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by Livy (xxiii. 12) as a warm supporter of the Being young, active, and daring, and finding him-
Barcine party, and as upbraiding Hanno with his self at the head of an indefatigable and hardy body
opposition, when Mago brought to Carthage the of troops, he continually harassed the Roman
tidings of the victory at Cannae. It is possible generals, prevented their soldiers from leaving the
that he is the same who was soon after sent to camp for provisions or forage, and frequently at-
Spain with an army to hold that province, while tacked their detachments with success, except, it is
Hasdrubal advanced into Italy (Liv. xxiii. 28); said, when they were commanded by Scipio. By
but this is a mere conjecture. It is remarkable these means he became an object of terror to the
that the Himilco just referred to, though entrusted Romans, and contributed greatly to the success of
with so important a command, is not again men- the Carthaginian army under Hasdrubal, especially
tioned in history; at least there are no sufficient on occasion of the march of Manilius upon New
grounds for identifying him with any of those here pheris. But in the course of this irregular warfare
after enumerated.
having accidentally fallen in with Scipio (at that
8. An officer in the army of Hannibal, who re time one of the tribunes in the Roman army), he
duced the town of Petelia in Bruttium (B. c. 216), was led by that officer into a conference, in which
after a siege of several months' duration, during Scipio induced him to abandon the cause of Car-
wbich the inhabitants had suffered the greatest thage as hopeless, and desert to the Romans. This
extremities of famine. (Liv. xxiii. 20, 30. ) This resolution he put in execution on occasion of the
conquest is ascribed by Appian (Annib. 29) to second expedition of Manilius against Nepheris
Hanno, who, in fact, held ihe chief command in (B. c. 148), when he went over to the enemy, car.
Bruttium at this time.
rying with him the greater part of the troops under
9. Commander of the Carthaginian forces in his command. He was sent by Manilius with
Sicily during a part of the second Punic war. He Scipio to Roinc, where the senate rewarded bin


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476
HIPPARCHUS.
HIPPARCHUS.
for his treachery with a purple robe and other HIPPARCHUS (“ITTapXos), literary: J. An
(rnaments of distinction, as well as with a sum of Athenian comic poet. Suidas (s. r. ) assigns him
money. After this he returned to Africa, but we to the old comedy ; but from what he adus, that
do not learn that he was able to render any im- “his dramas were about marriages," and from the
portant services to the Romans in their subsequent extant titles of his plays, namely, 'Avaowcóuerol,
operations. (Appian, Pun. 97, 100, 104, 107, 109; navvuxis, Oats, and Zwypápos, it is evident that
Zonar. ix. 27; Eutrop. iv. 10. ) (E. H. B. ] Hipparchus belonged to the new comedy. He was
HIOSTUS, a Sardinian, son of Ilampsicora. probably contemporary with Diphilus and Menan-
[HAMPSICORA. ]
der. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 457,
HIPPAGORAS ("Inaayópas), a writer men- vol. iv. p. 431 ; Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. ii. p. 451. )
tioned by Athenaeus (xiv. p. 630 A. ) as the author 2. The author of an Egyptian Iliad, from which
of a treatise Περί της Καρχηδονίων Πολιτείας. two lines are quoted by Athenaeus (in. p. 101, a. ).
(C. P. M. ] 3. A Pythagorean, contemporary with Lysis, the
HIPPAʼLCIMUS ('ITÁMiuos), a grandson of teacher of Epaminondas, about 3. c. 380. There
Boeotus, son of Itonus, and father of Pencleus. is a letter froin Lysis to Hipparchus, remonstrating
(Diod. iv. 67; Apollod. i. 9. $ 16, who, however, with him for teaching in public, which was contrary
calls him Hippalmus. )
(L. S. ] to the injunctions of Pythagoras. (Diog. Laërt.
HIPPALCMUS ("Invalkuos), the name of two viii. 42 ; lamblich. l'it. Pythag. 17 ; Synes. Epist.
mythical personages, the one a son Pelops and ad lleracl. ) Clemens Alexandrinus tells us, ihat
Hippodamein, and the other an Argonaut. (Schol. on the ground of his teaching in public, Hipparchus
ad Pind. Ol. i. 144 ; llygin. Fub. 14. ) [L. S. ] was expelled from the society of the Pythagoreans,
HIPPA'RCHIA (ʻlinapxía), born at Maroneia, who erected a monument to him, as if he had been
a town of Thrace. She lived about B. c. 328. She dead. (Strom. v. p. 574; comp. Lycurg. adr. Leocr.
