethera rupit 130 terrifico : sentit ferale Britannia murmur
et Senonum quatit arva fragor revolutaque Tethys substitit et Rhenus proiecta torpuit urna.
tunc in canitiem mutatis sponte colubris
longaevum mentita senem rugisque seueras 135
persulcata genas et ficto languida passu invadit muros Elusae, notissima dudum
1 Their territory lay some sixty miles S. E. of Paris. Its chief town was Agedincum (mod. Sens).
1876-79).
In 1892 Birt published what must be considered
as the standard edition of Claudian —-vol. x. in the Monumenta Germaniae historica series. Birt was the first to put the text of Claudian on a firm footing, and it is his edition that I have followed, appending critical notes only where I differ from him. 1
The latest edition of Claudian is that of Koch (Teubner, Leipzig, 1893). Koch was long associated with Birt in his researches into textual questions connected with Claudian, and his text is substantially the same as that of Birt.
1 I should like if possible to anticipate criticism by frankly stating that the text of this edition makes no claims to being based on scientific principles. I have followed Birt not because I think him invariably right but because his is at present the standard text. Where I differ from him (and this is but in a few places) I do so not because I prefer the authority of another ms. or because I am convinced of the Tightness of a conjecture, but because Birt's conservatism commits him (in my opinion) to untranslatable readings, in which cases my choice of a variant is arbitrary. Of the principle of difficilior lectio I pragmatically take no account.
xxiii
INTRODUCTION
So far as I know, there is no English prose transla tion of Claudian already in the field, though various of his poems, notably the " De raptu," have found many verse translators, and in 1817 his complete works were put into English verse by A. Hawkins. An Italian version was published by Domenico Grillo in Venice
in 1716, a German one by Wedekind in Darmstadt in 1868, and there exist two French prose transla
tions, one by MM. Delatour and Geruzez Nisard, Paris, 1850) and one by M. Heguin de Guerle (Gamier freres, Collection Panckoucke, Paris,
1865).
Of Claudiana may be mentioned Vogt, De Clau-
J. H. E. Crees' Claudian as an Historical Authority (Cambridge His torical Essays, No. 17, 1908) ; Professor Postgate's
Panegirici di Claudiano (1909) ;
article on the editions of Birt and Koch in the Class. Rev. (vol. ix. pp. 162 et sqq. ), and the same scholar's Emendations in the Class. Quarterly of 1910 (pp. 257 et sqq. ). Reference may also be made to Pro fessor Bury's appendix to vol. iii. of his edition of Gibbon (1897, under " Claudian ") and to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xxx. The En comiums of Claudius Claudianus. Vollmer's article in Pauly-Wissowa's Lexicon is a mine of information, but for completeness Birt's introduction (over 200 pp. long) stands alone.
The curious may find an interesting light thrown xxiv
(ed.
diani carminum quae Stilickonem praedicant jide kistorica (1863) ; Ney, Vindictae Claudianeae (1865) ; T. Hodgkin's Claudian, the last of the Roman Poets (1875) ; E. Arens' Quaestiones Claudianae (1894) ; two studies by A. Parravicini, (1) Studio di retorica sulle opere di Claudio Claudiano (1905), and (2) /
INTRODUCTION
on Claudian and his circle by Sudermann's play, Die Lobgesange des Claudian (Berlin, 1914).
All Claudian 's genuine works are translated in the present volumes with the exception of the two-line fragment " De Lanario " (Birt, c. m. c. Hi [lxxxviii. )j.
The appendix " vel spuria vel suspecta continens has been rejected both by Birt and Koch, and I have in this followed their example. The eight Greek poems attributed to Claudian are at least of doubtful authenticity, though Birt certainly makes out a good case for the " Gigantomachia " (a fragment of 77 lines). The remainder consists of short epi
two on the well-worn theme of the water enclosed in the crystal and two Christian ones.
These last are almost certainly not the work of Claudius Claudianus but of Claudianus Mamertus,
grams,
of Vienne circ. 474 a. d. We know from Sidonius (Ep. iv. 3. 8) that this Claudian was a writer of sacred poetry both in Greek and Latin —indeed the famous " Pange lingua " is attributed to him.
A word should perhaps be said as to the numbering
of the poems.
It is much to be regretted that Birt did not cut
adrift from Gesner's system, or at least that he only did so in the " Carmina minora. " The resultant discrepancy in his (and Koch's) edition between the order of the poems and their numbering is un doubtedly a nuisance, but I have not felt justified,
in so slight a work as the present one, in departing from the now traditional arrangement.
xxv
presbyter
INTRODUCTION
I wish, in conclusion, to express my thanks to my colleagues, Mr. R. L. A. Du Pontet and Mr. E. H. Blakeney : to the first for valuable suggestions on several obscure points, and to the second for help in reading the proofs.
MAURICE PLATNAUER. Winchester, September 1921.
xxvi
VOL. I B
CLAUDIAN
CLAUDII CLAUDIANI CARMINA
PANEGYRICUS DICTUS PROBINO ET OLYBRIO CONSULIBUS
I
Sol, qui flammigeris mundum complexus habenis volvis inexhausto redeuntia saecula motu,
sparge diem meliore coma crinemque repexi
blandius elato surgant temone iugales
efflantes roseum frenis spumantibus ignem. 5 iam nova germanis vestigia torqueat annus consulibus, laetique petant exordia menses.
Scis genus Auchenium, nec te latuere potentes Anniadae ; nam saepe soles ductoribus illis instaurare vias et cursibus addere nomen. 10 his neque per dubium pendet Fortuna favorem
nec novit mutare vices, sed fixus in omnes
cognatos procedit honos. quemcumque require hac de stirpe virum : certum est de consule nasci.
1 Probinus and Olybrius, the consuls for 395 (they were brothers), both belonged to the Anician gens, of which Auchenius became an alternative gentile name, Anicius becoming, in these cases, the praenomen. Many members of this family had been, and were to be, consuls : e. g. Anicius Auchenius Bassus in a. d. 408. The Annian gens was
2
THE POEMS OF CLAUDIAN
PANEGYRIC ON THE CONSULS PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
I
Sun, that encirclest the world with reins of flame and rollest in ceaseless motion the revolving centuries, scatter thy light with kindlier beams and let thy coursers, their manes combed and they breathing forth a rosy flame from their foaming bits, climb the heavens more jocund in their loftier drawn chariot. Now let the year bend its new steps for the consul brothers and the glad months take their beginning.
