325 she
set out on a pilgrimage to Palestine, and, having ex-
plored the site of Jerusalem, she thought that she had
discovered the sepulchre of Jesus, and also the cross
on which he died.
set out on a pilgrimage to Palestine, and, having ex-
plored the site of Jerusalem, she thought that she had
discovered the sepulchre of Jesus, and also the cross
on which he died.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The name is of Grecian origin,
probably a translation of the native term, and has a
fig irative ai'usion to the numerous routes which di-
veigo from this place to the adjacent country. D'An-
vilte makes it correspond with the modern Demegan.
{Plin , 6, 15. --Curl. , 6, 2. --Ammian. Marcell. , 23,
ti. --Folyb. , 10, 25. --Diod. Sir. . , 17, 25. )
Hkcatonnesi, small islands between Lesbos and
Asii. They derived their names, according to Stra-
Oi>> (13), from luaroc, an epithet of Apollo, that deity
being particularly worshipped along the continent of
Asia, off which they lay. It seems more probable,
however, that they had their name from Uarov, a hun-
dred, and were called so from their great number,
which is about forty or over. And Herodotus, in fact,
writes the name 'Ekutov N7001 (I, 151). The mod-
em appellation is Musco-Nisi. (Cramer's Asia Mi-
nor, vol. 1, p. 165. )
Hector, son of Priam and Hecuba, was the most
valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the
Greeks. He married Andromache, daughter of Eetion,
by whom he became the father of Astyanax. Hector
was appointed commander of all the Trojan forces, and
for a long period proved the bulwark of his native city.
He was not only the bravert and most powerful, but
also the most amiable, of his countrymen, and particu-
larly distinguished himself in his conflicts with Ajax,
Diomede, and many other of the most formidable lead-
ers. The fates had decreed that Troy should never
be destroyed as long as Hector lived. The Greeks,
therefore, after the death of Patroclus, who had fallen
by Hector's hand, made a ]>owerful effort under the
command of Achillea; and, by the intervention of
Minerva, who assumed the form of Dci'phohus, and
urged Hector to encounter the Grecian chief, contrary
to the remonstrances of Priam and Hecuba, their effort
was crowned with success. Hector fell, and his death
>>c< implished the overthrow of his father's kingdom.
The deal body of the Trojan warrior was attached to
the chariot of Achilles, and insultingly dragged away
to the Grecian fleet; and thrice everv day, for the
space of twelve days, was it also dragged by the victor
around the tomb of Patroclus. (11. , 22, 399, seqq. --
lb. , 24, 14, seqq. ) During all this time, the corpse
of Hector was shielded from dogs and birds, and pre-
served from corruption, by the united care of Venus
and Apollo. (II. , 23, 185, seqq. ) The body was at
last ransomed by Priam, who went in person, for this
purpose, to the tent of Achilles. Splendid obsequies
were rendered to the deceased, and with these the ac-
tion of the Iliad terminates. --Virgil makes Achilles to
nave dragged the corpse of Hector thrice round the
walls of Troy. (vEn. , 1, 483. ) Homer, however, is
silent on this point. According to the latter, Hector
fled thrice round the city-walls before engaging with
Aclntles; and, after he was slain, his bodv was imme-
diately attached to the car of the victor, and dragged
away to the ships. (//. , 22, 399. ) The incident,
therefore, alluded to by Virgil must have been borrowed
from some one of the Cyclic bards, or some tragic
poet, for these, it is well known, allowed themselves
great license in diversifying and altering the features
of the ancient heroic legends. (Heyne, Excurs. , 18,
ad Virg. , Mn. , \. -- Wernsdorff. ad Epit. 11. in Poet
iMt. Min. , vol. 4. p. 742. )
Hecuba ('E<<rrf<<i7), daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian
? ? prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian
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? H i;
HELENA.
which he belonged, even to absurdity, >>nd, ty the lorce
of consequences, came to a result directly opposite to
that of the founder of the school. From the position
that pleasure is the sovereign good, he deduced the
inference that man cannot be truly happy, since, as his
body is exposed to too many evils, of which the soul
jlao partakes, he cannot attain to the sovereign good:
hence it follows that death is more desirable than life.
Hegesias upheld this doctrine with so much ability
ind success, that many of his auditors, on leaving his
lectures, put an end to their existence. Ptolemy I.
,udged it necessary to send him into exile. (Scholl,
Bat. Litt. Gr. , vol. 3, p 249. )
HKGKSIPPUS, I. an historian, mentioned by Diony-
? ins of Hahcarnassus (Ant. Rom. , 1, 49 et 72). He
wrote on the antiquities of Pallene, a peninsula of
Thrace, where . Knoas was supposed to have taken
refuge after the capture of Troy. He made the Tro-
jan chief to have ended his days here. --II. A comic
poet, a native of Tarcntum, surnamed Crobylus (Kpw-
WXof), or "Toupee," from his peculiar manner of
wearing his hair. . His pieces have not reached us:
we have eight epigrams ascribed to him, which are
remarkable for their simplicity. --III. An ecclesiastical
historian, by birth a Jew, and educated in the religion
of his fathers. He was afterward converted to Chris-
tianity, and became bishop of Rome about the year 177,
where he died in the reign of the Emperor ComrViodus,
about the year 180. He was the author of an eccle-
tiastical history, from the period of our Saviour's death
down to his own time, which, according to Eusebius,
contained a faithful relation of the apostolic preaching,
written in a very simple style. The principal value
of the existing fragments, which hare been preserved
lor us by Eusebius and Photius, arises from the testi-
mony that may be deduced from scriptural passages
tooted in them in favour of the genuineness of the
books of the New Testament. There has been as-
cribed to Hegesippus a history of the destruction of
Jerusalem, written in Latin, under the title of "De
Bdlo Judaico et urbis Hicrosolymitana eicidio histo-
ric" It is not, however, by Hegesippus; and appears,
indeed, to be nothing more than a somewhat enlarged
translation of Josephus. A Milan manuscript ascribes
it to St. Ambrose, and perhaps correctly, since there
is a great conformity between its style and that of the
prelate just mentioned. The fragments of the eccle-
siastical history of Hegisippus were published at Ox-
ford in 1698, in the 2d volume of Grabe's Spicilcg.
u. Patrum, p. 205; in the 2d volume of Halloix's
work " De Scriplorum Oriental, titis," p. 703; and in
Galland's BMiolh. Gr. Lot. Vet. Patr. , Venei. , 1788,
fal. vol. 2, p. 69.
