In proof (Apodeictics), the object is certain, strictly
the following survey we adhere to the arrangement demonstrable knowledge.
the following survey we adhere to the arrangement demonstrable knowledge.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
Sylburg-
(Valck. ad Schul. Eurip. Phoen. p. 695. ) Nor has iana, Francof. 11 vols. 4to. 1584––87. This
England, with the exception of some editions of edition of Sylburg's surpassed all the previous ones,
the Poetics by Burgess and Tyrwhitt, Goulston and even the critic of the present day cannot dispense
and Wiristanley, any monument of such studies with it. 5. Casauboniana, Lugd. Batav. 1590, by
worthy of notice. In Germany lectures on the Isaac Casaubon, 2 vols. fol. reprinted in 1597, 1605,
Aristotelian philosophy were still delivered at the 1646. This is the first Greek and Latin edition
universities ; but with the exception of Rachelius, of the entire works of Aristotle, but prepared has-
Piccart, Schrader, and Conring, who are of little tily, and now worthless. The same may be said
importance, scarcely any one can be mentioned but of the 6. Du l'ulliana, Paris, 1619 and 1629,
the learned Joh. Jonsenius (or Jonsius, 16:24 2 vols. fol. ; 1639, 4 vols. fol. by Guil. Du Val.
1659) of Holstein, and Melchior Zeidler of Königs Much more important is the 7. Bipontina (not
berg, of whom the first rendered some valuable completed), edited by Joh. Gottl. Buhle 1791-
service to the history of Aristotelian literature 1800, 5 vols. 8vo. It contains only the Organon
(Historia Peripatetica, attached to the edition of and the rhetorical and poetical writings. The
Launoi's work de varia Aristotelis fortuna, &c. , continuation was prevented by the conflagration of
Wittemberg, 1720, ed. Elswich. ), while the other Moscow, in which Buhle lost the materials which
was actively employed on the criticism and exegesis he had collected. The first volume, which con-
of the philosopher's writings.
tains, amongst other things, a most copious enume-
In Germany, Lessing was the first, who, in his ration of all the earlier editions, translations, and
Dramaturgie, again directed attention to Aristotle, commentaries, is of great literary ralue. The cri-
particularly to his Poetics, Rhetoric, and Ethics. tical remarks contain chiefly the variations of older
Of the philologists, Reiz, and the school of F. A. editions. Little is done in it for criticism itself
Wolf, e. g. Spalding, Fülleborn, Delbrück, and and exegesis. 8. Bekkeriana. Berolini, 1831–
Vater, again applied themselves to the writings 1840, ex recensione Immanuelis Bekker, edid.
of Aristotle. But the greatest service was ren- Acad. Reg. Boruss. , 2 vols. text, 1 vol. Latin trans-
dered by J. G. Schneider of Saxony (1782-1822) lations by various authors, which are not always
by his edition of the Politics and the History of Ani- good and well chosen, and not always in accordance
mals. Several attempts at translations in German with the text of the new recension. Besides these,
were made, and J. G. Buhle, at the instigation of there are to be 2 vols. of scholia edited by Brandis,
Heyne and Wolf, even applied himself to an edi- of which only the first volume has yet appeared.
tion of the entire works of Aristotle (1791–1800), This is the first edition founded on a diligent
which was never completed. At the commence though not always complete comparison of ancient
ment of the nineteenth century, their ranks were MSS. It forms the commencement of a new era for
joined by Gottfried Hermann and Goethe. Mean the criticism of the text of Aristotie. Unfortunately,
time a new era for the philosophical and philologi- there is still no notice given of the MSS. made use
cal study of the Stagirite began with Hegel, the of, and the course in consequence pursued by the
founder of the prevailing philosophy of this cen- editor, which occasions great difficulty in making
tury, who properly, so to say, was the first to dis- a critical use of this edition. Bekker's edition
close to the world the deep import of the Greek has been reprinted at Oxford, in 11 vols. 8vo. ,
philosopher, and strenuously advocated the study of with the Indices of Sylburg. Besides these, there
his works as the noblest problem connected with is a stereotype edition published by Tauchnitz,
classical philology. At the same time the Berlin Lips. 1832, 16mo. in 16 vols. , and another edition
academy, through Bekker and Brandis, undertook of the text, by Weise, in one volume, Lips. 1843.
an entirely new recension of the text ; and the French
Institute, by means of prize essays, happily de-
III. ENUMEPATION AND REVIEW OF THE
signed and admirably executed, promoted the un-
WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE.
derstanding of the several works of Aristotle, and We
e possess no safe materials for a chronological
the means of forming a judgment respecting them. I arrangeinent of the several writings, such as was
## p. 327 (#347) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
327
ARISTOTELES.