Thou wottest of the Auchenian1 race nor are the powerful Anniadae unknown to thee, for thou oft hast started thy yearly journey with them as consuls
and hast given their name to thy revolution. For them Fortune neither hangs on uncertain favour nor changes, but honours, firmly fixed, pass to all their kin. Select what man thou wilt from their family, 'tis certain he is a consul's son. Their ancestors are
related by intermarriage to the Anician : e. g. Annius Bassus
who married the daughter of Annius Anicius lulianus (cos. 322).
3
(cos. 331)
CLAUDIAN
per fasces numerantur avi semperque renata 15 nobilitate virent, et prolem fata sequuntur
continuum simili servantia lege tenorem.
nec quisquam procerum temptat, licet aere vetusto floreat et claro cingatur Roma senatu,
se iactare parem ; sed, prima sede relicta 20 Aucheniis, de iure licet certare secundo :
haud secus ac tacitam Luna regnante per Arcton sidereae cedunt acies, cum fratre retuso
aemulus adversis flagraverit ignibus orbis ;
tunc iubar Arcturi languet, tunc fulva Leonis 25 ira perit, Plaustro iam rara intermicat Arctos indignata tegi, iam caligantibus armis
debilis Orion dextram miratur inertem.
Quem prius adgrediar ? veteris quis facta Probini nesciat aut nimias laudes ignoret Olybri ? 30
Vivit adhuc completque vagis sermonibus aures gloria fusa Probi, quam non ventura silebunt
lustra nec ignota rapiet sub nube vetustas.
illum fama vehit trans aequora transque remotas Tethyos ambages Atlanteosque recessus. 35 audiit et gelido si quem Maeotia pascit
sub love vel calido si quis coniunctus in axe nascentem te, Nile, bibit. virtutibus ille
Fortunam domuit numquamque levantibus alte intumuit rebus ; sed mens circumflua luxu 40 noverat intactum vitio servare rigorftn.
hie non divitias nigrantibus abdidit antris
nec tenebris damnavit opes ; sed largior imbre sueverat innumeras hominum ditare catervas.
1 Probus was born about 332 and dicd about 390. He was (among many other things) proconsul of Africa and praefectus of Illyricum.
4
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
counted by the fasces (for each has held them), the same recurring honours crown them, and a like destiny awaits their children in unbroken succession. No noble, though he boast of the brazen statues of his ancestors, though Rome be thronged with senators, no noble, I say, dare boast himself their equal. Give the first place to the Auchenii and let who will contest the second. It is as when the moon queens it in the calm northern sky and her orb gleams with brightness equal to that of her brother whose light she reflects ; for then the starry hosts give place, Arcturus' beam grows dim and tawny Leo loses his angry glint, far-spaced shine the Bear's stars in the Wain, wroth at their eclipse, Orion's shafts grow dark as he looks in feeble amaze at his strengthless arm.
Which shall I speak of first ? Who has not heard of the deeds of Probinus of ancient lineage, who knows not the endless praise of Olybrius ?
The far-flung fame of Probus1 and his sire lives yet and fills all ears with widespread discourse : the years to come shall not silence it nor time o'ercloud or put an end to it. His great name carries him beyond the seas, beyond Ocean's distant windings and Atlas' mountain caverns. If any live beneath the frozen sky by Maeotis' banks, or any, near neighbours of the torrid zone, drink Nile's stripling stream, they, too, have heard. Fortune yielded to his virtues, but never was he puffed up with success that engenders pride. Though his life was sur rounded with luxury he knew how to preserve his
He did not hide his wealth in dark cellars nor condemn his riches to
the nether gloom, but in showers more abundant than rain would ever enrich countless numbers of 5
uprightness uncorrupted.
CLAUDIAN
quippe velut denso currentia munera nimbo 45 cernere semper erat, populis undare penates, adsiduos intrare inopes, remeare beatos.
praeceps illa manus fluvios superabat Hiberos
aurea dona vomens (sic vix 1 tellure revulsa
sollicitis fodiens miratur collibus aurum), 50 quantum stagna Tagi rudibus stillantia venis effluxere decus, quanto pretiosa metalli
Hermi ripa micat, quantas per Lydia culta
despumat rutilas dives Pactolus harenas.
Non, mihi centenis pateant si vocibus ora 55
multifidusque ruat centum per pectora Phoebus,
acta Probi narrare queam, quot in ordine gentes rexerit, ad summi quotiens fastigia iuris
venerit, Italiae late cum frena teneret
Illyricosque sinus et quos arat Africa campos. 60 sed nati vicere patrem solique merentur
victores audire Probi. non contigit illi
talis honor, prima cum parte viresceret aevi,
nec consul cum fratre fuit. vos nulla fatigat
cura diu maiora petens, non anxia mentem 65 spes agit et longo tendit praecordia voto :
coepistis quo finis erat. primordia vestra
vix pauci meruere senes, metasque tenetis
ante genas dulces quam flos iuvenilis inumbret oraque ridenti lanugine vestiat aetas. 70 tu, precor, ignarum doceas, Parnasia, vatem,
quis deus ambobus tanti sit muneris auctor.
Postquam fulmineis impellens viribus hostem
belliger Augustus trepidas laxaverat Alpes,
1 mss. si quis ; Birt suggests sic vix ; possibly ecquis should be read. Postgate (C. Q. iv. p. 258) quae vix . . . miretur . . . Astur
6
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
men. The thick cloud of his generosity was ever big with gifts, full and overflowing with clients was his mansion, and thereinto there poured a stream of paupers to issue forth again rich men. His prodigal hand outdid Spain's rivers in scattering gifts of gold
so much precious metal dazzles the gaze of the miner delving in the vexed bowels of the earth), exceeding all the gold dust carried down by Tagus' water trickling from unsmelted lodes, the glittering ore that enriches Hermus' banks, the golden sand that rich Pactolus in flood deposits over the plains
of Lydia.