HILKNA, the most beautiful woman of her age.
There are different accounts of her birth and parentage.
The common, and probably the most ancient, one is,
that she was the daughter of Leda by Jupiter, who took
the form of a white swan. According to the Cyprian
Epic, she was the offspring of Jupiter and Nemesis,
who had long fled the pursuit of the god, and, to elude
him, had taken the form of all kinds of animals.
(Atktn. , 8, p. 334. ) At length, while she was under
that of a goose, the god became a swan, and she laid
an egg, which was found by a shepherd in the woods.
He brought it to Leda, who laid it up in a coffer, and
m doe time Helena was produced from it. (Apollod. ,
3, 10, 4. ) Hesiod, on the other hand, calls Helena
? ? the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. (Sehol. ad
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? HELENA.
HELLitA.
. ;ars ,\jih Menelaiis, who forgave her infidelity; but,
"[iuii hia death, she was driven from the Peloponnesus
by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons
of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at
that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the
country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood ori-
ginated in Helen, and that her husband, Tlepolemua,
had been k'. led in the Trojan war, and she therefore
revolved upon revenge. While Helen one day retired
to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in
<. ! . e habits of Furies, and sent them with orders to mur-
der her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and stran-
gled, and her misfortunes were afterward commemo-
rated, and the crime of Polyxo expiated, by the tem-
ple which the Rhodians raised to Helena Dendritis, or
Helena " tied to a tree. "--There is a tradition men-
tioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven,
as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt,
where Proteus, king of the country, expelled him from
his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaiis, and
confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore,
Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that nei-
ther Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in
the hands of the King of Egypt. In spite of this as-
sertion, the Greeks besieged the city, and took it after
ten years' siege; and Menelaiis, visiting Egypt as he
returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Pro-
teus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been
undertaken upon unjust grounds. Herodotus adds,
that, in his opinion, Homer was acquainted with these
circumstances, but did not think them so well calcu-
lated as the popular legend for the basis of an epic
poem. (Herod. , 2, 112, 116, scqq. )--It was fabled,
that, after death, Helen was united in marriage with
Achilles, in the island of Leuce, in the Euxine, where
she bore him a son named Euphorion. (Pausamas,
3, 19. --Cotton, lS. --Ptol. , Hephast. , 4. ) Nothing,
however, can be more uncertain than the whole history
of Helen. The account of Herodotus has been al-
ready given in the course of this article. According
to Euripides (Helena, 25, scqq), Juno, piqued at be-
holding Venus bear away the prize of beauty, caused
Mercury to carry away the true Helen from Greece to
Egypt, and gave Paris a phantom in her stead. After
the destruction of Troy, the phantom bears witness to
the innocence of Helen, a storm carries Menelaiis to
the coast of Egypt, and he there regains possession of
bis bride. Others pretend that Helen never married
Menelaiis; that she preferred Paris to all the princes
that sought her in marriage; and that Menelaiis, irri-
tated at this, raised an army against Troy. Some wri-
ters think they see, in these conflicting and varying
statements, a confirmation of the opinion entertained by
many, that the ancient quarrel of Hercules and Laome-
don, and the violence ofTered to Hcsione, the daughter
of that monarch, and not the carrying off of Helen, were
the causes of the Trojan war. Others treat the story
of the oath exacted from the suiters with very little cer-
emony, and make the Grecian princes to have followed
Agamemnon to the field as their liege lord, and as stand-
ing at the head of the Achaean race, to whom therefore
they, as commanding the several divisions and tribes
of that race, were bound to render service. But the
more we consider the history of Helen, the greater will
be the difficulties that arise. It seems strange indeed,
supposing the common account to be true, that so
many cities and slates should combine to regain her
? ? whon she went away voluntarily with Paris, and that
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? HEl
HEL
? f the same age; 'or one, if not both, was hatched
from the same egg. Yet these children, so little past
their infant state, are said to have pursued Theseus,
? nd to have regained their sister. They must have
been sturdy urchins, and little short of the sons of
Aloeus. (Consult, on this whole subject, Bryant, Die-
nrtation on the War of Troy, p. 9, seqq. )--It is more
dan probable, indeed, that the whole legend relative to
Helen was originally a religious and allegorical myth.
The remarkable circumstance of her two brothers liv-
ing and dying alternately, leads at once to a suspicion
of their oeing personifications of natural powers and
objects. This is confirmed by the names in the myth,
all of which'seem to refer to light or its opposite.
Thus Leda differs little from Leto, and may therefore
be regarded as darkness. She is married to Tyndarus,
a Dame which seems to belong to a family of words
relating to light, flame, or heat (Viil. Tyndarus); her
children by him or Jupiter, that is, by Jupiter-Tynda-
rus, tie bright god, are Helena, Brightness (? Aa,
"light"); Castor, Adorner, (<c<<fu, " to adorn"); and
Polydcukes, Devcful (6eiu, Acvktjc). In Helen, there-
fore, we have only another form of Selene; the Adorn-
er is a very appropriate term for the day, the light
of which adonis all nature; and nothing can be more
apparent than the suitableness of Dewful to the night.
(Keightley'i Mytxology, p. 432. ) -- II. (commonly
known in ecclesiastical history by the name of St.