>
attempted by Samuel Petitne. (Miscell. iv. 9. ) The genti, or simply coola). * Practical science, or
citations in the separate writings are of no use for practical philosophy (ni pilooopia tepl tà ávo pu-
this purpose, as they are often additions made by riva, Todituný, in the general sense of the word,
a later hand; and, not unfrequently, two writings Eth. Nic. i. 2, Mayna Moral. i. 1, Rhet. i. 2),
refer reciprocally to each other. (Ritter, Gesch. der teaches a man to know the highest purpose of
Philosophie, iii. p. 29, not. 1, p. 35, not. 2. ) More human life, and the proper mode of striving to
over, such an arrangement is of small importance attain it with respect to dispositions and actions.
for the works of a philosopher like Aristotle. It is 1. with reference to the individual man, ethics
A systematic arrangement was first given to the (noun); 2. With reference to the family and do-
writings of Aristotle by Andronicus of Rhodes. mestic concerns, Oeconomics (oikovouern); 3. With
He placed together in pragmaties (mpaymateia! ) reference to the state, Politics (TOM. Toký, in the
the works which treated of the time subjects, the more restricted sense of the word ; Eth. Nic. x. 9).
iogical, physical, &c. . (Porphyr. Vit. Plotin. 24 ; | Lastly, in so far as science is a scientific mode of
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Escorialens. p. 300. ) His regarding knowledge and cognition itself, and its
arrangement, in which the logical pragmaty came forms and conditions, and the application of them,
first, agreed, as it appears, in many other respects it is—IV. 'Enio thun Chotowoa nepi drodeißews
with the present arrangement in the editions. kal élotnums (Metaph. K. i. p. 213, Brandis),
(Ravaisson, Essai sur la Métaphys. i. pp. 22–27. ) which must precede the apurn Qidogopía. (Met.
He seems to have been followed by Adrastus, as is r. 3, p. 66, lin. 24. ) This is Dialectics or Analytics,
in part testified by the express evidence of Greek or, according to our use of terms, Logic. Some
interpreters. The arrangement of Andronicus ap times Aristotle recognises only the two main divi-
pears to have been preserved in the division pecu- sions of practical and theoretical philosophy. (Mo
liar to the Latins (rata Aativovs), i. e. to the Latin taph. ii. 1, p. 36, Brand. )
translators and expositors from the fourth to the
sixth century, which is spoken of in one or two
A. DOCTRINAL WORKS.
notices in the MSS. of Aristotle collated by Bekker.
(Arist. Opp. ed. Bekker, Rhet. i. 8, p. 1368, b.
1. Dialectics and Logic.
ii. init. p. 1377, b. , iii. init. p. 1403, b. ) The di- The extant logical writings are comprehended
visions of the Greek commentators may be found as a whole under the title Organon (i e. instru-
in Stahr (Aristot. ii. p. 254), with which David ad ment of science). They are occupied with the
Categ. p. 24 ; Philop. ad Catey. p. 36, ed. Berolin. investigation of the method by which man arrives
may be compared. They separate the writings of at knowledge. Aristotle develops the rules and
Aristotle into three principal divisions. 1. Theoretic
. laws of thinking and cognition from the nature of
2. Practical. 3. Logical or organical, which again the cognoscent faculty in man. An insight into
have their subdivisions. The arrangement in the the nature and formation of conclusions and of
oldest printed edition of the entire works rests proof by means of conclusions, is the common aim
probably upon a tradition, which in its essential and centre of all the separate six works composing
features may reach back as far as Andronicus. In the Organon. Of these, some ( Topicu and Elench.
the Aldina the Organon (the logical writings) comes Sophist. ) have the practical tendency of teaching us
first; then follow the works on physical science, how, in disputing, to make ourselves masters of
including the Problems; then the mathematical the probable, and, in attacking and defending, to
and metaphysical writings; at the end the writings guard ourselves against false conclusions (Dialectics,
which belong to practical philosophy, to which in Eristics). In the others, on the other hand, which
the following editions the Rhetoric and Poetics are more theoretical (analytica), and which contain
are added. This arrangement has continued to be the doctrine of conclusions (Syllogistics) and of
the prevailing one down to the present day.