Could my words issue from a hundred mouths,
could Phoebus' manifold inspiration breathe through a hundred breasts, even so I could not tell of Probus' deeds, of all the people his ordered governance ruled, of the many times he rose to the highest honours, when he held the reins of broad-acred Italy, the Illyrian coast, and Africa's lands. But his sons o'ershadowed their sire and they alone deserve to be called Probus' vanquishers. No such honour befell Probus in his youth : he was never consul with his brother. You ambition, ever o'ervaulting itself, pricks not ; no anxious hopes afflict your minds or keep your hearts in long suspense. You have begun where most end : but few seniors have attained to your earliest office. You have finished your race e'er the full flower of youth has crowned your gentle cheeks or adolescence clothed your faces with its pleasant down. Do thou, my Muse, tell their ignorant poet what god it was granted such a boon to the twain.
When the warlike emperor had with the thunder bolt of his might put his enemy to flight and freed 7
(scarce
CLAUDIAN
Roma Probo cupiens dignas persolvere grates 75 sedula pro natis dominum flexura rogando
ire parat. famuli currum iunxere volantem
Impetus horribilisque Metus, qui semper agentes proelia cum fremitu Romam comitantur anhelo,
sive petat Parthos seu cuspide turbet Hydaspen. 80 hie ligat axe rotas ; hie sub iuga ferrea nectit cornipedes rigidisque docet servire lupatis.
ipsa, triumphatis qua possidet aethera regnis,
adsilit innuptae ritus imitata Minervae.
nam neque caesariem crinali stringere cultu 85 colla nec ornatu patitur mollire retorto ;
dextrum nuda latus, niveos exerta lacertos,
audacem retegit mammam, laxumque coercens mordet gemma sinum ; nodus, qui sublevat ensem, album puniceo pectus discriminat ostro. 90 miscetur decori virtus pulcherque severo
armatur terrore pudor, galeaeque minaci
flava cruentarum praetenditur umbra iubarum,
et formidito clipeus Titana lacessit
lumine . quem tota variarat Mulciber arte. 95 hie patrius Mavortis amor fetusque notantur
Romulei ; pius amnis inest et belua nutrix ;
electro Tiberis, pueri formantur in auro ;
fingunt aera lupam ; Mavors adamante coruscat.
Iam simul emissis rapido velocior Euro 100 fertur equis ; strident Zephyri cursuque rotarum saucia dividuis clarescunt nubila sulcis.
nec traxere moras, sed lapsu protinus uno,
8
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
the Alps from fear, Rome, anxious worthily to thank her Probus, hastened to beg the Emperor's favour for that hero's sons. Her slaves, Shock and horrid Fear, yoked her winged chariot ; 'tis they who ever attend Rome with loud-voiced roar, setting wars afoot, whether she battle against the Parthians or vex Hydaspes' stream with her spear. The one fastens the wheels to the hubs, the other drives the horses beneath the iron yoke and makes them obey the stubborn bit. Rome herself in the guise of the virgin goddess Minerva soars aloft on the road by
which she takes possession of the sky after triumph ing over the realms of earth. She will not have her hair bound with a comb nor her neck made effeminate with a twisted necklace. Her right side is bare ; her snowy shoulder exposed ; her brooch fastens her flowing garments but loosely and boldly shows her breast : the belt that supports her sword throws a strip of scarlet across her fair skin. She looks as good as she is fair, chaste beauty armed with awe ; her threatening helm of blood-red plumes casts a dark shadow and her shield challenges the sun in
its fearful brilliance, that shield which Vulcan forged with all the subtlety of his skill. In it are depicted the children Romulus and Remus, and their loving father Mars, Tiber's reverent stream,
and the wolf that was their nurse ; Tiber is embossed in electrum, the children in pure gold, brazen is the wolf, and Mars fashioned of flashing steel.
And now Rome, loosing both her steeds together, flies swifter than the fleet east wind ; the Zephyrs shrill and the clouds, cleft with the track of the wheels, glow in separate furrows. What matchless speed ! One pinion's stroke and they reach their
9
CLAUDIAN
quem poscunt, tetigere locum : qua fine sub imo
angustant aditum curvis anfractibus Alpes 105
claustraque congestis scopulis durissima tendunt, non alia reseranda manu, sed pervia tantum
Augusto geminisque fidem mentita tyrannis. semirutae turres avulsaque moenia fumant ;
crescunt in cumulum strages vallemque profundam aequavere iugis ; stagnant inmersa cruore 111 corpora ; turbantur permixto funere manes.
Haud procul exhausto laetus certamine victor caespite gramineo consederat arbore fultus
adclines umeros ; dominum gavisa coronat 115 terra suum, surguntque toris maioribus herbae. sudor adhuc per membra calet creberque recurrit halitus et placidi radiant in casside vultus :
qualis letifera populatus caede Gelonos
procubat horrendus Getico Gradivus in arvo ; 120 exuvias Bellona levat, Bellona tepentes
pulvere solvit equos, inmensaque cornus in hastam porrigitur tremulisque ferit splendoribus Hebrum.
Ut stetit ante ducem discussas Roma per auras, conscia ter sonuit rupes et inhorruit atrum 125 maiestate nemus. prior hie : " o numen amicum " dux ait " et legum genetrix longeque regendo circumfusa polo consors ac dicta Tonantis,
die agedum, quae causa viae ? cur deseris arces Ausonias caelumque tuum ? die, maxima rerum ! 130
1 Maximus and Eugenius. See Introduction, p. ix. 10
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
goal : it is there where in their furthermost parts the Alps narrow their approaches into tortuous valleys and extend their adamantine bars of piled-up rocks. No other hand could unlock that gate, as, to their cost, those two tyrants 1 found ; to the Emperor only they offer a way. The smoke of towers o'er- thrown and of ruined fortresses ascends to heaven.
men are piled up on a heap and bring the lowest valley equal with the hills ; corpses
welter in their blood ; the very shades are con founded with the inrush of the slain.
Close at hand the victor, Theodosius, happy that
his warfare is accomplished, sits upon the green sward, his shoulders leaning against a tree. Trium phant earth crowned her lord and flowers sprang up from prouder banks. The sweat is still warm upon his body, his breath comes panting, but calm shines his countenance beneath his helmet. Such is Mars, when with deadly slaughter he has devastated the Geloni and thereafter rests, a dread figure, in the Getic plain, while Bellona, goddess of war,
lightens him of his armour and unyokes his dust- stained coursers ; an outstretched spear, a huge cornel trunk, arms his hand and flashes its tremulous splendour over Hebrus* stream.