was the daughter of a family of wealth and dis- 30. ) Stobaeus (Serm. cvi. ) has preserved a fragment
tinction; but having been introduced by her brother from his book Ilepi evduulas. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
Meteocles to Crates, an ugly and deformed Cynic vol. i. pp. 847, 886. )
(Crates of THEBES], she conceived such a violent 4. Of Stageira, a relation and disciple of Aris-
passion for him, that she informed her parents that totle, who mentions him in his will. (Diog. Laërt.
if they refused to allow her to marry him, she v. 12. ) Suidas (s. r. ) mentions his works ti åpper
should kill herself. They begged Crates to per- και θήλυ παρά τους θεούς and τίς ο γάμος. Pro-
suade her out of this strange fancy, and he certainly bably he is the same as the Hipparchus mentioned
appears to have done his best to accomplish their in the will of Theophrastus, and the father of He
wishes, since he exhibited to her his humpback gesias. (Diog. Laërt. v. 51, 56, 57. )
and his wallet, saying, “ Here is the bridegroom, Other persons of the name are mentioned by
and this is his fortune. ” Hipparchia, however, Fabricius. (Bibl. Graec. vol. iv. p. 31. ) [P. S. )
was quite satisfied, declaring that she could not HIPPARCHUS ("Intapxos). We must give
find any where, a handsomer or a richer spouse. a few words to the explanation of our reason for
They were accordingly married, and she assumed deferring all such account of Hipparchus as his
the Cynic dress and manners, and plunged into all | fame requires to another article. The first and
possible excesses of eccentricity. Suidas says that greatest of Greek astronomers bas left no work of
she wrote some treatises, amongst others, questions his own which would entitle him to that character:
addressed to Theodorus, sumamed the Atheist. it is entirely to Ptolemy that our knowledge of
There is an epigram on her by Antipater, in the him is due. In this respect, the parallel is very
Anthology, in which she is made to say, twv de close between him and two others of his race, each
κυνών έλόμαν ρωμαλέον βίοτον, and to pronounce | one of the three being the first of his order in point
herself as much superior to Atalanta as wisdom is of time. Aesop and Menander would only have
better than hunting. (Diog. Laërt. vi. 96 ; Me been known to us by report or by slight fragments,
nage, Historia Mulierum Philosopharum, 63 ;| if it had not been for Phaedrus and Terence : it
Brucker, Hist. Crit. Phil. ii. 2. 8. ) [G. E. L. C. ] would have been the same with Hipparchus if it
HIPPARCHUS, son of Peisistratus. [Per had not been for Ptolemy. Had it happened that
SISTRATUS, and PeisistRATIDAE. ]
Hipparchus had had two names, by the second of
HIPPARCHUS (“InTapxos), historical. 1. Of which Ptolemy, and Ptolemy only, had referred to
the borough of Cholargae in Attica, a distant re him, we should have had no positive method of
lation of his namesake the son of Peisistratus, is identifying the great astronomer with the writer
mentioned as the first person banished by ostracism of the commentary on Aratus. And if by any
from Athens. (Plut. Nic. 11. )
collateral evidence a doubt had been raised whether
2. Of Euboea, one of the warmest partisans of the two were not the same, it would probably have
Philip of Macedon, who rewarded him for his zeal been urged with success that it was impossible the
by appointing him, together with Automedon and author of so comparatively slight a production could
Cleitarchus, to be rulers, or, as Demosthenes calls have been the sagacious mathematician and dili-
them tyrants, of Eretria, supported by a force of gent observer who, by uniting those two charac-
mercenary troops. (Dem. Phil. iii. p. 125, de Cor. ters for the first time, raised astronomy to that
p. 324, ed. Reiske. ) From an anecdote mentioned rank among the applications of arithmetic and gea
by Plutarch (Apophth. p. 178), it appears that metry which it has always since preserved. This
Philip entertained for him feelings of warm per- is the praise to which the Hipparchus of the Syn-
sonal regard.
taxis is entitled ; and as this can only be ga-
3. A freedman of M. Antony, in whose favour thered from Ptolemy, it will be convenient to refer
he enjoyed a high place, notwithstanding which he the most important part of the account of the former
was one of the first to go over to Octavian. He to the life of the latter ; giving, in this place, only
afterwards established himself at Corinth. (Plut. as much as can be gathered from other sources. And
Ant. 67. )
[E. H. B. ] such a course is rendered more desirable by the cir-


## p. 477 (#493) ############################################

RCHUS
477
HIPPARCHUS.