In proof (Apodeictics), the object is certain, strictly
the following survey we adhere to the arrangement demonstrable knowledge.
adopted by Zell, who divides the works into, Literature of the Organon. —Organon, ed. Pacius
A. Doctrinal, B. Historical, c. Miscellaneous, D. Let- a Beriga, Morgiis, 1584, Francof. 1597, 410. ;
ters, E. Poems and Speeches. Every systematic Elementa logices Aristot. ed. Trendelenburg, Berol.
dirision of course bas reference principally to the 1836, 8vo. 2nd. ed. 1842 ; Explanations thereon
first class. The principle to be kept in view in in German, Berlin, 1842, 8vo. -Weinholtz, De
the division of these works must be determined finibus et pretio logices Arist. Rostochii, 1824. -
from what Aristotle says himself. According to Brandis, Uëber die Reihenfolge der Bücher des Or-
him, every kind of knowledge has for its object ganon, &c. , in the Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. , 1835,
either, 1, Merely the ascertainment of truth, or p. 249, &c. -- Biese, die Philosophie des Aristot. i. pp.
2. Besides this, an operative activity. The latter 45-318. –J. Barthélemy St. Hilaire, De la Logique
has for its result either the production of a work d'Aristote, Mémoire couronnée par l'Institut, Paris,
(Tolewv), or the result is the act itself, and its pro- 1838, 2 vols. 8vo.
cess (Tpártev). Accordingly every kind of know- The usual succession of the logical writings in
ledge is either I. Productive, poetic (én 10thun the editions is as follows:
ποιητική); or II. Practical (επιστήμη πρακτική); 1. The Katnyopla. (Praedicamenta). In this
or III. Theoretical (émlothun Dewanting). * Theo work Aristotle treats of the (ten) bighest and most
retical knowledge has three main divisions (pido comprehensive generic ideas, under which all the
Copiat, a payuarciai), namely : 1. Physical science attributes of things may be subordinated as species.
(επιστήμη φυσική); 2. Mathematics (επ. μαθημα- These are esseng or substanc (ή ουσία), φuantity
TIK"); 3. The doctrine of absolute existence (in (Tógov), quality (nolov), rciation (após Ti), piace
Aristotle η πρώτη φιλοσοφία, οι επιστήμη θεολο- 1 (που), time (πότε), situation (κείσθαι), possession or
having (ěxeiv), action (Troleiv), suffering náoyev).
Metaph. K. 6, p. 226, Brandis, E. 1 and 2 ;
Elh. Nic. vi. 3 and 4.
Mctaj hys. E. 1, K. 1, L. ).
i
## p. 328 (#348) ############################################
328
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
sions.
The origin of these categories, according to Tren- of Rhodes. Out of this pragmaty there have been
delenburg's investigation, is of a linguistic-grammati- lost the writings Nepl pidocopias, in three books,
cal nature. (Trend. de Arist. Categ. Berol. 1833, containing the first sketch of metaphysics, and a
8vo. )
description of the Pythagorean and Platonic philo
2. Tepl épurvelas (de Elocutione oratoria), i. e. sophy; and Nepi ideas, in at least four books, a
concerning the expression of thoughts by means of polemic representation of the Platonic doctrine of
speech. By épunvela Aristotle understands the ideas. (See Brandis, Diatribe de perd. Arist.
import of all the component parts of judgments libr. 21. 14. )
and conclusions. As the Categories are of a gram- Literature of the Metaphysics. The edition by
matical origin, so also this small treatise, which Brandis, Berlin, 1823, of which hitherto only the
was probably not quite completed, was, as it were, first vol. , containing the text, has appeared. Scho
the first attempt at a philosophical system of gram- lia Gracca in Arist. Met. ed. Brandis, Berol. 1837,
mar. (See Classen, de Grammaticae Graecae Pri- 8vo. iv. 1 ; Biese, die Philosophie des Arist. i. pp.
mordiis, Bonnae, 1829, p. 52; K. E. Geppert, 310--661; Michelet, Eramen critique de la Mé-
Darstellung der Grammatischen Kategorien, Berlin, taph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1836; Ravaisson, Sur la
1836, p. 11. )
Métaph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1838 ; Glaser, die Metapi.