When Rome had ended her airy journey and now stood before her lord, thrice thundered the conscious rocks and the black wood shuddered in awe. First to speak was the hero : " Goddess and friend, mother of laws, thou whose empire is conterminous with heaven, thou that art called the consort of the Thunderer, say what hath caused thy coming : why leavest thou the towns of Italy and thy native clime ? Say, queen of the world. Were it thy
11
Slaughtered
CLAUDIAN
non ego vel Libycos cessem tolerare labores Sarmaticosve pati medio sub frigore Cauros,
si tu, Roma, velis ; pro te quascumque per oras
ibimus et nulla sub tempestate timentes
solstitio Meroen, bruma temptabimus Histrum. " 135 Tum regina refert : " non me latet, inclite rector,
quod tua pro Latio victricia castra laborant
nec quod servitium rursus Furiaeque rebelles edomitae paribus sub te cecidere triumphis.
sed precor hoc donum cum libertate recenti 140 adicias, si vera manet reverentia nostri.
sunt mihi pubentes alto de semine fratres,
pignora cara Probi, festa quos luce creatos
ipsa meo fovi gremio. cunabula parvis
ipsa dedi, cum matris onus Lucina beatum 145 solver et et magnos proferrent sidera partus.
his ego nec Decios pulchros fortesve Metellos praetulerim, non, qui Poenum domuere ferocem, Scipiadas Gallisque genus fatale Camillos.
Pieriis pollent studiis multoque redundant 150 eloquio ; nec desidiis dapibusve paratis
indulgere iuvat nec tanta licentia vitae
adripit aut mores aetas lasciva relaxat :
sed gravibus curis animum sortita senilem
ignea longaevo frenatur corde iuventus. 155 illis, quam propriam ducunt ab origine, sortem oramus praebere velis annique futurum
devoveas venientis iter. non improba posco,
non insueta dabis : domus haec de more requirit.
adnue : sic nobis Scythicus famuletur Araxes, 160 12
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
wish I would not shrink from toiling neath a
sun nor from the cold winds of a Russian midwinter. At thy behest I will traverse all lands and fearing no season of the year will hazard Meroe in summer and the Danube in winter. "
Libyan
Full well know I, far-famed ruler, that thy victorious armies toil for Italy, and that once again servitude and furious rebels have given way before thee, overthrown in one and the same battle. Yet I pray thee add to our late won liberty this further boon, if in very truth thou still reverest me. There are among my citizens two young brothers of noble lineage, the dearly loved sons of Probus, born on a festal day and reared in my own bosom.
'Twas I gave the little ones their cradles when the goddess of childbirth
Then the Queen answered :
"
freed their mother's womb from its blessed burden
and heaven brought to light her glorious offspring. To these I would not prefer the noble Decii nor the brave Metelli, no, nor the Scipios who overcame the warlike Carthaginians nor the Camilli, that family fraught with ruin for the Gauls. The Muses have endowed them with full measure of their skill ; their eloquence knows no bounds. Theirs not to wanton in sloth and banquets spread ; unbridled pleasure
tempts them not, nor can the lure of youth under mine their characters. Gaining from weighty cares an old man's mind, their fiery youth is bridled by a greybeard's wisdom. That fortune to which their birth entitles them I beg thee assure them and appoint for them the path of the coming year.
'Tis no unreasonable request and will be no unheard- of boon. Their birth demands it should be so. Grant it ; so may Scythian Araxes be our vassal
13
CLAUDIAN
sic Rhenus per utrumque latus, Medisque subactis nostra Semiramiae timeant insignia turres ;
sic fluat attonitus Romana per oppida Ganges. "
Ductor ad haec : " optata iubes ultroque volentem,
diva, rogas ; non haec precibus temptanda fuissent. usque adeone meam condunt oblivia mentem, 166 ut pigeat meminisse Probi, quo vindice totam vidimus Hesperiam fessasque resurgere gentes ?
ante dabunt hiemes Nilum, per flumina dammae errabunt glacieque niger damnabitur Indus, 170 ante Thyesteis iterum conterrita mensis
intercisa dies refugos vertetur in ortus,
quam Probus a nostro possit discedere sensu. "
Dixerat et velox iam nuntius advolat urbem. extemplo strepuere chori collesque canoris 175
plausibus impulsi septena voce resultant,
laetatur veneranda parens et pollice docto
iam parat auratas trabeas cinctusque micantes stamine, quod molli tondent de stipite Seres
frondea lanigerae carpentes vellera silvae, 180 et longum tenues tractus producit in aurum
filaque concreto cogit squalere metallo :
qualis purpureas praebebat candida vestes
numinibus Latona suis, cum sacra redirent
ad loca nutricis iam non errantia Deli, 185
illa feros saltus et desolata relinquens Maenala lassato certis venatibus arcu, Phoebus adhuc nigris rorantia tela venenis extincto Pythone gerens ; tunc insula notos
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
and Rhine's either bank ; so may the Mede be o'erthrown and the towers that Semiramis built yield to our standards, while amazed Ganges flows between Roman cities. "
To this the king : " Goddess, thou biddest me do what I would fain do and askest a boon that I wish to grant : thy entreaties were not needed for this. Does forgetfulness so wholly cloud my mind that I will not remember Probus, beneath whose leadership I have seen all Italy and her war-weary peoples come again to prosperity ? Winter shall cause Nile's rising, hinds shall make rivers their element, dark- flowing Indus shall be ice-bound, terror-stricken once again by the banquet of Thyestes the sun
shall stay his course and fly for refuge back into the east, all this ere Probus can fade from my memory. " He spake, and now the speedy messenger hies him to Rome. Straightway the choirs chant and the
seven hills re-echo their tuneful applause. Joy is in the heart of that aged mother whose skilled fingers
now make ready gold-embroidered vestment and garments agleam with the thread which the Seres comb out from their delicate plants, gathering the leafy fleece of the wool-bearing trees. These long threads she draws out to an equal length with the threads of gold and by intertwining them makes
one golden cord ; as fair Latona gave scarlet gar ments to her divine offspring when they returned to the now firm-fixed shrine of Delos their foster- island, Diana leaving the forest glades and bleak Maenalus, her unerring bow wearied with much hunting, and Phoebus bearing the sword still drip ping with black venom from the slaughtered Python. Then their dear island laved the feet of its acknow
15
CLAUDIAN
lambit amica pedes ridetque Aegaeus alumnis 190 lenior et blando testatur gaudia fluctu.
