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manded a force of 900 men, intended for the When the road from Asia into Macedonia, by
strengthening of Brasidas in Thrace ; but their Aenos and Maroneia, hud been preoccupied by the
passage through Thessaly was opposed by the triumviral legions, Rhascuporis, in whose dominions
Thessalians, and, hearing also of the battle of the passes were, Jed the armies of Brutus and
Amphipolis and the death of Brasidas, they re- Cassius by a road through the forest, known only
turned to Sparta. (Thuc. v. 12, 13. ) (E. E. ) to himself and Rhascus. And Rhascus, on the
RIIAMPSINITUS ('Papylvitos), called Rhem. other hand, by his local knowledge, detected the
phis by Diodorus, one of the ancient kings of march of the enemy, and saved his allies from
Egyph is suid to have succeeded Proteus, and to being cut off in the rear. (Caes. B. C. iji. 4 ; Ap-
have been himself succeeded by Cheops. This pian. B. C. iv. 87, 103—106, 136 ; Lucan. Pharsal.
king is said to have possessed immense wealth, Y. 55 ; Dion Cass. xlvii. 25. ) For the varieties
and in order to keep it safe he had a treasury built in the orthography of Rhascuporis, e. 8. , Rhascy-
of stone, respecting the robbery of which Hero- polis, Rascyporis, Thrascypolis, &c. , see Fabricius,
dotus relates a romantic story, which bears a ad Dion Cass. xlvii. 25 ; Adrian, Turneb. Adversar.
great resemblance to the one told by Pausanias xiv. 17. On the coins we meet with Bagineos
(ix. 37. & 4) respecting the treasury built by the 'PAOKOUTópidos (Cary, Hist. des Rois de Thrace, pl.
two brothers Agamedes and Trophonius of Orcho- 2), and 'PalokouTópidos (Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 59).
menus (AGAMEDES). Rhampsinitus is said to Lucan (l. c. , ed. Oudendorp) calls him “gelidae
have built the western propylaea of the temple of dominum Rhascupolin orae. "
Hephaestus, and to have placed in front of it two 2. Brother of Rhoemetalces, king of Thrace,
large statues, each of the size of twenty-five and jointly with him defeated, A. D. 6, the Dalma-
cubits, which the Egyptians called Summer and tians and Breucians in Macedonia [BATO, No. 2).
Winter. It is further stated that this king de On the death of Rhoemetalces, Rhascuporis re-
scended to Hades and played a game at dice with ceived from Augustus a portion of his dominions,
Demeter, and on his return to the earth a festival the remainder being awarded to his nephew Cotys,
was instituted in honour of the goddess (Herod. ii. son of the deceased (Cotys, No. 5). Rhascuporis
121, 122 ; Diod. i. 62). Rhampsinitus belongs to was discontented, either with his share of Thrace
the twentieth dynasty according to Bunsen, and is the barren mountainous district had been as-
known on inscriptions by the name of Ramessu signed him, — - or with divided power ; but so long
Neter-kek-pen (Bunsen, Aegyptens Stelle in der as Augustus lived he did not dare to disturb the
Weltgeschichte, vol. iii. pp. 119, 120).
apportionment. On the emperor's decease, how-
RHAMSES, another form of the name Ramses. ever, he invaded his nephew's kingdom, and hardly
[Ramses. )
desisted at Tiberius' command. Next, on pretence
RHA'RIAS ('Papiás), a surname of Demeter, of an amicable adjustinent, Rhascuporis invited his
which she derived from the Rharian plain in the nephew to a conference, seized his person, and threw
neighbourhood of Eleusis, the principal seat of her him into prison ; and finally, thinking a completed
worship. (Paus. i. 38. $ 6; Steph. Byz. and Suid. crime safer than an imperfect one, put him to death.
8. o. )
(L. S. ] To Tiberius Rhascuporis alleged the excuse of
RHARUS ('Pápos), the father of Triptolemus at self-defence, and that the arrest and murder of his
Eleusis (Paus. i. 14. § 2). It is worthy of re- nephew merely prevented his own assassination.
mark, that according to the scholiast (on Il. i. 56), The emperor, however, summoned the usurper to
the P in this name had the spiritus lenis. (L. S. ) Rome, that the matter might be investigated, and
RHASCU'PORIS ('Paokoúropis). 1. Brother Rhascuporis, on pretext of war with the Scythian
of Rbascus, and with him chieftain of a Thracian Bastarnae, began to collect an army. But he was
clan, whose territories extended from the northern enticed into the Roman camp by Pomponius Flac-
shores of the Propontis to the Hebrus and the cus (No. 2], propraetor of Mysia, sent to Rome,
neighbourhood of Philippi. Whether the clan were condemned, and relegated to Alexandria, where an
that of the Sapaei or the Korpalli, or comprised excuse was presently found for putting him to death,
both races, is uncertain. But it occupied both the A. D. 19. He left a son, Rhoemetalces, who suc-
mountain ridge that skirts the Propontis and the ceeded to his father's moiety of Thrace. (Tac.
southern plains which lie between the base of Ann. ii. 64-67, iii. 38 ; Vell
. Pat. ii. 129 ; Suet.