After these propaedeutical treatises, in which des Arist. nach Composition, Inhalt, und Methode.
definitions (őpoi) and propositions (Apotásels) are Berlin, 1841; Vater, Vindiciae theologiae Ariston
treated of, there follow, as the first part of Logic, telis, Lips. 1795 ; Brandis, Ditrile de perd. Arist.
properly so called, 3. The two books 'Avalutirà libr. de Ideis et de Bono, sive de Philosophia, Bon-
pótepa ( Analytica priora), the theory of conclu- nae, 1823, and Rheinisches Museum, ii. 2, p. 208,
The title is derived from the resolution of &c. , 4, p. 558, &c. ; Trendelenburg, Platonis de Ideis
the conclusion into its fundamental component et Numeris Doctrina er Aristotele illustrata, Lips.
parts (avalvewv). The word "pótepa, appended to 1826 ; Starke, de Arist. de Intelligentia, sive de
the title, is from a later hand. 4. The two books, Mente Sententia, Neo-Ruppini, 1833, 410. ; Bonitz,
Avalutind votepa (also Seútepa, méyana), treat, Observationes criticae in Aristotelis libros metaphy-
the first of demonstrable (apodeictic) knowledge, sicos, Berol. 1842.
the second of the application of conclusions to proof. Mathematics, the second science in the sphere of
5. The eight books TOTIKWv embrace Dialectics, Theoretical Philosophy, is treated of in the follow-
i. e. the logic of the probable according to Aristotle. ing writings of Aristotle :-
It is the method of arriving at farther conclusions 1. Περί ατόμων γραμμών, ίc. concerning indi-
on every problem according to probable propositions visible lines, intended as a proof of the doctrine of
and general points of view. From these last, the infinite divisibility of magnitudes. This work
(TÓT01, sedes et fontes argumentorum, loci, Cic. Top. was attributed by several ancient critics to Theo
c. 2, Orat. c. 14,) the work takes its name. We phrastus. Ed. princeps by Stephanus, 1557.
must regard as an appendix to the Topica the 2. Μηχανικά προβλήματα, Mechanical Problems,
treatise, 6. ſep. GODIOTIKWV eneyxwv, concerning critically and exegetically edited by Van Capelle,
the fallacies which only apparently prove something Amstelod. 1812. The Roman writer Vitruvius
Published separately by Winckelmann, made diligent use of this treatise.
Leipzig, 1833, as an appendix to his edition of We now come to the third main division of
Plato's Euthydemus.
Theoretical Philosophy, viz. Physics or Natural
science (πραγματεία και μέθοδος φυσική, επιστήμη
2. Theoretical Philosophy.
περί φύσεως, ιστορία περί φύσεως, Phys. i. 1 ; de
Caelo, iii. 1. ) According to the way in which it
Its three parts are Physics, Mathematics, and is treated of by Aristotle, it exhibits the following
Metaphysics. " In Physics, theoretical philosophy division and arrangement: The science of Physics
considers material substances, which have the considers as well the universal causes and relations
source of motion in themselves (τα όντα ή κινού- of entire nature, as the individual natural bodies.
ueva). In mathematics the subject is the attri. The latter are either simple and therefore eternal
butes of quantity and extension (tò aboov kal to and imperishable, as the heaven, the heavenly
ouvezés), which are external to motion indeed, bodies, and the fundamental powers of the elements
but not separate from things (xwplotá), though (warm, cold, moist, dry); or they are compound,
they are still independent, kalº avrà uévouta earthly, and perishable. The compound physical
Metaphysics (in Arist. TrpáTY, QI0Oopía, copiam substances are, 1. such as are formed immediately
θεολογία, θεολογική επιστήμη, or φιλοσοφία | by the above-mentioned fundamental forces, as the
simply) have to do with eristence in itself and as elements—fire, air, water, earth ; 2. collections of
such (To ovo šv, Met. T. 1, E. 1), which in like homogeneous matter (óuolouepa, similaria), which
manner is external to motion ; but at the same are compounded of the elements, e. 9. stones, blood,
time exists by itself separably from individual bones, flesh; 3. heterogeneous component parts (ava
things (Tò xwpordy kal rò exívntov). Their wolomepa, dissimilariu), as e. o. head, hand, &c. ,
subject therefore is the universal, the ultimate which are compounded of different homogeneous
causes of things, the best, the first (TÒ Kabónov, constituent parts, as of bones, blood, fiesh, &c. ;
τα αιτία, το άριστον, τα πρώτα, περί αρχάς επισ- 4. organized objects compounded of such hetero-
tņun), absolute existence, and the one. To this geneous constituent parts : animals, plants. The
last branch belong
course of observation and investigation proceeds
The Metaphysics, in 14 books (TWV metà tà from the whole and universal to the particular and
puolá, A-N), which probably originated after individual; but in the case of each individual
Aristotle's death in the collection of originally in- portion of the representation, from the cognoscent
dependent treatises.
The title also is of late observation of the external appearance to the in-
origin. It occurs first in Plutarch (Alex. c. 7), vestigation of the causes. (Phys. i. 1, i. l; de
and must probably be traced back to Andronicus l'artit. Animal, i. 5; Ilist. Anim. i. 6. § 4, Schnei-
to us.