Helena), the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, was
born of obscure parents, in a village called Drepanum,
in Bilhynia, which was afterward raised by her son
Constantine to the rank of a city, under the name of
Helenopolis. Her husband Constantius, on being
made Cesar by Dioclesian and Maximian (A. D. 292),
repudiated Helena, and married Theodora, daughter
of Maximian. Helena withdrew into retirement until
her son Constantine, having become emperor, called
his mother to court, and gave her the title of Augus-
ta. He also supplied her with large sums of money,
which she employed in building and endowing church-
's, and in relieving the poor. About A. D.
325 she
set out on a pilgrimage to Palestine, and, having ex-
plored the site of Jerusalem, she thought that she had
discovered the sepulchre of Jesus, and also the cross
on which he died. The identity of the cross which
she found has been, of course, much doubted: she,
however, built a church on the spot, supposed to be
that of the Sepulchre, which has continued to be ven-
erated by that name to the present day. She also built
a church at Bethlehem, in honour of the nativity of
our Saviour. From Palestine she rejoined her son at
Ntcomedia, in Bithvnia, where she expired, in the year
327, at a very advanced age. She is numbered by the
Roman church among the saints. (Euseb. , Vtt. Const.
--Hiibner, de Crucist Dominica per Helenam inven-
tione, Helmstadt, 1724. )--III. A deserted and rugged
island in the Aegean, opposite to Thorikos, and ex-
tending from that parallel to Sunimn. It received its
name from the circumstance of Paris's having landed
on it, as was said, in company with Helena, when they
were fleeing from Sparta. (Plin. , 4, 12. --Mela, 2,
7. ) Strabo, who follows Artemidorus, conceived it
was the Crane of Homer. (II. , 3, 444. ) Pliny calls
it Macris. The modern name is Macronisi.
Helenus, an eminent soothsayer, son of Priam and
Hecuba, and the only one of their sons who survived
the siege of Troy. He was so chagrined, according
? ? to some, at having failed to obtain Helen in marriage
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? HE I,
HEUGDOKUS.
in his Land, and that it formed a dangerous shoal for
their vessels. Heraclides, of Ponlus, relates that this
disaster, which took place in his time, occurred during
the night; the town, and all that lay between it and
the sea, a distance of twelve stadia, being inundated
in ar. instant. Two thousand workmen were after-
Ward sent by the Achasans to recover the dead bodies,
but without success. The same writer affirmed, that
this inundation was commonly attributed to divine
vengeance, in consequence of the inhabitants of Hcl-
ice having obstinately refused to deliver up the statue
of Neptune and a model of the Templo to the Ionian*
aftnr tl\"y had settled in Asia Minor, (op. Strai. , 385.
--CorrMre the remarks of Bcrnhardy, Eratostkenica, p.
Hl. --Diod. Sic, 15,49. -- Pausan. , 7, U. --JElian, H.
A. , II. 19. ) Seneca affirms, that Callisthenes the
philosopher, who was put to death by Alexander the
Great, wrote a voluminous work on the destruction of
Hclice (9, 23. --Compare Aristot. , de Mund. , c. 4. --
Polyb. , 2, 41). Pausanias informs us, that there was
still a small village of the same name close to the
sea, and forty stadia from vEgium. (Cramer's An-
cient Greece, vol. 3, p. 61. )
Helicon, a famous mountain in Boeotia, near the
liulf of Corinth. It was sarred to Apollo and the
Muses, who were thenco called Heliconiades. This
mountain was famed for the purity of its air, the abun-
dance of its waters, its fertile valleys, the goodness
of its shades, and the beauty of the venerable trees
which clothed its sides. Strabo (409) affirms, that Hel-
icon nearly equals in height Mount Parnassus, and re-
tains its snow during a great part of the year. Pau-
sanias observes (9, 28), that no mountain of Greece
produces such a variety of plants and shrubs, though
none of a poisonous nature; on the contrary, several
have the property of counteracting the effects produced
by the sting or bite of venomous reptiles. On the
summit was the grove of the Muses, where these di-
vinities had their statues, and where also were statues
of Apollo and Mercury, of Bacchus by Lysippus, of
Orpheus, and of famous poets and musicians. (Pau-
san. , 9, 30. ) A little below the grove was the fount-
pin of Aganippe. The source Hippocrene was about
wentj stadia above the grove; it is said to have burst
jrth when Pegasus struck his foot into the ground.
,Pausan. ,\), 31. --Strab. , 9,410. ) These two springs
lupplied two small rivers named Olmius and Permes-
sus, which, afier uniting their waters, flowed into tho
lake Copai's, near Haliartus. Hcsiod makes mention
of these his favourite haunts in the opening of his
Theogonia. The modern name of Helicon is Palao-
vmini or Zagora. The latter is the more general ap-
pellation: the name of Palreovouni is more correctly
applied to that part of the mountain which is near the
modern village Kakosia, that stands on the site of an-
cient Thisbe. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p.
204. --Compare Dodieell, Tour, vol. I, p. 200. )--II.