Mount Rhodope and the sea (comp. Appian, B. C. Tib. 37; Dion Cass. lv. 30. )
iv. 87, 105 ; Tac. Ann. ii. 64; Plin. H. N. iv. 11 3. Son of Cotys (probably No. 4), was defeated
(18)). We can only thus explain the seeming in- and slain in battle by Vologaeses, chief of the
consistency in Appian's account of these chieftains ; Thracian Bessi, and leader of the general revolt of
for be describes their territory as a lofty, cold, and Thrace against the Romans in B. c. 13. (Dion Cass.
woody region, and yet assigns to them a powerful liv. 34 ; comp. Vell. Pat. ii. 98. ) (W. B. D. ]
body of cavalry. In the civil war, B. c. 49—48, RHASCUS ('Páokos), was one of the two
Rhascuporis joined Cn. Pompey, with 200 horse, chieftains of a Thracian clan. In the civil wars of
at Dyrrachium ; and in the war that followed Rome, B. C. 43, 42, he eepoused the party of
:
Caesar's death, he aided Cassius with 3000, while Augustus and M. Antony, while his brother Rhas-
liis brother Rhascus, at the head of an equal cuporis embraced that of Brutus and Cassius. After
number of cavalry, embraced the cause of the trium- l the victory of the triumvirs at Philippi, Rhascus
?
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## p. 648 (#664) ############################################

6-18
RHAZES.
RHEA.
name
الرازي وز
بكر محمد بن زکریا
ابو
جدري والعصبة ,well known work
obtained from the conquerors his brother's pardon. I the old Greek language no word that bears this
(Appian, B. C. iv. 87, 104, 136. ) (W. B. D. ) signification.
TW. A. G. )
RHATHINES ('Padivns), a Persian, was one RIIEA ('Pela, 'Péa, 'Peln, or 'Pér). The name
of the commanders sent by Pharnabazus to aid the as well as the nature of this divinity is one of the
Bithynians in opposing the passage of the Cyrean most difficult points in ancient mythology. Some
Greeks under Xenophon through Bithynia, B. C. consider 'Péa to be merely another form of épa, the
400. The satrap's forces were completely defeated earth, while others connect it with péw, I flow
(Xen. Anab. vi. 5. 88 7, &c). We hear again of (Plat Cratyl. p. 401, &c. ); but thus much seems
Rhathines, in B. c. 396, as one of the commanders undeniable, that Rhea, like Demeter, was a god-
for Pharnabazus of a body of cavalry, which dess of the earth. According to the Hesiodic
worsted that of Agesilaus, in a skirmish near Theogony (133 ; comp. Apollod. i. 1. $ 3), Rhea
Dascylium. (Xen. Hell. iii. 4. $ 13; Plut. Ages. was a daughter of Uranus and Ge, and accordingly
9. )
(E. E. ) a sister of Oceanus, Coeus, Hyperion, Crius, lape-
RHAZES ('Pašñis), the author of a Greek me- tus, Theia, Themis, and Mnemosyne. She became
dical treatise Ilepi Abruikūs, which was published by Cronos the mother of Hestia, Demeter, Hera,
at the end of Alexander Trallianus, 1548, fol. Aides, Poseidon, and Zeus. According to some
Lutet. Paris, ex offic. Rob. Stephani.