1
## p.
(Valck. ad Schul. Eurip. Phoen. p. 695. ) Nor has iana, Francof. 11 vols. 4to. 1584––87. This
England, with the exception of some editions of edition of Sylburg's surpassed all the previous ones,
the Poetics by Burgess and Tyrwhitt, Goulston and even the critic of the present day cannot dispense
and Wiristanley, any monument of such studies with it. 5. Casauboniana, Lugd. Batav. 1590, by
worthy of notice. In Germany lectures on the Isaac Casaubon, 2 vols. fol. reprinted in 1597, 1605,
Aristotelian philosophy were still delivered at the 1646. This is the first Greek and Latin edition
universities ; but with the exception of Rachelius, of the entire works of Aristotle, but prepared has-
Piccart, Schrader, and Conring, who are of little tily, and now worthless. The same may be said
importance, scarcely any one can be mentioned but of the 6. Du l'ulliana, Paris, 1619 and 1629,
the learned Joh. Jonsenius (or Jonsius, 16:24 2 vols. fol. ; 1639, 4 vols. fol. by Guil. Du Val.
1659) of Holstein, and Melchior Zeidler of Königs Much more important is the 7. Bipontina (not
berg, of whom the first rendered some valuable completed), edited by Joh. Gottl. Buhle 1791-
service to the history of Aristotelian literature 1800, 5 vols. 8vo. It contains only the Organon
(Historia Peripatetica, attached to the edition of and the rhetorical and poetical writings. The
Launoi's work de varia Aristotelis fortuna, &c. , continuation was prevented by the conflagration of
Wittemberg, 1720, ed. Elswich. ), while the other Moscow, in which Buhle lost the materials which
was actively employed on the criticism and exegesis he had collected. The first volume, which con-
of the philosopher's writings.
tains, amongst other things, a most copious enume-
In Germany, Lessing was the first, who, in his ration of all the earlier editions, translations, and
Dramaturgie, again directed attention to Aristotle, commentaries, is of great literary ralue. The cri-
particularly to his Poetics, Rhetoric, and Ethics. tical remarks contain chiefly the variations of older
Of the philologists, Reiz, and the school of F. A. editions. Little is done in it for criticism itself
Wolf, e. g. Spalding, Fülleborn, Delbrück, and and exegesis. 8. Bekkeriana. Berolini, 1831–
Vater, again applied themselves to the writings 1840, ex recensione Immanuelis Bekker, edid.
of Aristotle. But the greatest service was ren- Acad. Reg. Boruss. , 2 vols. text, 1 vol. Latin trans-
dered by J. G. Schneider of Saxony (1782-1822) lations by various authors, which are not always
by his edition of the Politics and the History of Ani- good and well chosen, and not always in accordance
mals. Several attempts at translations in German with the text of the new recension. Besides these,
were made, and J. G. Buhle, at the instigation of there are to be 2 vols. of scholia edited by Brandis,
Heyne and Wolf, even applied himself to an edi- of which only the first volume has yet appeared.
tion of the entire works of Aristotle (1791–1800), This is the first edition founded on a diligent
which was never completed. At the commence though not always complete comparison of ancient
ment of the nineteenth century, their ranks were MSS. It forms the commencement of a new era for
joined by Gottfried Hermann and Goethe. Mean the criticism of the text of Aristotie. Unfortunately,
time a new era for the philosophical and philologi- there is still no notice given of the MSS. made use
cal study of the Stagirite began with Hegel, the of, and the course in consequence pursued by the
founder of the prevailing philosophy of this cen- editor, which occasions great difficulty in making
tury, who properly, so to say, was the first to dis- a critical use of this edition. Bekker's edition
close to the world the deep import of the Greek has been reprinted at Oxford, in 11 vols. 8vo. ,
philosopher, and strenuously advocated the study of with the Indices of Sylburg. Besides these, there
his works as the noblest problem connected with is a stereotype edition published by Tauchnitz,
classical philology. At the same time the Berlin Lips. 1832, 16mo. in 16 vols. , and another edition
academy, through Bekker and Brandis, undertook of the text, by Weise, in one volume, Lips. 1843.
an entirely new recension of the text ; and the French
Institute, by means of prize essays, happily de-
III. ENUMEPATION AND REVIEW OF THE
signed and admirably executed, promoted the un-
WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE.
derstanding of the several works of Aristotle, and We
e possess no safe materials for a chronological
the means of forming a judgment respecting them. I arrangeinent of the several writings, such as was
## p. 327 (#347) ############################################
ARISTOTELES.