A river of Macedonia, near Dium, the same, according
to Pausanias (9, 30), with the Baphyrus. The same
autior informs us, that, after flowing for a distance
of seventy-five stadia, it loses itself under ground
for the space of twenty-two stadia; it is navigable on
its reappearance, and is then called Baphyrus. Ac-
cording to Dr. Clarke, it is now known as the Mauro
Hero. (Cramer's Ane. Greece, vol. 1, p. 209. )
Heliconiades, a name given to the Muses, from
their fabled residence >n Mount Helicon, which was
? ? sacred to them. (Lw. rct. , 3, 1050. )
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? HEL
HELIOGABALUS
>>0! crver Villemain, "that Heliodorus, when he wrote
tiie work, was at least initiated in Christian senti-
ments. This is felt by a kind of moral purity which
:ontrasts strongly with the habitual license of the
Greek fables; and the style even, as the learned Coray
remarks, contains many expressions familiar to the ec-
clesiastical writers. This styie is pure, polished, sym-
metrical; and the language of love receives a charac-
ter f. delicacy and reserve, which is very rare among
ifce writers of antiquity. " It must not be disguised,
wwever, that Huet, a courtier of Louis XIV. , and the
contemporary and admirer of Mademoiselle de Scu-
dery, judged after the models of romance which were
fashionable in his own century. Poetry, battles, cap-
tivities, and recognitions fill up the piece; there is no
picture of the mind, no history of the character carried
on with the development of the action. The incidents
point to no particular era of society, although the learn-
ed in history may perceive, from the tone of sentiment
throughout, that the struggle had commenced between
the pure and lofty spirit of Christianity and the gross-
ness of pagan idolatry. Egypt, as Yillcmain remarks,
is neither ancient Egypt, nor the Egypt of the Ptole-
mies, nor the Egypt of the Romans. Athens is nei-
ther Athens free nor Athens conquered: in short,
there is no individuality either in the places or persons;
and the vague pictures of the French romances of the
seventeenth century give scarcely a caricatured idea
of the model from which they were drawn. --It may
not be amiss to mention here an incident relative to
the post Racine and the work of Heliodorus which we
have been considering. When Racine was at Port
Royal learning Greek, his imagination almost smoth-
ered to death by the dry erudition of the pious fathers,
he laid hold instinctively on the romance of Heliodo-
rus, as the only prop by which he might be preserved
for his high destiny, even then, perhaps, shadowed dim-
Ij forth in his youthful mind. A tale of love, how-
ever, surprised in the hands of a Christian boy, filled
his instructed with horror, and the book was seized
and thrown into the fire. Another and another copy
met the same fate; and poor Racine, thus excluded
from the benefits of the common typographical art,
printed the romance on his memory. A first love, woo-
ed by steaith, and won in difficulty and danger, is always
among the last to loose her hold on the affections; and
Racine, in riper age, often fondly recurred to his for-
bidden studies at Port Royal. From early youth, his
son tells us, he had conceived an extraordinary pas-
sion for Heliodorus; he admired both his style and
tl* wonderful art with which the fable is conducted.
--In the ecclesiastical history of Nicephorus Calistus,
a story is told of Heliodorus, which, if true, would ex-
hibit, on the part of the Thessalian church, somewhat
of the fanatical spirit which in Scotland expelled Home
from the administration of the altar. Some young
persons having fallen into peril through the reading of
such works, it was ordered by the provincial council,
that all books whose tendency it might be to incite the
r- ? ? ? ? ? generation to love, should be burned, and their
authors, if ecclesiastics, deprived of their dignities.
Heliodorus, rejecting the alternative which was offered
him o( suppressing his romance, lost his bishopric.
This story, however, is nothing more than a mere ro-
mance itself, as Bayle has shown, by proving that the
requisition to suppress it could neither have been given
nor refused at a lime when the work was spref 1 over
? ? ill Greece. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p.
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? HEL
HEf,
? nddcn elevation, and the general profligacy of the
times. He surrounded himself with gladiators, actors,
and other base favourites, who made an unworthy use
of their influence. He married several wives, among
others a Vestal. The imperial palace became a scene
of debauch and open prostitution. Heliogabalus, being
attached to the superstitions of the East, raised a tem-
pi; on the Palatine Hill to the Syrian god whose name
he bcrc, and plundered the temples of the Roman gods
I? . 'nrich his own. He put to death many senators;
>>e established a senate of women, under the presidency
of his mother Soaemis, which body decided all questions
relative to female dresses, visits, precedences, amuse-
ments, &. c. He wore his pontifical vest as high-priest of
the Sun, with a rich tiara on his head. His grandmother
Mssa, seeing his folly, thought of conciliating the Ro-
mans by associating with him, as Cxsar, his younger
tousin, Alexander Severus, who soon became a favour-
ite with the peopb. Heliogabalus, who had consented
to the association, became afterward jealous of his
cousin, and wished to deprive him of his honours, but
he -ould not obtain the consent of the senate. His-
ncxi measure was to spread the report of Alexander's
death, v ch produced an insurrection among the pra-
torians. And Heliogabalus, having repaired to tho
camp to quell the mutiny, was murdered, together with
his mother and favourites, and his body was thrown
into the Tiber, A. D. 222. He was succeeded by
Alexander Severus. Heliogabalus was eighteen years
cf age at the time of his death, and had reigned three
years, nine months, and four days. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Heliogab. --llcrodian, 5, 3, seqq. --Dio Cass. , 78, 30,
"91--M-i ^9, 1, seqq. )
Heliopolis, a famous city of Egypt, situate a little
! o the east of the apex of the Delta, not far from mod-
ern Cairo. (Slrab. , 805. ) In Hebrew it is styled
On or Aun. (Well's Sacred Geography, s. v. --Ex-
curs. , 560. --Compare the remarks of Cellarius, Geog.
Antiq , vol. 1, p. 802. ) In the Septuagint it is call-
ed Hcliopolis ('HXidjroXif), or the city of the. Sun.
(Schleusner, Lex. Vet. Test. , vol. 2, p. 20, ed. Glasg.
--In Jeremiah, xliii. , 13, " Beth Shcmim," i. e. , Domus
Solis. ) Herodotus also mentions it by this name, and
speaks of its inhabitants as being the wisest and most
ingenious of all the Egyptians (2, 3. --Compare Nic.
Damasccnus, in Euscb. , Prap. Evang. , 9, 16). Ac-
cording to Berosus, this was the city of Moses. It
was, in fact, a place of resort for all the Creeks who
visited Egypt for instruction. Hither came Herodo-
tus, Plato, Eudoxus, and others, and imbibed much of
the learning which they afterward disseminated among
their own countrymen. Plato, in particular, resided
here three years. The city was built, according to
Strabo (I.
probably a translation of the native term, and has a
fig irative ai'usion to the numerous routes which di-
veigo from this place to the adjacent country. D'An-
vilte makes it correspond with the modern Demegan.
