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Tegea, and near it was a statue in stone of the (Apollon. Rhod. i. 554; Orph. Argon. 375, &c. )
artist himself, which was most probably also his Heracles too was connected with him by friend-
own work. (Paus. viii. 53. $ 3. ) Pausanias knew ship; but one of the poisoned arrows of this hero
nothing of his age or of his teacher; but from the was nevertheless the cause of his death, for during
way in which he mentions him in connexion with his struggle with the Erymanthian boar, Heracles
the Cretan school of Daedalus, and from his work- / became involved in a fight with the centaurs, who
ing both in wood and stone, he is probably to be filed to Cheiron, in the neighbourhood of Malea.
placed with the latest of the Daedalian sculptors, Heracles shot at them, and one of his arrows struck
such as Dipoenus and Scyllis (about B. C. 566). Cheiron, who, although immortal, would not live
Böckh considers the erection by the artist of his any longer, and gave his immortality to Prome-
own statue as an indication of a later date (Corp. theus. According to others, Cheiron, in looking
Inscrip. i. p. 19); but his arguments are satisfac- at one of the arrows, dropped it on his foot, and
torily answered by Thiersch, who also shews that wounded himself. (Ovid. Fast. v. 397; Hygin.
the 'reply of Hernann to Böckh, that Pausanias Poet. Astr. ii. 38. ) Zeus placed Cheiron among
does not say that Cheirisophus made his own | the stars. He had been married to Naïs or Cha-
;


## p. 693 (#713) ############################################

CHERA.
693
CHERSIPHRON.
riclo, and his daughter Endcis was the mother of she was called mais ; to her as the wife of Zcus, a
Peleus. (Apollod. jii. 12. $ 6. ) Cheiron is the second in which she bore the name of Télela; and
noblest specimen of a combination of the human a third in which she was worshipped as the xípa,
and animal forms in the ancient works of art; for the widow, alluding to her separation from Zeus.
while the centaurs generally express the sensual (Paus, viii. 22. $ 2. )
(L. S. ]
and savage features of a man combined with the CHE'RSIPHRON (Xepolopwv), or, as the namo
strength and swiftness of a horse, Cheiron, who is written in Vitruvius and one passage of Pliny,
possesses the latter likewise, combines with it a CTESIPHON, an architect of Cnossus in Crete, in
mild wisdom. He was represented on the Amy- conjunction with his son Metagenes, built or com-
clacan throne of Apollo, and on the chest of Cyp- menced building the great temple of Artemis at
selus. (Paus. iii. 18. $ 7, . 19. & 2. ) Some repre- Ephesus. The worship of Artemis was most proba-
sentations of_him are still extant, in which young bly established at Ephesus before the time of the
Achilles or Erotes are riding on his back. (Mus. Ionian colonization (ARTEMIS, p. 376, a. ); and it
Pio-Clement. i. 52 ; Böttiger, Vasengemälde, iii. would seem, that there was already at that distant
p. 144, &c. )
(L. S. ) period some temple to the goddess. (Paus. vii. 2. $ 4. )
CHE’LIDON, the mistress of C. Verres, who We are not told what had become of this temple,
is said by Cicero to have given all his decisions when, about the beginning of the 6th century B. C. ,
during his city praetorship (B. c. 74) in accordance the Jonian Greeks undertook the erection of a new
with her wishes. She died two years afterwards, temple, which was intended for the centre of their
when Verres was propraetor in Sicily, leaving him national worship, like the temple of Hera at Samos,
her heir. She is called by the Pseudo-Asconius a which was built about the same time by the Dorian
plebeian female client of Verres. (Cic. Verr. i. 40, colonies. The preparation of the foundations was
52, v. 13, 15, ii. 47, iv. 32; Pseudo-Ascon. p. 193; commenced about B. C. 600. To guard against
Scho). Vatic. p. 376, ed. Orelli. )
earthquakes, a marsh was chosen for site of
CHELI'DONIS (Xexidovis), a Spartan woman the teniple, and the ground was made firm by
of great beauty and royal blood, daughter of Leo- layers of charcoal rammed down, over which were
tychides. She married Cleonymus, who was much laid fleeces of wool. This contrivance was sug-
older than herself, and to whom she proved un- gested by Theodorus of Samos. (THEODORUS]
faithful in consequence of a passion for Acrotatus, The work proceeded very slowly. The erection of
son of Areus I. It was partly on account of this the colunins did not take place till about 40 years
injury that Cleonymus, offended also by his exclu- later. (B. C. 560. ) This date is fixed by the state-
sion from the throne, invired Pyrrhus to attempt ment of Herodotus (i. 92), that most of the pillars
the conquest of Sparta in B. c. 272. Chelidonis, were presented by Croesus. This therefore is the
alarmed for the result, was prepared to put an end date of Chersiphron, since it is to him and to his
to her own life rather than fall into her husband's son Metagenes that the ancient writers attribute
hands; but Pyrrhus was beaten off from the city, the erection of the pillars and the architrave. Of
chiefly through the valour of Acrotatus. If we course the plan could not be extended after the
may trust the account of Plutarch, the Spartans erection of the pillars; and therefore, when Strabo
generally of both sexes exhibited more sympatby (xiv. p. 640) says, that the temple was enlarged
with the lovers than indignation at their guilt,-a by another architect, he probably refers to the
proof of the corruption of manners, which Phylar- building of the courts round it. It was finally
chus (ap. Athen. iv. p. 142, b. ) ascribes principally completed by Demetrius and Paeonius of Ephesus,
to Acrotatus and his father. (Plut. Pyrrh. 26– about 220 years after the foundations were laid ;
28. )
(E. E. ) but it was shortly afterwards burnt down by
CHELO'NE (XeAcvn), the tortoise. When all | HEROSTRATUS on the same night in which Alex-
the gods, men, and animals were invited by Hermes ander the Great was born, B. C. 356. It was re-
to attend the wedding of Zeus and Hera, the nymph built with greater magnificence by the contribu-
Chelone alone remained at home, to shew her dis- tions of all the states of Asia Minor. It is said,
regard of the solemnity. But Hermes then des that Alexander the Great offered to pay the cost
cended from Olympus, threw Chelone's house, of the restoration on the condition that his name
which stood on the bank of a river, together with should be inscribed on the temple, but that the
the nymph, into the water, and changed her into Ephesians evaded the offer by replying, that it was
a tortoise, who had henceforth to carry her house not right for a god to make offerings to gods. The
on her back. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 509. ) [L. S. ] architect of the new temple was DEINOCRATES.