327
ARISTOTELES.
>
attempted by Samuel Petitne. (Miscell. iv. 9. ) The genti, or simply coola). * Practical science, or
citations in the separate writings are of no use for practical philosophy (ni pilooopia tepl tà ávo pu-
this purpose, as they are often additions made by riva, Todituný, in the general sense of the word,
a later hand; and, not unfrequently, two writings Eth. Nic. i. 2, Mayna Moral. i. 1, Rhet. i. 2),
refer reciprocally to each other. (Ritter, Gesch. der teaches a man to know the highest purpose of
Philosophie, iii. p. 29, not. 1, p. 35, not. 2. ) More human life, and the proper mode of striving to
over, such an arrangement is of small importance attain it with respect to dispositions and actions.
for the works of a philosopher like Aristotle. It is 1. with reference to the individual man, ethics
A systematic arrangement was first given to the (noun); 2. With reference to the family and do-
writings of Aristotle by Andronicus of Rhodes. mestic concerns, Oeconomics (oikovouern); 3. With
He placed together in pragmaties (mpaymateia! ) reference to the state, Politics (TOM. Toký, in the
the works which treated of the time subjects, the more restricted sense of the word ; Eth. Nic. x. 9).
iogical, physical, &c. . (Porphyr. Vit. Plotin. 24 ; | Lastly, in so far as science is a scientific mode of
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Escorialens. p. 300. ) His regarding knowledge and cognition itself, and its
arrangement, in which the logical pragmaty came forms and conditions, and the application of them,
first, agreed, as it appears, in many other respects it is—IV. 'Enio thun Chotowoa nepi drodeißews
with the present arrangement in the editions. kal élotnums (Metaph. K. i. p. 213, Brandis),
(Ravaisson, Essai sur la Métaphys. i. pp. 22–27. ) which must precede the apurn Qidogopía. (Met.
He seems to have been followed by Adrastus, as is r. 3, p. 66, lin. 24. ) This is Dialectics or Analytics,
in part testified by the express evidence of Greek or, according to our use of terms, Logic. Some
interpreters. The arrangement of Andronicus ap times Aristotle recognises only the two main divi-
pears to have been preserved in the division pecu- sions of practical and theoretical philosophy. (Mo
liar to the Latins (rata Aativovs), i. e. to the Latin taph. ii. 1, p. 36, Brand. )
translators and expositors from the fourth to the
sixth century, which is spoken of in one or two
A. DOCTRINAL WORKS.
notices in the MSS. of Aristotle collated by Bekker.
(Arist. Opp. ed. Bekker, Rhet. i. 8, p. 1368, b.
1. Dialectics and Logic.
ii. init. p. 1377, b. , iii. init. p. 1403, b. ) The di- The extant logical writings are comprehended
visions of the Greek commentators may be found as a whole under the title Organon (i e. instru-
in Stahr (Aristot. ii. p. 254), with which David ad ment of science). They are occupied with the
Categ. p. 24 ; Philop. ad Catey. p. 36, ed. Berolin. investigation of the method by which man arrives
may be compared. They separate the writings of at knowledge. Aristotle develops the rules and
Aristotle into three principal divisions. 1. Theoretic
. laws of thinking and cognition from the nature of
2. Practical. 3. Logical or organical, which again the cognoscent faculty in man. An insight into
have their subdivisions. The arrangement in the the nature and formation of conclusions and of
oldest printed edition of the entire works rests proof by means of conclusions, is the common aim
probably upon a tradition, which in its essential and centre of all the separate six works composing
features may reach back as far as Andronicus. In the Organon. Of these, some ( Topicu and Elench.
the Aldina the Organon (the logical writings) comes Sophist. ) have the practical tendency of teaching us
first; then follow the works on physical science, how, in disputing, to make ourselves masters of
including the Problems; then the mathematical the probable, and, in attacking and defending, to
and metaphysical writings; at the end the writings guard ourselves against false conclusions (Dialectics,
which belong to practical philosophy, to which in Eristics). In the others, on the other hand, which
the following editions the Rhetoric and Poetics are more theoretical (analytica), and which contain
are added. This arrangement has continued to be the doctrine of conclusions (Syllogistics) and of
the prevailing one down to the present day.