Sic Proba praecipuo natos exornat amictu : quae decorat mundum, cuius Romana potestas fetibus augetur. credas ex aethere lapsam
stare Pudicitiam vel sacro ture vocatam 195 Iunonem Inachiis oculos advertere templis.
talem nulla refert antiquis pagina libris
nec Latiae cecinere tubae nec Graeca vetustas. coniuge digna Probo ; nam tantum coetibus extat femineis, quantum supereminet ille maritos. 200
ceu sibi certantes, sexus quid possit uterque, hunc legere torum. taceat Nereida nuptam Pelion. o duplici fecundam consule matrem felicemque uterum, qui nomina parturit annis !
Ut sceptrum gessere manu membrisque rigentes aptavere togas, signum dat summus hiulca 206 nube Pater gratamque facem per inane rotantes prospera vibrati tonuerunt omina nimbi.
accepit sonitus curvis Tiberinus in antris
ima valle sedens. adrectis auribus haesit, 210 unde repentinus populi fragor. ilicet herbis pallentes thalamos et structa cubilia musco
deserit ac Nymphis urnam commendat erilem.
illi glauca nitent hirsuto lumina vultu
caeruleis infecta notis, reddentia patrem 215 Oceanum ; crispo densantur gramine colla ;
vertice luxuriat toto crinalis harundo,
1 Anicia Faltonia Proba. She was still alive in 410 and according to Procopius (Bell. Vand. i. 2) opened the gates of Rome to Alaric.
16
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
ledged deities, the Aegean smiled more gently on its nurslings, the Aegean whose soft ripples bore witness to its joy.
So Proba1 adorns her children with vestment rare, Proba, the world's glory, by whose increase the power of Rome, too, is increased. You would have thought her Modesty's self fallen from heaven or Juno, summoned by sacred incense, turning her eyes on the shrines of Hellas. No page in ancient
tells of such a mother, no Latin Muse nor old Grecian tale. Worthy is she of Probus for a husband, for he surpassed all husbands as she all wives. 'Twas as though in rivalry either sex had done its uttermost and so brought about this mar
story
Let Pelion vaunt no more that Nereid bride. 2 Happy thou that art the mother of consuls twain, blessed thy womb whose offspring have given the year their name for its own.
So soon as their hands held the sceptres and the jewel-studded togas had enfolded their limbs the almighty Sire vouchsafes a sign with riven cloud
and the shaken heavens, projecting a welcoming flash through the void, thundered with prosperous omen. Father Tiber, seated in that low valley, heard the sound in his labyrinthine cave. He stays with ears pricked up wondering whence this sudden popular clamour comes. Straightway he leaves his couch of green leaves, his mossy bed, and entrusts his urn to his attendant nymphs. Grey eyes necked with blue shine out from his shaggy countenance, recalling his father Oceanus ; thick curled grasses cover his neck and lush sedge crowns his head.
a Thetis, daughter of Nereus, was married to Achilles on Mount Pelion in Thessaly.
vol. i c 17
riage.
CLAUDIAN
quam neque fas Zephyris frangi nec sole perustam aestivo candore mori ; sed vivida frondet
aequaevum complexa caput. taurina levantur 220 cornua temporibus raucos sudantia rivos ;
distillant per pectus aquae ; frons hispida manat imbribus ; in liquidos fontes se barba repectit.
palla graves umeros velat, quam neverat uxor
Ilia percurrens vitreas sub gurgite telas. 225
Est in Romuleo procumbens insula Thybri qua medius geminas interfluit alveus urbes discretas subeunte freto, pariterque minantes ardua turrigerae surgunt in culmina ripae.
hic stetit et subitum prospexit ab aggere votum: 230 unanimos 1 fratres iuncto stipante senatu
ire forum strictasque procul radiare secures atque uno biiuges toUi de limine fasces, obstupuit visu suspensaque gaudia vocem
tenuere diu ; mox incohat ore : 235 " Respice, si tales iactas aluisse fluentis,
Eurota Spartane, tuis. quid protulit aequum
falsus olor, valido quamvis decernere caestu
noverit et ratibus saevas arcere procellas ?
en nova Ledaeis suboles fulgentior astris, 240 ecce mei cives, quorum iam Signifer optat
adventum stellisque parat convexa futuris.
iam per noctivagos dominetur Olybrius axes
pro Polluce rubens, pro Castore flamma Probini.
1 Birt, following mss. , unanimes; Koch unanimos
1 Jupiter, who courted Leda in the form of a swan, becoming by her the father of Helen, Clytemnestra, Castor and Pollux. These latter two were the patrons of the ring— hence "decernere" caestu" 238); and of sailors —hence "arcere procellas 239).
18
oppressam
(1.
(1.
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
This the Zephyrs may not break nor the summer sun scorch to withering ; it lives and burgeons around those brows immortal as itself. From his temples sprout horns like those of a bull ; from these pour babbling streamlets ; water drips upon his breast, showers pour down his hair-crowned forehead, flowing rivers from his parted beard. There clothes his massy shoulders a cloak woven by his wife Ilia, who threaded the crystalline loom beneath the flood.