His real accounts Cronos and Rhen were preceded in their
sovereignty over the world by Ophion and Eury.
nome ; but Ophion was overpowered by Cronos,
Abú Becr Mohammed Ibn Zacaríyá Ar-Razi, who and Rhea cast Eurynome into Tartarus. Cronos is
was born (as his name implies) at Rai
, a town in said to have devoured all his children by Rhea,
the north of 'Irák 'Ajemí, near Chorásán, probably but when she was on the point of giring birth to
about the middle of the ninth century after Christ'; Zeus, she, by the advice of her parents, went to
and died either A. H. 311 (A. D. 923, 924), or
Lyctus in Crete. When Zeus was born she gave
perhaps, more probably A. ì. 320 (s. d. 932). to Cronos a stone wrapped np like an infant, and
The treatise in question is in fact no other than his the god swallowed it as he had swallowed his other
children. (Hes. Theog. 446, &c. ; A pollod. i. 1. $
5, &c. ; Diod. v. 70. ) Homer (N. xv. 187) makes
only a passing allusion to Rhea, and the passage of
Fi Jadari wal-Hashah, “ On the Small Pox and Hesiod, which accordingly must be regarded as the
Measles,” which was translated from the original most ancient Greek legend about Rhea, seems to
Arabic into Syriac, and from that language into suggest that the mystic priests of Crete had al-
Greek. Neither the date nor the author of either ready formed connections with the more northern
of these versions is known; but the Greek trans- parts of Greece. In this manner, it would seem,
lation (as we learn from the preface) was made at the mother of Zeus became known to the Thracians,
the command of one of the emperors of Constanti- with whom she became a divinity of far greater
nople, perhaps, as Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. p. importance than she had been before in the south
692, ed. vet. ) conjectures, Constantine Ducas, who (Orph. Hymn. 13, 25, 26), for she was connected
reigned from 1059 to 1067. In one of the Greek with the Thracian goddess Bendis or Cotys (He-
MSS. at Paris, however ($ 2228, Catal. vol. ii. p. cate), and identified with Demeter. (Strab. x. p.
465), it is attributed to Joannes Actuarius (AC- 470. )
TUARIUS); and, if this be correct, the emperor The Thracians, in the mean time, conceived the
alluded to will more probably be Andronicus II. chief divinity of the Samothracian and Lemnian
Paleologus, A. D. 1281—1328. It was from this mysteries as Rhea-Hecate, while some of them who
Greek translation (which appears to have been ex- had settled in Asia Minor, became there acquainted
ecuted either very carelessly, or from an imperfect with still stranger beings, and one especially who
MS. ), and from Latin versions made from it, that was worshipped with wild and enthusiastic so-
the work was first known in Europe, the earliest lemnities, was found to resemble Rhea. In like
Latin translation made directly from the original manner the Greeks who afterwards settled in Asia
Arabic being that which was published by Dr. identified the Asiatic goddess with Rhea, with whose
Mead, in 1747, 8vo. Lond. , at the end of his work worship they had long been familiar (Strab. x. p.
“ De Variolis et Morbillis. " The Arabic text 471 ; Hom. Hymn. 13, 31). In Phrygia, where
was published for the first time hy John Channing, Rhea became identified with Cybele, she is said to
in 1766, 8vo. Lond. , together with a new Latin have purified Dionysus, and to have taught him the
version by himself, which has been reprinted se- mysteries (Apollod. iii. 5. § 1), and thus a Diony.
parately, and which continues to be the best up to siac element became amalgamated with the worship
the present time. Altogether the work has been of Rhea Demeter, moreover, the daughter of
published, in various languages, about five and Rhea, is sometimes mentioned with all the attri-
thirty times, in about three hundred and fifty years, butes belonging to Rhea (Eurip. Helen. 1304. )
- a greater number of editions than has fallen to the The confusion then became so great that the wor-
lot of almost any other ancient medical treatise. The ship of the Cretan Rhea was confounded with that
only English translation made directly from the of the Phrygian mother of the gods, and that the
original Arabic is that by Dr. Greenhill, 1847, 8vo. , orgies of Dionysus became interwoven with those
London, printed for the Sydenham Society ; from of Cybele. Sirangers from Asia, who must be
which work the preceding account is taken. It looked upon as jugglers, introduced a variety of
may be added that the particular interest which novel rites, which were fondly received, especially
the work has excited, arises from the fact of its by the populace (Strab. l. c. ; Athen. xii. p. 553;
being the earliest extant medical treatise in which Demosth. de Coron. p. 313). Both the name and
the Small Pox is certainly mentioned ; and ac- the connection of Rhea with Demeter suggest
cordingly the Greek translator has used the word that she was in early times revered as goddess of
hojpurT) to express this disease, there being in the carth.
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## p. 649 (#665) ############################################

RHEA.
649
RHESCUPORIS.