In proof (Apodeictics), the object is certain, strictly
the following survey we adhere to the arrangement demonstrable knowledge.
adopted by Zell, who divides the works into, Literature of the Organon. —Organon, ed. Pacius
A. Doctrinal, B. Historical, c. Miscellaneous, D. Let- a Beriga, Morgiis, 1584, Francof. 1597, 410. ;
ters, E. Poems and Speeches. Every systematic Elementa logices Aristot. ed. Trendelenburg, Berol.
dirision of course bas reference principally to the 1836, 8vo. 2nd. ed. 1842 ; Explanations thereon
first class. The principle to be kept in view in in German, Berlin, 1842, 8vo. -Weinholtz, De
the division of these works must be determined finibus et pretio logices Arist. Rostochii, 1824. -
from what Aristotle says himself. According to Brandis, Uëber die Reihenfolge der Bücher des Or-
him, every kind of knowledge has for its object ganon, &c. , in the Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad. , 1835,
either, 1, Merely the ascertainment of truth, or p. 249, &c. -- Biese, die Philosophie des Aristot. i. pp.
2. Besides this, an operative activity. The latter 45-318. –J. Barthélemy St. Hilaire, De la Logique
has for its result either the production of a work d'Aristote, Mémoire couronnée par l'Institut, Paris,
(Tolewv), or the result is the act itself, and its pro- 1838, 2 vols. 8vo.
cess (Tpártev). Accordingly every kind of know- The usual succession of the logical writings in
ledge is either I. Productive, poetic (én 10thun the editions is as follows:
ποιητική); or II. Practical (επιστήμη πρακτική); 1. The Katnyopla. (Praedicamenta). In this
or III. Theoretical (émlothun Dewanting). * Theo work Aristotle treats of the (ten) bighest and most
retical knowledge has three main divisions (pido comprehensive generic ideas, under which all the
Copiat, a payuarciai), namely : 1. Physical science attributes of things may be subordinated as species.
(επιστήμη φυσική); 2. Mathematics (επ. μαθημα- These are esseng or substanc (ή ουσία), φuantity
TIK"); 3. The doctrine of absolute existence (in (Tógov), quality (nolov), rciation (após Ti), piace
Aristotle η πρώτη φιλοσοφία, οι επιστήμη θεολο- 1 (που), time (πότε), situation (κείσθαι), possession or
having (ěxeiv), action (Troleiv), suffering náoyev).
Metaph. K. 6, p. 226, Brandis, E. 1 and 2 ;
Elh. Nic. vi. 3 and 4.
Mctaj hys. E. 1, K. 1, L. ).
i
## p. 328 (#348) ############################################
328
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOTELES.
sions.
The origin of these categories, according to Tren- of Rhodes. Out of this pragmaty there have been
delenburg's investigation, is of a linguistic-grammati- lost the writings Nepl pidocopias, in three books,
cal nature. (Trend. de Arist. Categ. Berol. 1833, containing the first sketch of metaphysics, and a
8vo. )
description of the Pythagorean and Platonic philo
2. Tepl épurvelas (de Elocutione oratoria), i. e. sophy; and Nepi ideas, in at least four books, a
concerning the expression of thoughts by means of polemic representation of the Platonic doctrine of
speech. By épunvela Aristotle understands the ideas. (See Brandis, Diatribe de perd. Arist.
import of all the component parts of judgments libr. 21. 14. )
and conclusions. As the Categories are of a gram- Literature of the Metaphysics. The edition by
matical origin, so also this small treatise, which Brandis, Berlin, 1823, of which hitherto only the
was probably not quite completed, was, as it were, first vol. , containing the text, has appeared. Scho
the first attempt at a philosophical system of gram- lia Gracca in Arist. Met. ed. Brandis, Berol. 1837,
mar. (See Classen, de Grammaticae Graecae Pri- 8vo. iv. 1 ; Biese, die Philosophie des Arist. i. pp.
mordiis, Bonnae, 1829, p. 52; K. E. Geppert, 310--661; Michelet, Eramen critique de la Mé-
Darstellung der Grammatischen Kategorien, Berlin, taph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1836; Ravaisson, Sur la
1836, p. 11. )
Métaph. d'Arist. , Paris, 1838 ; Glaser, die Metapi.
After these propaedeutical treatises, in which des Arist. nach Composition, Inhalt, und Methode.
definitions (őpoi) and propositions (Apotásels) are Berlin, 1841; Vater, Vindiciae theologiae Ariston
treated of, there follow, as the first part of Logic, telis, Lips. 1795 ; Brandis, Ditrile de perd. Arist.
properly so called, 3. The two books 'Avalutirà libr. de Ideis et de Bono, sive de Philosophia, Bon-
pótepa ( Analytica priora), the theory of conclu- nae, 1823, and Rheinisches Museum, ii. 2, p. 208,
The title is derived from the resolution of &c. , 4, p. 558, &c. ; Trendelenburg, Platonis de Ideis
the conclusion into its fundamental component et Numeris Doctrina er Aristotele illustrata, Lips.