There lies in Roman Tiber's stream an island where the central flood washes as 'twere two cities
parted by the sundering waters : with equal threaten ing height the tower-clad banks rise in lofty build
Here stood Tiber and from this eminence beheld his prayer of a sudden fulfilled, saw the twin-souled brothers enter the Forum amid the
ings.
press of thronging senators, the bared axes gleam afar and both sets of fasces brought forth from one threshold. He stood amazed at the sight and for a long time incredulous joy held his voice in check. Yet soon he thus began :
" Behold, Eurotas, river of Sparta, boastest thou that thy streams have ever nurtured such as these ? Did that false swan1 beget a child to rival them, though 'tis true his sons could fight with the heavy glove and save ships from cruel tempests ? Behold new offspring outshining the stars to which Leda
gave birth, men of my city for whose coming the Zodiac is now awatch, making ready his hollow tract of sky for a constellation that is to be. Hence forth let Olybrius rule the nightly sky, shedding his ruddy light where Pollux once shone, and where glinted Castor's fires there let glitter Probinus'
19
CLAUDIAN
ipsi vela regent, ipsis donantibus auras 245 navita tranquillo moderabitur aequore pinum.
nunc pateras libare deis, nunc solvere multo
nectare corda libet. niveos iam pandite coetus, Naides, et totum violis praetexite fontem ;
mella ferant silvae ; iam profluat ebrius amnis 250 mutatis in vina vadis ; iam sponte per agros
sudent inriguae spirantia balsama venae !
currat, qui sociae roget in convivia mensae
indigenas Fluvios, Italis quicumque suberrant montibus Alpinasque bibunt de more pruinas : 255 Vulturnusque rapax et Nar vitiatus odoro
sulphure tardatusque suis erroribus Ufens
et Phaethonteae perpessus damna ruinae
Eridanus flavaeque terens querceta Maricae
Liris et Oebaliae qui temperat arva Galaesus. 260 semper honoratus nostris celebrabitur undis
iste dies, semper dapibus recoletur opimis. "
Sic ait et Nymphae patris praecepta secutae
tecta parant epulis ostroque infecta corusco
umida gemmiferis inluxit regia mensis. 265
O bene signatum fraterno nomine tempus ! o consanguineis felix auctoribus annus,
incipe quadrifidum Phoebi torquere laborem.
prima tibi procedat hiems non frigore torpens,
non canas vestita nives, non aspera ventis, 270 sed tepido calefacta Noto ; ver inde serenum protinus et liquidi clementior aura Favoni
pratis te croceis pingat ; te messibus aestas
20
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
flame. These shall direct men's sails and vouchsafe those breezes whereby the sailor shall guide his bark o'er the calm ocean. Let us now pour libation to the new gods and ease our hearts with copious draughts of nectar. Naiads, now spread your snowy bands, wreath every brow with violets . Let the woods bring forth honey and the drunken river roll, its waters changed to wine ; let the watering streams that vein the fields give off the scent of balsam spice. Let one run and invite to the feast and banquet- board all the rivers of our land, even all that wander beneath the mountains of Italy and drink as their portion the Alpine snows, swift Vulturnus and Nar infected with ill-smelling sulphur, Ufens whose
his course and Eridanus into whose waters Phaethon fell headlong ; Liris who laves Marica's golden oak groves and Galaesus
who tempers the fields of Sparta's colony Tarentum. This day shall always be held in honour and observed by our rivers and its anniversary ever celebrated with rich feastings. "
So spake he, and the Nymphs, obeying their sire's behest, made ready the rooms for the banquet, and
the watery palace, ablaze with gleaming purple, shone with jewelled tables.
O happy months to bear these brothers' name ! O year blessed to own such a pair as overlords, begin thou to turn the laborious wheel of Phoebus' four
fold circle. First let thy winter pursue its course, sans numbing cold, not clothed in white snow nor torn by rough blasts, but warmed with the south wind's breath : next, be thy spring calm from the outset and let the limpid west wind's gentler breeze flood thy meads with yellow flowers.
21
meanderings delay
CLAUDIAN
induat autumnusque madentibus ambiat uvis.
omni nobilior lustro, tibi gloria soli 275 contigit exactum numquam memorata per aevum, germanos habuisse duces ; te cuncta loquetur
tellus ; te variis scribent in floribus Horae
longaque perpetui ducent in saecula fasti.
PANEGYRIC ON PROBINUS AND OLYBRIUS
May summer crown thee with harvest and autumn store thee with luscious grapes. An honour that no age has ever yet known, a privilege never yet heard of in times gone by, this has been thine and thine alone — to have had brothers as thy consuls. The whole world shall tell of thee, the Hours shall
inscribe thy name in various flowers, and age-long annals hand thy fame down through the long centuries.
23
IN RUFINUM LIBER PRIMUS
INCIPIT PRAEFATIO
(II)
Phoebeo domitus Python cum decidit arcu membraque Cirrhaeo fudit anhela iugo,
qui spiris tegeret montes, hauriret hiatu flumina, sanguineis tangeret astra iubis :
iam liber Parnasus erat nexuque soluto 5 coeperat erecta surgere fronde nemus
diu spatiosis tractibus orni securas ventis explicuere comas
concussaeque
et qui vipereo spumavit saepe veneno
Cephisos nitidis purior ibat aquis. 10
omnis " io Paean " regio sonat ; omnia Phoebum rura canunt ; tripodas plenior aura rotat,
auditoque procul Musarum carmine dulci ad Themidis coeunt antra severa dei.
Nunc alio domini telis Pythone perempto 15 convenit ad nostram sacra caterva lyram,
qui stabilem servans Augustis fratribus orbem iustitia pacem, viribus arma regit.
24
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS PREFACE
(II)
When Python had fallen, laid low by the arrow of Phoebus, his dying limbs outspread o'er Cirrha's heights —Python, whose coils covered whole moun tains, whose maw swallowed rivers and whose
crest touched the stars — then Parnassus was free and the woods, their serpent fetters shaken off, began to grow tall with lofty trees. The moun tain - ashes, long shaken by the dragon's sinuous coils, spread their leaves securely to the breeze, and Cephisus, who had so often foamed with his poisonous venom, now flowed a purer stream with limpid wave. The whole country echoed with the cry,
bloody
" hail, Healer "
fuller wind shakes the tripod, and the gods, hearing the Muses' sweet song from afar off, gather in the
: land every
Phoebus' A praise.
sang
dread caverns of Themis.
A blessed band comes together to hear my song,
now that a second Python has been slain by the weapons of that master of ours who made the rule
of the brother Emperors hold the world
steady, observing justice in peace and showing vigour
in war.