Crete was undoubtedly the earliest seat of the ship then introduced was quite foreign to them, and
worship of Rhea ; Diodorus (v. 66) saw the site either maintained itself as distinct from the wor-
where her temple had once stood, in the neighbour- ship of Ops, or became united with it. A temple
hood of Cnossus, and it would seem that at one was built to her on the Palatine, and the Roman
time she was worshipped in that island even under matrons honoured her with the festival of the Me-
the name of Cybele (Euseb. Chron. p. 56 ; Syncell. galesin. The manner in which she was represented
Chronogr. p. 125). The common tradition, further, in works of art was the same as in Greece, and
was that Zeus was born in Crete, either on Mount her castrated priests were called Galli.
Dicte or Mount Ida. At Delphi there was a stone The various names by which we find Rhea de-
of not very large dimensions, which was every day signated, are, " the great mother," " the mother
anointed with oil, and on solemn occasions was of the gods," Cybele, Cybebe, Agdistis, Berecyntia,
wrapped up in white wool ; and this stone was Brimo, Dindymene, “the great Idaean mother of
believed to have been the one which Cronos swal- the gods. ” Her children by Cronos are enumerated
lowed when he thought he was devouring Zeus by Ilesiod : under the name of Cybele she is also
(Paus. 2. 24. $ 5). Such local traditions implying called the mother of Alce, of the Phrygian king
that Rhea gave birth to Zeus in this or that place Midas, and of Nicaea (Diod. iii. 57 ; Phot. Cod.
of Greece itself occur in various other localities. 224). In all European countries Rhea was con-
Some expressly stated that he was born at Thebes ceived to be accompanied by the Curetes, who are
(Tzetz. ad Lyc. 1194). The temple of the Din inseparably connected with the birth and bringing
dymenian mother had been built by Pindarus up of Zeus in Crete, and in Phrygia by the Cory-
(Paus, ix. 25. $ 3; Philostr. Icon. ï. 12). Ano bantes, Atys, and Agdistis. The Corybantes were
ther legend stated that Rhea gave birth at Chaero- her enthusiastic priests, who with drums, cymbals,
neia in Boeotia (Paus. ix. 41. $ 3), and in a temple horns, and in full armour, performed their orgiastic
of Zeus at Plataeae Rhea was represented in the dances in the forests and on the mountains of
act of handing the stone covered in cloth to Cronos Phrygia. The lion was sacred to the mother of
(Paus. ix. 2. & 5). At Athens there was a temple the gods, because she was the divinity of the earth,
of Rhea in the peribolos of the Olympieium (Paus. and because the lion is the strongest and most im-
i. 18. $ 7), and the Athenians are even said to portant of all animals on earth, in addition to
have been the first among the Greeks who adopted which it was believed that the countries in which
the worship of the mother of the gods (Julian, the goddess was worshipped, abounded in lions
Orat. 5). Her temple there was called the Me (comp. Ov. Met. x. 682). In Greece the oak was
troum. The Arcadians also related that Zeus was sacred to Rhea (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 1124).
born in their country, on Mount Lycaon, the prin- The highest ideal of Rhea in works of art was pro-
cipal seat of Arcadian religion (Paus, vii. 36. & 2, duced by Pheidias ; she was seldom represented in
41. & 2 ; comp. Callim. Hymn. in Jov. 10, 16, &c. ). a standing posture, but generally seated on a throne,
Similar traces are found in Messenia (Paus. iv. 33. adorned with the mural crown, from which a veil
$ 2), Laconia (iii. 22. & 4), in Mysia (Strab. xiii. p. hangs down. Lions usually appear crouching on
589), at Cyzicus (i. p. 45, xii. p. 575). Under the right and left of her throne, and sometimes she
the name of Cybele, we find her worship on Mount is seen riding in a chariot drawn by lions. (Comp.
Sipylus (Paus. v. 13. & 4), Mount Coddinus (iii. CURETES ; Zeus ; Cronos. )
(L. S. ]
22. § 4), in Phrygia, which had received its RHEA SI'LVÍA. [ROMULUS. ]
colonists from Thrace, and where she was regarded RHEGI'NUS. [REGINUS. ]
as the mother of Sabazius. There her worship was RHEGI'NUS, physician. [ProcLUS. ]
quite universal, for there is scarcely a town in RHE'GIO, which Sillig inserts in his catalogue
Phrygia on the coins of which she does not appear. as the name of a gem-engraver, is merely a false
In Galatia she was chiefly worshipped at Pessinus, reading for INAIOT. (R. Rochette, Lettre à M.
where her sacred image was believed to have fallen Schorn, p. 152, 2d ed. )
[P. S. ]
from heaven (Herodian, i. 35). King Midas I. RHE'MNIUS, FA'NNIUS.