parts (avalvewv). The word "pótepa, appended to 1826 ; Starke, de Arist. de Intelligentia, sive de
the title, is from a later hand. 4. The two books, Mente Sententia, Neo-Ruppini, 1833, 410. ; Bonitz,
Avalutind votepa (also Seútepa, méyana), treat, Observationes criticae in Aristotelis libros metaphy-
the first of demonstrable (apodeictic) knowledge, sicos, Berol. 1842.
the second of the application of conclusions to proof. Mathematics, the second science in the sphere of
5. The eight books TOTIKWv embrace Dialectics, Theoretical Philosophy, is treated of in the follow-
i. e. the logic of the probable according to Aristotle. ing writings of Aristotle :-
It is the method of arriving at farther conclusions 1. Περί ατόμων γραμμών, ίc. concerning indi-
on every problem according to probable propositions visible lines, intended as a proof of the doctrine of
and general points of view. From these last, the infinite divisibility of magnitudes. This work
(TÓT01, sedes et fontes argumentorum, loci, Cic. Top. was attributed by several ancient critics to Theo
c. 2, Orat. c. 14,) the work takes its name. We phrastus. Ed. princeps by Stephanus, 1557.
must regard as an appendix to the Topica the 2. Μηχανικά προβλήματα, Mechanical Problems,
treatise, 6. ſep. GODIOTIKWV eneyxwv, concerning critically and exegetically edited by Van Capelle,
the fallacies which only apparently prove something Amstelod. 1812. The Roman writer Vitruvius
Published separately by Winckelmann, made diligent use of this treatise.
Leipzig, 1833, as an appendix to his edition of We now come to the third main division of
Plato's Euthydemus.
Theoretical Philosophy, viz. Physics or Natural
science (πραγματεία και μέθοδος φυσική, επιστήμη
2. Theoretical Philosophy.
περί φύσεως, ιστορία περί φύσεως, Phys. i. 1 ; de
Caelo, iii. 1. ) According to the way in which it
Its three parts are Physics, Mathematics, and is treated of by Aristotle, it exhibits the following
Metaphysics. " In Physics, theoretical philosophy division and arrangement: The science of Physics
considers material substances, which have the considers as well the universal causes and relations
source of motion in themselves (τα όντα ή κινού- of entire nature, as the individual natural bodies.
ueva). In mathematics the subject is the attri. The latter are either simple and therefore eternal
butes of quantity and extension (tò aboov kal to and imperishable, as the heaven, the heavenly
ouvezés), which are external to motion indeed, bodies, and the fundamental powers of the elements
but not separate from things (xwplotá), though (warm, cold, moist, dry); or they are compound,
they are still independent, kalº avrà uévouta earthly, and perishable. The compound physical
Metaphysics (in Arist. TrpáTY, QI0Oopía, copiam substances are, 1. such as are formed immediately
θεολογία, θεολογική επιστήμη, or φιλοσοφία | by the above-mentioned fundamental forces, as the
simply) have to do with eristence in itself and as elements—fire, air, water, earth ; 2. collections of
such (To ovo šv, Met. T. 1, E. 1), which in like homogeneous matter (óuolouepa, similaria), which
manner is external to motion ; but at the same are compounded of the elements, e. 9. stones, blood,
time exists by itself separably from individual bones, flesh; 3. heterogeneous component parts (ava
things (Tò xwpordy kal rò exívntov). Their wolomepa, dissimilariu), as e. o. head, hand, &c. ,
subject therefore is the universal, the ultimate which are compounded of different homogeneous
causes of things, the best, the first (TÒ Kabónov, constituent parts, as of bones, blood, fiesh, &c. ;
τα αιτία, το άριστον, τα πρώτα, περί αρχάς επισ- 4. organized objects compounded of such hetero-
tņun), absolute existence, and the one. To this geneous constituent parts : animals, plants. The
last branch belong
course of observation and investigation proceeds
The Metaphysics, in 14 books (TWV metà tà from the whole and universal to the particular and
puolá, A-N), which probably originated after individual; but in the case of each individual
Aristotle's death in the collection of originally in- portion of the representation, from the cognoscent
dependent treatises.
The title also is of late observation of the external appearance to the in-
origin. It occurs first in Plutarch (Alex. c. 7), vestigation of the causes. (Phys. i. 1, i. l; de
and must probably be traced back to Andronicus l'artit. Animal, i. 5; Ilist. Anim. i. 6. § 4, Schnei-
to us.
1
## p.