CHEOPS (Xéow), an early king of Egypt, god- The edifice has now entirely disappeared, except
less and tyrannical, who, according to Herodotus some remnants of its foundations. Though Pliny
and Diodorus, reigned for fifty years, and built the (like others of the ancient writers) has evidently
first and largest pyramid by the compulsory labour confounded the two buildings, yet his description
of his subjects. Diodorus calls him Chembes or is valuable, since the restored temple was probably
Chemmis. His account agrees with that of Hero- built on the same foundations and after the same
dotus, except that he supposes seven generations to general plan as the old one. We have also de-
have intervened between Remphis or Rhampsinitus scriptions of it by Vitruvius, who took his state-
and Cheops. (Herod. ii. 124–127; Larcher, ad ments from a work on the temple, which was said
loc. ; Diod. i. 63. ) (CEPHREN. ) [E. E. ] to have been written by the architects themselves,
CHEPHREN. [CEPHREN. ]
Chersiphron and Metagenes. (vii. Praef. § 12. )
CHERA (Xņpa), a surname of Hera, which was There are also medals on which the elevation of
believed to have been given her by Temenus, the the chief portico is represented. The temple was
son of Pelasgus. He had brought up Hera, and Octastyle, Dipteral, Diastyle, and Hypaethral.
erected to her at Old Stymphalus three sanctuaries | It was raised on a basement of 10 steps. Its
under three different names. To Hera, as a maiden dimensions were 425 X 220 feet. The columns
previous to her marriage, he dedicated one in which were 127 in number, 60 feet high, and made of
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## p. 694 (#714) ############################################

694
CHIOMARA.
CHIONE.
:
white marble, a quarry of which was discovered, | king of Galatin, was taken prisoner by the Romans
at a distance of only eight miles from the temple, when Cn. Manlius Vulso invaded Galatia, B. c. 189,
by a shepherd named Pixodarus. Thirty-six of the and was violated by the centurion into whosc hands
columns were sculptured (perhaps Caryatides within she fell. She agreed, however, to pay him a large
the cella), one of them by the great sculptor Scopas. sum for her ransom; and when he had delivered
(Plin. xxxvi, 14. 8. 21: but many critics think her up to a body of her countrymen who met them
the reading doubtful. ) They were of the Ionic at an appointed place for the purpose, she caused
order of architecture, which was now first invented him to be put to death, and carried back his head
(Plin. xxxvi. 23. s. 56, and especially Vitruv. iv. 1. to her husband. (Polyb. xxii. 21, and ap. Plut. de
$$ 7, 8. ) Of the blocks of marble which composed Mul. Virt. p. 225, ed. Tauchn. ; Val. Max. vi. 1.
the architrave some were as much as 30 feet long. Extern. 2 ; comp. Liv. xxxviii. 12. ) Polybius
In order to convey these and the columns to their says (l. c. ), that he had himself conversed with
places, Chersiphron and Metagenes invented some her at Sardis, and admired her high spirit and good
ingenious mechanical contrivances. (Vitruv, x. 6, sense.
[E. E. ]
7, or x. 2. SS 11, 12, ed. Schneider; Plin. xxxvi. CHION (X1wv), the son of Matris, a noble citi-
14. s. 21. ) The temple was reckoned one of zen of Heracleia, on the Pontus, was a disciple of
the seven wonders of the world, and is celebrated Plato. With the aid of Leon (or Leonides),
in several epigrams in the Greek Anthology, espe- Euxenon, and other noble youths, he put to death
cially in two by Antipater of Sidon (ü. pp. 16, 20, Clearchus, the tyrant of Heracleia. (B. C. 353. )
Brunck and Jacobs).