{Plin , 6, 15. --Curl. , 6, 2. --Ammian. Marcell. , 23,
ti. --Folyb. , 10, 25. --Diod. Sir. . , 17, 25. )
Hkcatonnesi, small islands between Lesbos and
Asii. They derived their names, according to Stra-
Oi>> (13), from luaroc, an epithet of Apollo, that deity
being particularly worshipped along the continent of
Asia, off which they lay. It seems more probable,
however, that they had their name from Uarov, a hun-
dred, and were called so from their great number,
which is about forty or over. And Herodotus, in fact,
writes the name 'Ekutov N7001 (I, 151). The mod-
em appellation is Musco-Nisi. (Cramer's Asia Mi-
nor, vol. 1, p. 165. )
Hector, son of Priam and Hecuba, was the most
valiant of all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the
Greeks. He married Andromache, daughter of Eetion,
by whom he became the father of Astyanax. Hector
was appointed commander of all the Trojan forces, and
for a long period proved the bulwark of his native city.
He was not only the bravert and most powerful, but
also the most amiable, of his countrymen, and particu-
larly distinguished himself in his conflicts with Ajax,
Diomede, and many other of the most formidable lead-
ers. The fates had decreed that Troy should never
be destroyed as long as Hector lived. The Greeks,
therefore, after the death of Patroclus, who had fallen
by Hector's hand, made a ]>owerful effort under the
command of Achillea; and, by the intervention of
Minerva, who assumed the form of Dci'phohus, and
urged Hector to encounter the Grecian chief, contrary
to the remonstrances of Priam and Hecuba, their effort
was crowned with success. Hector fell, and his death
>>c< implished the overthrow of his father's kingdom.
The deal body of the Trojan warrior was attached to
the chariot of Achilles, and insultingly dragged away
to the Grecian fleet; and thrice everv day, for the
space of twelve days, was it also dragged by the victor
around the tomb of Patroclus. (11. , 22, 399, seqq. --
lb. , 24, 14, seqq. ) During all this time, the corpse
of Hector was shielded from dogs and birds, and pre-
served from corruption, by the united care of Venus
and Apollo. (II. , 23, 185, seqq. ) The body was at
last ransomed by Priam, who went in person, for this
purpose, to the tent of Achilles. Splendid obsequies
were rendered to the deceased, and with these the ac-
tion of the Iliad terminates. --Virgil makes Achilles to
nave dragged the corpse of Hector thrice round the
walls of Troy. (vEn. , 1, 483. ) Homer, however, is
silent on this point. According to the latter, Hector
fled thrice round the city-walls before engaging with
Aclntles; and, after he was slain, his bodv was imme-
diately attached to the car of the victor, and dragged
away to the ships. (//. , 22, 399. ) The incident,
therefore, alluded to by Virgil must have been borrowed
from some one of the Cyclic bards, or some tragic
poet, for these, it is well known, allowed themselves
great license in diversifying and altering the features
of the ancient heroic legends. (Heyne, Excurs. , 18,
ad Virg. , Mn. , \. -- Wernsdorff. ad Epit. 11. in Poet
iMt. Min. , vol. 4. p. 742. )
Hecuba ('E<<rrf<<i7), daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian
? ? prince, or, according to others, of Cisseus, a Thracian
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? H i;
HELENA.
which he belonged, even to absurdity, >>nd, ty the lorce
of consequences, came to a result directly opposite to
that of the founder of the school. From the position
that pleasure is the sovereign good, he deduced the
inference that man cannot be truly happy, since, as his
body is exposed to too many evils, of which the soul
jlao partakes, he cannot attain to the sovereign good:
hence it follows that death is more desirable than life.
Hegesias upheld this doctrine with so much ability
ind success, that many of his auditors, on leaving his
lectures, put an end to their existence. Ptolemy I.
,udged it necessary to send him into exile. (Scholl,
Bat. Litt. Gr. , vol. 3, p 249. )
HKGKSIPPUS, I. an historian, mentioned by Diony-
? ins of Hahcarnassus (Ant. Rom. , 1, 49 et 72). He
wrote on the antiquities of Pallene, a peninsula of
Thrace, where . Knoas was supposed to have taken
refuge after the capture of Troy. He made the Tro-
jan chief to have ended his days here. --II. A comic
poet, a native of Tarcntum, surnamed Crobylus (Kpw-
WXof), or "Toupee," from his peculiar manner of
wearing his hair. . His pieces have not reached us:
we have eight epigrams ascribed to him, which are
remarkable for their simplicity. --III. An ecclesiastical
historian, by birth a Jew, and educated in the religion
of his fathers. He was afterward converted to Chris-
tianity, and became bishop of Rome about the year 177,
where he died in the reign of the Emperor ComrViodus,
about the year 180. He was the author of an eccle-
tiastical history, from the period of our Saviour's death
down to his own time, which, according to Eusebius,
contained a faithful relation of the apostolic preaching,
written in a very simple style. The principal value
of the existing fragments, which hare been preserved
lor us by Eusebius and Photius, arises from the testi-
mony that may be deduced from scriptural passages
tooted in them in favour of the genuineness of the
books of the New Testament. There has been as-
cribed to Hegesippus a history of the destruction of
Jerusalem, written in Latin, under the title of "De
Bdlo Judaico et urbis Hicrosolymitana eicidio histo-
ric" It is not, however, by Hegesippus; and appears,
indeed, to be nothing more than a somewhat enlarged
translation of Josephus. A Milan manuscript ascribes
it to St. Ambrose, and perhaps correctly, since there
is a great conformity between its style and that of the
prelate just mentioned. The fragments of the eccle-
siastical history of Hegisippus were published at Ox-
ford in 1698, in the 2d volume of Grabe's Spicilcg.
u. Patrum, p. 205; in the 2d volume of Halloix's
work " De Scriplorum Oriental, titis," p. 703; and in
Galland's BMiolh. Gr. Lot. Vet. Patr. , Venei. , 1788,
fal. vol. 2, p. 69.