25
LIBER I
(III)
Saepe mihi dubiam traxit sententia mentem curarent superi terras an nullus inesset
rector et incerto fluerent mortalia casu.
nam cum dispositi quaesissem foedera mundi praescriptosque mari fines annisque meatus 5 et lucis noctisque vices : tunc omnia rebar
consilio firmata dei, qui lege moveri
sidera, qui fruges diverso tempore nasci,
qui variam Phoeben alieno iusserit igni
compleri Solemque suo, porrexerit undis 10 litora, tellurem medio libraverit axe.
sed cum res hominum tanta caligine volvi
adspicerem laetosque diu florere nocentes
vexarique pios, rursus labefacta cadebat
relligio causaeque viam non sponte sequebar 16 alterius, vacuo quae currere semina motu
adfirmat magnumque novas per inane figuras
fortuna non arte regi, quae numina sensu
ambiguo vel nulla putat vel nescia nostri.
26
Epicureanism.
BOOK I
(III)
My mind has often wavered between two opinions : have the gods a care for the world or is there no ruler therein and do mortal things drift as dubious chance dictates ? For when I investigated the laws and the ordinances of heaven and observed the sea's appointed limits, the year's fixed cycle and the alternation of light and darkness, then methought everything was ordained according to the direction of a God who had bidden the stars move by fixed laws, plants grow at different seasons, the changing moon fulfil her circle with borrowed light and the sun shine by his own, who spread the shore before the waves and balanced the world in the centre of the firmament. But when I saw the impenetrable mist which surrounds human affairs, the wicked happy and long prosperous and the good discom forted, then in turn my belief in God was weakened and failed, and even against mine own will I embraced the tenets of that other philosophy 1 which teaches that atoms drift in purposeless motion and that new forms throughout the vast void are shaped by chance and not design—that philosophy which believes in
God in an ambiguous sense, or holds that there be no gods, or that they are careless of our doings. At
27
CLAUDIAN
abstulit hunc tandem Rufini poena tumultum 20 absolvitque deos. iara non ad culmina rerum iniustos crevisse queror ; tolluntur in altum,
ut lapsu graviore ruant. vos pandite vati,
Pierides, quo tanta lues eruperit ortu.
Invidiae quondam stimulis incanduit atrox 25
Allecto, placidas late cum cerneret urbes.
protinus infernas ad limina taetra sorores
concilium deforme vocat. glomerantur in unum innumerae pestes Erebi, quascumque sinistro
Nox genuit fetu : nutrix Discordia belli, 30 imperiosa Fames, leto vicina Senectus
impatiensque sui Morbus Livorque secundis
anxius et scisso maerens velamine Luctus
et Timor et caeco praeceps Audacia vultu
et Luxus populator opum, quem semper adhaerens 35 infelix humili gressu comitatur Egestas,
foedaque Avaritiae complexae pectora matris insomnes longo veniunt examine Curae. complentur vario ferrata sedilia coetu
torvaque collectis stipatur curia monstris. 40 Allecto stetit in mediis vulgusque tacere
iussit et obstantes in tergum reppulit angues perque umeros errare dedit. tum corde sub imo inclusam rabidis patefecit vocibus iram :
" Sicine tranquillo produci saecula cursu, 45 sic fortunatas patiemur vivere gentes ?
quae nova corrupit nostros dementia mores ?
quo rabies innata perit ? quid inania prosunt
verbera ? quid facibus nequiquam cingimur atris ? 28
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
last Rufinus' fate has dispelled this uncertainty and freed the gods from this imputation. No longer can I complain that the unrighteous man reaches the highest pinnacle of success. He is raised aloft that he may be hurled down in more headlong
ruin. Muses, unfold to your poet whence sprang this grievous pest.
Dire Allecto once kindled with jealous wrath on
seeing widespread peace among the cities of men. Straightway she summons the hideous council of the nether-world sisters to her foul palace gates. Hell's numberless monsters are gathered together, Night's children of ill-omened birth . Discord, mother of war, imperious Hunger, Age, near neighbour to Death ; Disease, whose life is a burden to himself ; Envy that brooks not another's prosperity, woeful Sorrow with rent garments ; Fear and foolhardy Rashness with sightless eyes ; Luxury, destroyer of wealth, to whose side ever clings unhappy Want with humble tread, and the long company of sleep less Cares, hanging round the foul neck of their mother Avarice. The iron seats are filled with all this rout and the grim chamber is thronged with the monstrous crowd. Allecto stood in their midst and called for silence, thrusting behind her back the snaky hair that swept her face and letting it play over her shoulders. Then with mad utterance
she unlocked the anger deep hidden in her heart.
" Shall we allow the centuries to roll on in this even tenour, and man to live thus blessed ? What novel kindliness has corrupted our characters ? Where is our inbred fury ? Of what use the lash with none to* suffer beneath it ? Why this purposeless girdle of smoky torches ? Sluggards, ye,
29
CLAUDIAN
heu nimis ignavae, quas Iuppiter arcet Olympo, 50 Theodosius terris. en aurea nascitur aetas,
en proles antiqua redit. Concordia, Virtus
cumque Fide Pietas alta cervice vagantur insignemque canunt nostra de plebe triumphum.
pro dolor ! ipsa mihi liquidas delapsa per auras 55 Iustitia insultat vitiisque a stirpe recisis
elicit oppressas tenebroso carcere leges.
at nos indecores longo torpebimus aevo
omnibus eiectae regnis ! agnoscite tandem
quid Furias deceat ; consuetas sumite vires 60 conventuque nefas tanto decernite dignum.
iam cupio Stygiis invadere nubibus astra, iam flatu violare diem, laxare profundo frena mari, fluvios ruptis inmittere ripis
et rerum vexare fidem. "
Sic fata cruentum 65 mugiit et totos serpentum erexit hiatus
noxiaque effudit concusso crine venena.
anceps motus erat vulgi. pars maxima bellum indicit superis, pars Ditis iura veretur,
dissensuque alitur rumor : ceu murmurat alti 70 impacata quies pelagi, cum flamine fracto
durat adhuc saevitque tumor dubiumque per aestum lassa recedentis fluitant vestigia venti.