HIPPARINUS.
zoxos), literary, 1. 4
das (s. r. ) assas hin
om what be adas, tant
arriages
, "ard fear the
amels, 'Aranowo
Dos, it is evident that
dew comedr. He is
Diphilus and Meas
Graco, roli. A ti,
Grace, rol. . 1 451)
Lian Iliad, from this
naeus (ni. 2 101,2)
erary with Lros e
Ut E. C. 380. There
sctus, rencastats
- which is CHIET
oms. (Diogo Laert
--17; Sides. Eject
Hrings tells us at
public, Ilippurdo
the Prilageni
as if he had been
ufcurg. ate, Loscr.
exertedafnamesi
abnie. Dit CE
disciple of Aris-
al. (Diog, Lazit
is works Tips
-ó seus. P.
ichnis merecede
be father of He
cumstance that the boundary between the discoveries | περί της των απλανών συντάξεως και του κατα-
of Hippurchus and those of Ptolemy himself is in | στηριγμού και εις τους αρίστους (αστερισμούς ? ),
several points a question which can only be settled which may be the same as the above. 2. Tepl
from the writings of the latter, if at all.
μεγεθών και αποστημάτων, mentioned by Pappus
Strabo, Suidas, &c. , state that Hipparchus was and Theon. A further account of this work is
of Nicaea, in Bithynia ; and Ptolemy (De Adpar. given under PTOLEMA EUS. Kepler had a manu-
Inerrant. sub fin. ), in a list in which he has expressly script, which Fabricius seems to imply was this
pointed out the localities in which astronomers work, and which was to have been published by
made their observations, calls him a Bithynian. Hansch, but which did not appear. 3. De dui
But the same Ptolemy (Syntax. lib. v. p. 299, ed. decim Signorum Adscensione, mentioned by Pappus.
Halma) states that Hipparchus himself has noted 4. Tepl tíſs kard Tátos unuialas oñis orarios
his own observation of the sun and moon, made at kivhoews, mentioned by Suidas and Eudocia. 5.
Rhodes in the 197th year after the death of Alex. llepl unuiaiov xpóvou, mentioned by Galen. 6.
ander. Hence some have made the Rhodian and repleviavolov Mezébous, nientioned by Ptolemy.
the Bithynian to be two different persons, without | 7. Tepl tñs uetaTTWOEWS TWY TPOTIKWV rai ion-
any reasonable foundation. There is a passage in uepirav onuelwv, mentioned by Ptolemy. 8. Twv
tlie Syntaxis (lib. iii. p. 160, cd. Ifalma), from which 'Αράτου και Ευδόξου φαινομένων εξηγήσεων βιβλία
Delambre (Àstron. Anc. Disc. Prel. xxiv. and vol. 7. This is the comment alluded to in ARATUS.
ii. p. 108) found it difficult to avoid inferring that it has always been received as the undoubted
Prolemy asserted Hipparchus to have also observed work of Hipparchus, though beyond all question it
at Alexandria, which had been previously asserted, must have been written before any of his great
on the same ground, by Weidler and others. But discoveries had been made. Nevertheless, it may
he afterwards remembered that Prolemy always be said of this criticism, that it is far superior to
supposes Rhodes and Alexandria to be in the same any thing which had then been written on astro-
longitude, and therefore compares times of observ- nomy, or which was written before the time of
ation at the two places without reduction. Ptolemy by any but Hipparchus himself. Delambro
As to the time at which Hipparchus lived, has given a minute account of its contents ( Astron.
Suidas places him at from B. c. 160 to B. c. 145, Anc. vol. i. pp. 106—189): he remarks that the
but without naming these epochs as those of his places of the stars, as known to Hipparchus when
birth and death. Of his life and opinions, inde he wrote it, are not quite so good as those of his
pendently of the astronomical details in the Syn- subsequent catalogue, which can be recovered from
taxis, we know nothing more than is contained in the Syntaxis ; this is equivalent to saying that
a passage of Pliny (H. N. 26), who states that they are much better than those of his predecessors.
the attention of Hipparchus was first directed to The comparison of Eudoxus and Aratus, which
the construction of a catalogue of stars by the ap- runs throughout this work, constitutes the best
pearance of a new star, and a moving one (perhaps knowledge we have of the former. (EUDOX-
a comet of unusually star-like appearance). Hence vs). We cannot but suppose that the fact of this
he dared, rem Deo improbar, to number the stars, being the only remaining work of Hipparchus must
and assign their places and magnitudes, that his arise from the Syntaxis containing the substance of
successors might detect new appearances, disappear- all the rest : this one, of course, would live as a cri-
ances, motion, or change of magnitude, coelo in ticism on a work so well known as that of Aratus.