HILKNA, the most beautiful woman of her age.
There are different accounts of her birth and parentage.
The common, and probably the most ancient, one is,
that she was the daughter of Leda by Jupiter, who took
the form of a white swan. According to the Cyprian
Epic, she was the offspring of Jupiter and Nemesis,
who had long fled the pursuit of the god, and, to elude
him, had taken the form of all kinds of animals.
(Atktn. , 8, p. 334. ) At length, while she was under
that of a goose, the god became a swan, and she laid
an egg, which was found by a shepherd in the woods.
He brought it to Leda, who laid it up in a coffer, and
m doe time Helena was produced from it. (Apollod. ,
3, 10, 4. ) Hesiod, on the other hand, calls Helena
? ? the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. (Sehol. ad
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? HELENA.
HELLitA.
. ;ars ,\jih Menelaiis, who forgave her infidelity; but,
"[iuii hia death, she was driven from the Peloponnesus
by Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons
of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes, where at
that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, reigned over the
country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhood ori-
ginated in Helen, and that her husband, Tlepolemua,
had been k'. led in the Trojan war, and she therefore
revolved upon revenge. While Helen one day retired
to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in
<. ! . e habits of Furies, and sent them with orders to mur-
der her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and stran-
gled, and her misfortunes were afterward commemo-
rated, and the crime of Polyxo expiated, by the tem-
ple which the Rhodians raised to Helena Dendritis, or
Helena " tied to a tree. "--There is a tradition men-
tioned by Herodotus, which says that Paris was driven,
as he returned from Sparta, upon the coast of Egypt,
where Proteus, king of the country, expelled him from
his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaiis, and
confined Helen. From that circumstance, therefore,
Priam informed the Grecian ambassadors that nei-
ther Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in
the hands of the King of Egypt. In spite of this as-
sertion, the Greeks besieged the city, and took it after
ten years' siege; and Menelaiis, visiting Egypt as he
returned home, recovered Helen at the court of Pro-
teus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had been
undertaken upon unjust grounds. Herodotus adds,
that, in his opinion, Homer was acquainted with these
circumstances, but did not think them so well calcu-
lated as the popular legend for the basis of an epic
poem. (Herod. , 2, 112, 116, scqq. )--It was fabled,
that, after death, Helen was united in marriage with
Achilles, in the island of Leuce, in the Euxine, where
she bore him a son named Euphorion. (Pausamas,
3, 19. --Cotton, lS. --Ptol. , Hephast. , 4. ) Nothing,
however, can be more uncertain than the whole history
of Helen. The account of Herodotus has been al-
ready given in the course of this article. According
to Euripides (Helena, 25, scqq), Juno, piqued at be-
holding Venus bear away the prize of beauty, caused
Mercury to carry away the true Helen from Greece to
Egypt, and gave Paris a phantom in her stead. After
the destruction of Troy, the phantom bears witness to
the innocence of Helen, a storm carries Menelaiis to
the coast of Egypt, and he there regains possession of
bis bride. Others pretend that Helen never married
Menelaiis; that she preferred Paris to all the princes
that sought her in marriage; and that Menelaiis, irri-
tated at this, raised an army against Troy. Some wri-
ters think they see, in these conflicting and varying
statements, a confirmation of the opinion entertained by
many, that the ancient quarrel of Hercules and Laome-
don, and the violence ofTered to Hcsione, the daughter
of that monarch, and not the carrying off of Helen, were
the causes of the Trojan war. Others treat the story
of the oath exacted from the suiters with very little cer-
emony, and make the Grecian princes to have followed
Agamemnon to the field as their liege lord, and as stand-
ing at the head of the Achaean race, to whom therefore
they, as commanding the several divisions and tribes
of that race, were bound to render service. But the
more we consider the history of Helen, the greater will
be the difficulties that arise. It seems strange indeed,
supposing the common account to be true, that so
many cities and slates should combine to regain her
? ? whon she went away voluntarily with Paris, and that
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? HEl
HEL
? f the same age; 'or one, if not both, was hatched
from the same egg. Yet these children, so little past
their infant state, are said to have pursued Theseus,
? nd to have regained their sister. They must have
been sturdy urchins, and little short of the sons of
Aloeus. (Consult, on this whole subject, Bryant, Die-
nrtation on the War of Troy, p. 9, seqq. )--It is more
dan probable, indeed, that the whole legend relative to
Helen was originally a religious and allegorical myth.
The remarkable circumstance of her two brothers liv-
ing and dying alternately, leads at once to a suspicion
of their oeing personifications of natural powers and
objects. This is confirmed by the names in the myth,
all of which'seem to refer to light or its opposite.
Thus Leda differs little from Leto, and may therefore
be regarded as darkness. She is married to Tyndarus,
a Dame which seems to belong to a family of words
relating to light, flame, or heat (Viil. Tyndarus); her
children by him or Jupiter, that is, by Jupiter-Tynda-
rus, tie bright god, are Helena, Brightness (? Aa,
"light"); Castor, Adorner, (<c<<fu, " to adorn"); and
Polydcukes, Devcful (6eiu, Acvktjc). In Helen, there-
fore, we have only another form of Selene; the Adorn-
er is a very appropriate term for the day, the light
of which adonis all nature; and nothing can be more
apparent than the suitableness of Dewful to the night.
(Keightley'i Mytxology, p. 432. ) -- II. (commonly
known in ecclesiastical history by the name of St.