Most of the conspirators were cut down by the
From this account it is manifest that Chersi- tyrant's body-guards upon the spot, others were
phron and Metagenes were among the most distin- afterwards taken and put to death with cruel tor-
guished of ancient architects, both as artists and tures, and the city fell again beneath the worse
mechanicians.
tyranny of Satyrus, the brother of Clearchus.
(Plin. H. N. vii. 25. 6. 38, xvi. 37. B. 79, (Memnon, ap. Phot. Cod. 224, pp. 222, 223, ed.
xxxvi. 14. B. 21 ; Vitruv. iii. 2. & 7, vii. Praef. Bekker; Justin. xvi. 5. )
§ 16; Strab. xiv. pp. 640, 641; Liv. i. 45; Diog. There are extant thirteen letters which are as-
Laërt. ii. 9; Philo Byzant. de VII Orb. Mirac. cribed to Chion, and which are of considerable
p. 18; Hirt, Tempel der Diana von Ephesus, Berl. merit; but they are undoubtedly spurious. Pro-
1807, Geschichte der Baukunst, i. pp. 232-4, 254, bably they are the composition of one of the later
with a restoration of the temple, plate viii. ; Platonists. They were first printed in Greek in
Rasche, Lex. Univ. Rei Num. s. v. Ephesia, Ephe- the Aldine collection of Greek Letters, Venet.
sus; Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. ii. 512. ) [P. S. ] 1499, 8vo. ; again, in Greek and Latin, in the re-
CHI'LIUS, a Greek poet, a friend of Cicero, print of that collection, Aurel Allob. 1606. The
who mentions him along with Archias, appears, first edition in a separate form was by J. Caselius,
among other things, to have written epigrams. printed by Steph. Myliander, Rostoch, 1583, 4to. ;
(Cic. ad Att. i. 9, 12, 16. )
there was also a Latin translation published in the
CHILO or CILO. (Cico. ]
same volume with a Latin version of the fourth
CHIMAERA (Xiuaipa), a fire-breathing mon- book of Xenophon's Cyropaedeia, by the same edi-
ster, which, according to the Homeric poems, was tor and printer, Rostoch, 1584, 4to. A more com-
of divine origin. She was brought up by Amiso- plete edition of the Greek text, founded on a new
darus, king of Caria, and afterwards made great recension of some Medicean MSS. , with notes and
havoc in all the country around and among men. indices, was published by J. T. Coberus, Lips. and
The fore part of her body was that of a lion, and Dresd. 1765, 8vo. The best edition, containing
the hind part that of a dragon, while the middle all that is valuable in the preceding ones, is that
was that of a goat. (Hom. Il. vi. 180, xvi. 328; of J. Conr. Orelli, in the same volume with his
comp. Ov. Met. ix. 646. ) According to Hesiod edition of Memnon, Lips. 1816, 8vo. It contains the
(Theog. 319, &c. ), she was a daughter of Typhaon Greek text, the Latin version of Caselius, the Pro-
and Echidna, and had three heads, one of each of legomena of A. G. Hoffmann, the Preface of Cobe
the three animals before mentioned, whence she is rus, and the Notes of Coberus, Hoffmann, and
called tpiképalos or procuatos. (Eustath. ad Orelli. There are several selections from the let-
Hom. p. 634; Eurip. Ion, 203, &c. ; Apollod. i. 9. ters of Chion. (A. G. Hoffmann, Prolegom. ad
§ 3, ii. 3. & 1. ) She was killed by Bellerophon, and Chionis Epist. Graec. futuram edit. conscripta;
Virgil (den, vi. 288) places her together with other Fabric. Bibl. Graec. i. p. 677. ) [P. S. ]
monsters at the entrance of Orcus. The origin of CHION, of Corinth, a sculptor, who attained to
the notion of this fire-breathing monster must pro- no distinction, not from the want of industry or skill,
bably be sought for in the volcano of the name of but of good fortune. (Vitruv. iii. Praef. ) [P. S. ]
Chimaera near Phaselis, in Lycia (Plin. H. N. ii. CHI'ONE (Xióvn). ]. A daughter of Boreas
106, v. 27; Mela. i. 15), or in the volcanic valley and Oreithyia, and sister of Cleopatra, Zetes, and
near the Cragus (Strab. xiv. p. 665, &c. ), which is Calais. She became by Poseidon the mother of
described as the scene of the erents connected with Eumolpus, and in order to conceal the event, she
the Chimaera. In the works of art recently dis-threw the boy into the sea; but the child was
covered in Lycia, we find several representations saved by Poseidon. (Apollod. iii. 15. SS 2, 4 ;
of the Chimaera in the simple form of a species Paus. i. 38. $ 3. )
of lion still occurring in that country. (L. S. ] 2. A daughter of Daedalion, who was beloved
CHI'MARUS, a statuary in the reign of Tibe- by Apollo and Hermes on account of her beauty.
rius, who made a statue and shrine of Germanicus, She gave birth to twins, Autolycus and Philammon,
probably in bronze, on a marble base. (Inscr. ap. the former a son of Hermes and the latter of
Donati, Suppl. Inscr. ad Nor. Thes. Murat. ii. p.