haereditate cunctis relicto. Bayle has a curious It has been twice published: once by P. Victor,
mistake in the interpretation of a part of this pas Florence, 1567, folio, and again by Petavius in his
sage. He tells us that Hipparchus thought the Uranologion, Paris, 1630, folio. 9. Προς τον
souls of men to be of celestial origin, for which he 'Ερατοσθένην και τα εν τη Γεωγραφία αυτού λεχ-
cites Pliny as follows: " Idem Hipparchus nun- devra, a criticism censured by Strabo, and ap-
quam satis laudatus, ut quo nemo magis approba- proved by Pliny. 10. B. biov tepi Twv oid Bápous
verit cognationem cum homine siderum, animasque kétw pepouévwv, cited by Simplicius. ll. Achilles
nostras partem esse cocli. " This means, of course, Tatius says that Hipparchus and others wrote tepl
that Pliny thought that no one had done more than έκλείψεων ηλίου κατά τα επτά κλίματα, from
Hipparchus to show the heavenly origin of the which we cannot infer that this is the title of a
human mind.
work. (Ptolem. Syntaxis ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
The following are a list of writings attributed to vol. iv, p. 26, &c. ; Petavius, Uranologion; Weidler,
Hipparchus:-- 1. Tepl twv at havwv åvaypapal, Hist. Astrm. ; Delambre, Hist. de l'Astronom, anc.
mentioned by Ptolemy (lib. vii. ). A work was vol. i. pp. 6, 106, &c. , Discours. prélimin. p. xxi. ;
added, under the name of Hipparchus, by P. Vic- Bailly, Hist. de l'Astronom. modern. vol. i. p. 77 ;
tor, to his edition of the comment on Aratus, pre- Montucla, Hist. des Mathemat. vol. i. p. 257, &c. ;
sently mentioned, under the title ěk8eois &oteplo- Gartz in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclop. s. v. ; Mar-
wwv, which is nothing more than an extract from coz, Astronomie solaire d'Hipparque soumise à une
the seventh book of the Syntaxis. Suidas and critique rigoreuse et ensuite rendue à sa vérité pri-
Eudocia mention a work with the follo:ving title, mordiale, Paris, 1828. )
[A. DE M. )
HIPPARI'NUS (ʻlattapīvos). 1. A Syracusan,
* It was a similar circumstance which gave as father of Dion. He is mentioned by Aristotle
remarkable an impulse to the astronomical career (Pol. v. 6) as a man of large fortune, and one
of Tycho Brahe, whose merits, as far as practical of the chief citizens of Syracuse, who, having
astronomy is concerned, much resemble those of squandered his own property in luxury and ex-
Hipparchus. It is frequently stated that both travagance, lent his support to Dionysius in ob-
were originally led to astronomy by the sight of taining the sovereignty of his native city. Accord-
new stars, which is certainly not true of the former, ing to Plutarch (Dion, 3), he was associated
nor have we any reason to infer it from what Pliny with Dionysius in the command as general auto-
mays of the latter.
crator, a statement which is understood by Mitford
mentioned by
31. ) (P. 2)
IT'e mesi
our reisoo la
rarchus ss his
The first and
ft no perk
that charitar:
knarledge a
aralel is TET
his race, esca
rder it post
ld only have
3: frazes,
Terece": 1
arches if
Epened that
e second
related to
method of
the prita
if by as
d detta
a kar
ossible the
to eat
chare
ud
d TO
the
io reta
ce, eclr
15e a


## p. 478 (#494) ############################################

478
HIPPASUS.
HIPPIAS.
HIPPIAS
PESTRADE
25 year
and Socrates
for chiens as
pero menos
Seri Pat
Pos. Tas
especie de
faced abist
Greece un be
а
ano ate =
Par, the Iris
tres per
kes edge and
kacades
by Steenbe
eres med so far
be: a is not easy
ating from the
mi Cicero de o
spbest espresso
tiez mais may be
(Hist. of Greece, ch. xxix. sect. 5), as referring to panion of Hemcles in the war against Oechalian
the time when Dionysius obtained the virtual so- was slain by Eurytus. (Apollod. ii. 7. $ 7. )
vereignty under that title, in the spring of B. C. 3. A centaur, who was slain by Theseus, at the
405. It is more probable that it relates to the wedding of Peirithous. (Ov. Met. xii. 352. )
appointment of the ten generals in the preceding 4. A son of Leucippe. (Alcathoe. )
year, and that Hipparinus, as well as Dionysius, 5. A son of Eurytus, was onc of the Calydonian
was one of these. [Dionysius, p. 1033, a. ) We hunters. (Hygin. Fab. 173; Ov. Met. viii.
hear no more of him from this time, but from the 313.