Helena), the first wife of Constantius Chlorus, was
born of obscure parents, in a village called Drepanum,
in Bilhynia, which was afterward raised by her son
Constantine to the rank of a city, under the name of
Helenopolis. Her husband Constantius, on being
made Cesar by Dioclesian and Maximian (A. D. 292),
repudiated Helena, and married Theodora, daughter
of Maximian. Helena withdrew into retirement until
her son Constantine, having become emperor, called
his mother to court, and gave her the title of Augus-
ta. He also supplied her with large sums of money,
which she employed in building and endowing church-
's, and in relieving the poor. About A. D.
325 she
set out on a pilgrimage to Palestine, and, having ex-
plored the site of Jerusalem, she thought that she had
discovered the sepulchre of Jesus, and also the cross
on which he died. The identity of the cross which
she found has been, of course, much doubted: she,
however, built a church on the spot, supposed to be
that of the Sepulchre, which has continued to be ven-
erated by that name to the present day. She also built
a church at Bethlehem, in honour of the nativity of
our Saviour. From Palestine she rejoined her son at
Ntcomedia, in Bithvnia, where she expired, in the year
327, at a very advanced age. She is numbered by the
Roman church among the saints. (Euseb. , Vtt. Const.
--Hiibner, de Crucist Dominica per Helenam inven-
tione, Helmstadt, 1724. )--III. A deserted and rugged
island in the Aegean, opposite to Thorikos, and ex-
tending from that parallel to Sunimn. It received its
name from the circumstance of Paris's having landed
on it, as was said, in company with Helena, when they
were fleeing from Sparta. (Plin. , 4, 12. --Mela, 2,
7. ) Strabo, who follows Artemidorus, conceived it
was the Crane of Homer. (II. , 3, 444. ) Pliny calls
it Macris. The modern name is Macronisi.
Helenus, an eminent soothsayer, son of Priam and
Hecuba, and the only one of their sons who survived
the siege of Troy. He was so chagrined, according
? ? to some, at having failed to obtain Helen in marriage
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? HE I,
HEUGDOKUS.
in his Land, and that it formed a dangerous shoal for
their vessels. Heraclides, of Ponlus, relates that this
disaster, which took place in his time, occurred during
the night; the town, and all that lay between it and
the sea, a distance of twelve stadia, being inundated
in ar. instant. Two thousand workmen were after-
Ward sent by the Achasans to recover the dead bodies,
but without success. The same writer affirmed, that
this inundation was commonly attributed to divine
vengeance, in consequence of the inhabitants of Hcl-
ice having obstinately refused to deliver up the statue
of Neptune and a model of the Templo to the Ionian*
aftnr tl\"y had settled in Asia Minor, (op. Strai. , 385.
--CorrMre the remarks of Bcrnhardy, Eratostkenica, p.
Hl. --Diod. Sic, 15,49. -- Pausan. , 7, U. --JElian, H.
A. , II. 19. ) Seneca affirms, that Callisthenes the
philosopher, who was put to death by Alexander the
Great, wrote a voluminous work on the destruction of
Hclice (9, 23. --Compare Aristot. , de Mund. , c. 4. --
Polyb. , 2, 41). Pausanias informs us, that there was
still a small village of the same name close to the
sea, and forty stadia from vEgium. (Cramer's An-
cient Greece, vol. 3, p. 61. )
Helicon, a famous mountain in Boeotia, near the
liulf of Corinth. It was sarred to Apollo and the
Muses, who were thenco called Heliconiades. This
mountain was famed for the purity of its air, the abun-
dance of its waters, its fertile valleys, the goodness
of its shades, and the beauty of the venerable trees
which clothed its sides. Strabo (409) affirms, that Hel-
icon nearly equals in height Mount Parnassus, and re-
tains its snow during a great part of the year. Pau-
sanias observes (9, 28), that no mountain of Greece
produces such a variety of plants and shrubs, though
none of a poisonous nature; on the contrary, several
have the property of counteracting the effects produced
by the sting or bite of venomous reptiles. On the
summit was the grove of the Muses, where these di-
vinities had their statues, and where also were statues
of Apollo and Mercury, of Bacchus by Lysippus, of
Orpheus, and of famous poets and musicians. (Pau-
san. , 9, 30. ) A little below the grove was the fount-
pin of Aganippe. The source Hippocrene was about
wentj stadia above the grove; it is said to have burst
jrth when Pegasus struck his foot into the ground.
,Pausan. ,\), 31. --Strab. , 9,410. ) These two springs
lupplied two small rivers named Olmius and Permes-
sus, which, afier uniting their waters, flowed into tho
lake Copai's, near Haliartus. Hcsiod makes mention
of these his favourite haunts in the opening of his
Theogonia. The modern name of Helicon is Palao-
vmini or Zagora. The latter is the more general ap-
pellation: the name of Palreovouni is more correctly
applied to that part of the mountain which is near the
modern village Kakosia, that stands on the site of an-
cient Thisbe. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p.
204. --Compare Dodieell, Tour, vol. I, p. 200. )--II.