Improba mox surgit tristi de sede Megaera,
quam penes insani fremitus animique profanus 75 error et undantes spumis furialibus irae :
non nisi quaesitum cognata caede cruorem inlicitumve bibit, patrius quem fuderit ensis,
30
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
whom Jove has excluded from heaven, Theodosius from earth. Lo ! a golden age begins ; lo ! the old breed of men returns. Peace and Godliness,
Love and Honour hold high their heads throughout the world and sing a proud song of triumph over our conquered folk. Justice herself (oh the pity of
it down - gliding through the limpid air, exults over me and, now that crime has been cut down to the roots, frees law from the dark prison wherein she lay oppressed. Shall we, expelled from every land, lie this long age in shameful torpor Ere it be too late recognize a Fury's duty resume your wonted strength and decree crime worthy of this
Fain would shroud the stars in Stygian darkness, smirch the light of day with our breath, unbridle the ocean deeps, hurl rivers against their shattered banks, and break the bonds of the
universe. "
So spake she with cruel roar and uproused every
gaping serpent mouth as she shook her snaky locks and scattered their baneful poison. Of two minds was the band of her sisters. The greater number was for declaring war upon heaven, yet some respected still the ordinances of Dis and the uproar grew by reason of their dissension, even as the sea's calm not at once restored, but the deep still thunders when, for all the wind be dropped, the swelling tide yet flows, and the last weary winds of the departing storm play o'er the tossing waves.
Thereupon cruel Megaera rose from her funereal seat, mistress she of madness' howlings and impious ill and wrath bathed in fury's foam. No blood her
drink but that flowing from kindred slaughter and forbidden crime, shed by a father's, by a brother's
31
august assembly.
is
Ia
:
?
! ),
CLAUDIAN
quem dederint fratres ; haec terruit Herculis ora
et defensores terrarum polluit arcus, 80 haec Athamanteae direxit spicula dextrae,
haec Agamemnonios inter bacchata penates
alternis lusit iugulis ; hac auspice taedae
Oedipoden matri, natae iunxere Thyesten.
quae tunc horrisonis effatur talia dictis : 85
" Signa quidem, sociae, divos attollere contra
nec fas est nec posse reor ; sed laedere mundum
si libet et populis commune intendere letum.
est mihi prodigium cunctis inmanius hydris,
tigride mobilius feta, violentius Austris 90 acribus, Euripi fulvis incertius undis
Rufinus, quem prima meo de matre cadentem
suscepi gremio. parvus reptavit in isto
saepe sinu teneroque per ardua colla volutus
ubera quaesivit fletu linguisque trisulcis 93 mollia lambentes finxerunt membra cerastae ;
meque etiam tradente dolos artesque nocendi
edidicit : simulare fidem sensusque minaces protegere et blando fraudem praetexere risu,
plenus saevitiae lucrique cupidine fervens. 100 non Tartesiacis illum satiaret harenis
tempestas pretiosa Tagi, non stagna rubentis
aurea Pactoli ; totumque exhauserit Hermum, ardebit maiore siti. quam fallere mentes
doctus et unanimos odiis turbare sodales ! 105 talem progenies hominum si prisca tulisset, Perithoum fugeret Theseus, offensus Orestem desereret Pylades, odisset Castora Pollux.
ipsa quidem fateor vinci rapidoque magistram
1 Athamas, king of Orchomenus, murdered his son Learchus in a fit of madness.
32
THE FIRST BOOK AGAINST RUFINUS
sword. 'Twas she made e'en Hercules afraid and
shame upon that bow that had freed the world of monsters ; she aimed the arrow in Athamas' 1 hand : she took her pleasure in murder after murder, a mad fury in Agamemnon's palace ; beneath her auspices wedlock mated Oedipus with his mother and Thyestes with his daughter. Thus then she speaks with dread-sounding words :
brought
" To raise our standards against the gods, my sisters, is neither right nor, methinks, possible ; but hurt the world we may, if such our wish, and bring an universal destruction upon its inhabitants. I have a monster more savage than the hydra brood, swifter than the mother tigress, fiercer than the south wind's blast, more treacherous than Euripus' yellow flood—Rufinus. I was the first to gather him, a new-born babe, to my bosom. Often did the child nestle in mine embrace and seek breast, his arms thrown about my neck in a flood of infant tears. My snakes shaped his soft limbs licking them with their three-forked tongues. I taught him guile whereby he learnt the arts of injury and deceit, how to conceal the intended
menace and cover his treachery with a smile, full- filled with savagery and hot with lust of gain. Him nor the sands of rich Tagus' flood by Tartessus' town could satisfy nor the golden waters of ruddy
id
Pactolus ; should he drink all Hermus' stream he would parch with the greedier thirst. How skilled
Had that old generation of men produced such an one as he, Theseus had fled Pirithous, Pylades deserted
to deceive and wreck friendships with hate !
Orestes in wrath, Pollux hated Castor. I confess myself his inferior : his quick genius has outstripped
vol.
33
my
CLAUDIAN
praevenit ingenio ; nec plus sermone morabor : 110 solus habet scelerum quidquid possedimus omnes. hunc ego, si vestrae res est accommoda turbae, regalem ad summi producam principis aulam.
sit licet ipse Numa gravior, sit denique Minos,
cedet et insidiis nostri flectetur alumni. " 115
Orantem sequitur clamor cunctaeque profanas porrexere manus inventaque tristia laudant.
illa ubi caeruleo vestes conexuit angue
nodavitque adamante comas, Phlegethonta sonorum poscit et ambusto flagrantis ab aggere ripae 120 ingentem piceo succendit gurgite pinum
pigraque veloces per Tartara concutit alas. Est locus extremum pandit qua Gallia litus
Oceani praetentus aquis, ubi fertur Ulixes
sanguine libato populum movisse silentem. 125 illic umbrarum tenui stridore volantum
flebilis auditur questus ; simulacra coloni
pallida defunctasque vident migrare figuras.
hinc dea prosiluit Phoebique egressa serenos
infecit radios ululatuque aethera rupit 130 terrifico : sentit ferale Britannia murmur
et Senonum quatit arva fragor revolutaque Tethys substitit et Rhenus proiecta torpuit urna.
tunc in canitiem mutatis sponte colubris
longaevum mentita senem rugisque seueras 135
persulcata genas et ficto languida passu invadit muros Elusae, notissima dudum
1 Their territory lay some sixty miles S. E. of Paris. Its chief town was Agedincum (mod. Sens).