A river of Macedonia, near Dium, the same, according
to Pausanias (9, 30), with the Baphyrus. The same
autior informs us, that, after flowing for a distance
of seventy-five stadia, it loses itself under ground
for the space of twenty-two stadia; it is navigable on
its reappearance, and is then called Baphyrus. Ac-
cording to Dr. Clarke, it is now known as the Mauro
Hero. (Cramer's Ane. Greece, vol. 1, p. 209. )
Heliconiades, a name given to the Muses, from
their fabled residence >n Mount Helicon, which was
? ? sacred to them. (Lw. rct. , 3, 1050. )
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? HEL
HELIOGABALUS
>>0! crver Villemain, "that Heliodorus, when he wrote
tiie work, was at least initiated in Christian senti-
ments. This is felt by a kind of moral purity which
:ontrasts strongly with the habitual license of the
Greek fables; and the style even, as the learned Coray
remarks, contains many expressions familiar to the ec-
clesiastical writers. This styie is pure, polished, sym-
metrical; and the language of love receives a charac-
ter f. delicacy and reserve, which is very rare among
ifce writers of antiquity. " It must not be disguised,
wwever, that Huet, a courtier of Louis XIV. , and the
contemporary and admirer of Mademoiselle de Scu-
dery, judged after the models of romance which were
fashionable in his own century. Poetry, battles, cap-
tivities, and recognitions fill up the piece; there is no
picture of the mind, no history of the character carried
on with the development of the action. The incidents
point to no particular era of society, although the learn-
ed in history may perceive, from the tone of sentiment
throughout, that the struggle had commenced between
the pure and lofty spirit of Christianity and the gross-
ness of pagan idolatry. Egypt, as Yillcmain remarks,
is neither ancient Egypt, nor the Egypt of the Ptole-
mies, nor the Egypt of the Romans. Athens is nei-
ther Athens free nor Athens conquered: in short,
there is no individuality either in the places or persons;
and the vague pictures of the French romances of the
seventeenth century give scarcely a caricatured idea
of the model from which they were drawn. --It may
not be amiss to mention here an incident relative to
the post Racine and the work of Heliodorus which we
have been considering. When Racine was at Port
Royal learning Greek, his imagination almost smoth-
ered to death by the dry erudition of the pious fathers,
he laid hold instinctively on the romance of Heliodo-
rus, as the only prop by which he might be preserved
for his high destiny, even then, perhaps, shadowed dim-
Ij forth in his youthful mind. A tale of love, how-
ever, surprised in the hands of a Christian boy, filled
his instructed with horror, and the book was seized
and thrown into the fire. Another and another copy
met the same fate; and poor Racine, thus excluded
from the benefits of the common typographical art,
printed the romance on his memory. A first love, woo-
ed by steaith, and won in difficulty and danger, is always
among the last to loose her hold on the affections; and
Racine, in riper age, often fondly recurred to his for-
bidden studies at Port Royal. From early youth, his
son tells us, he had conceived an extraordinary pas-
sion for Heliodorus; he admired both his style and
tl* wonderful art with which the fable is conducted.
--In the ecclesiastical history of Nicephorus Calistus,
a story is told of Heliodorus, which, if true, would ex-
hibit, on the part of the Thessalian church, somewhat
of the fanatical spirit which in Scotland expelled Home
from the administration of the altar. Some young
persons having fallen into peril through the reading of
such works, it was ordered by the provincial council,
that all books whose tendency it might be to incite the
r- ? ? ? ? ? generation to love, should be burned, and their
authors, if ecclesiastics, deprived of their dignities.
Heliodorus, rejecting the alternative which was offered
him o( suppressing his romance, lost his bishopric.
This story, however, is nothing more than a mere ro-
mance itself, as Bayle has shown, by proving that the
requisition to suppress it could neither have been given
nor refused at a lime when the work was spref 1 over
? ? ill Greece. (Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 9, p.
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? HEL
HEf,
? nddcn elevation, and the general profligacy of the
times. He surrounded himself with gladiators, actors,
and other base favourites, who made an unworthy use
of their influence. He married several wives, among
others a Vestal. The imperial palace became a scene
of debauch and open prostitution. Heliogabalus, being
attached to the superstitions of the East, raised a tem-
pi; on the Palatine Hill to the Syrian god whose name
he bcrc, and plundered the temples of the Roman gods
I? . 'nrich his own. He put to death many senators;
>>e established a senate of women, under the presidency
of his mother Soaemis, which body decided all questions
relative to female dresses, visits, precedences, amuse-
ments, &. c. He wore his pontifical vest as high-priest of
the Sun, with a rich tiara on his head. His grandmother
Mssa, seeing his folly, thought of conciliating the Ro-
mans by associating with him, as Cxsar, his younger
tousin, Alexander Severus, who soon became a favour-
ite with the peopb. Heliogabalus, who had consented
to the association, became afterward jealous of his
cousin, and wished to deprive him of his honours, but
he -ould not obtain the consent of the senate. His-
ncxi measure was to spread the report of Alexander's
death, v ch produced an insurrection among the pra-
torians. And Heliogabalus, having repaired to tho
camp to quell the mutiny, was murdered, together with
his mother and favourites, and his body was thrown
into the Tiber, A. D. 222. He was succeeded by
Alexander Severus. Heliogabalus was eighteen years
cf age at the time of his death, and had reigned three
years, nine months, and four days. (Lamprid. , Vit.
Heliogab. --llcrodian, 5, 3, seqq. --Dio Cass. , 78, 30,
"91--M-i ^9, 1, seqq. )
Heliopolis, a famous city of Egypt, situate a little
! o the east of the apex of the Delta, not far from mod-
ern Cairo. (Slrab. , 805. ) In Hebrew it is styled
On or Aun. (Well's Sacred Geography, s. v. --Ex-
curs. , 560. --Compare the remarks of Cellarius, Geog.
Antiq , vol. 1, p. 802. ) In the Septuagint it is call-
ed Hcliopolis ('HXidjroXif), or the city of the. Sun.
(Schleusner, Lex. Vet. Test. , vol. 2, p. 20, ed. Glasg.
--In Jeremiah, xliii. , 13, " Beth Shcmim," i. e. , Domus
Solis. ) Herodotus also mentions it by this name, and
speaks of its inhabitants as being the wisest and most
ingenious of all the Egyptians (2, 3. --Compare Nic.
Damasccnus, in Euscb. , Prap. Evang. , 9, 16). Ac-
cording to Berosus, this was the city of Moses. It
was, in fact, a place of resort for all the Creeks who
visited Egypt for instruction. Hither came Herodo-
tus, Plato, Eudoxus, and others, and imbibed much of
the learning which they afterward disseminated among
their own countrymen. Plato, in particular, resided
here three years. The city was built, according to
Strabo (I.
