What has my
astronomy
got to do with
my daughter?
my daughter?
Life-of-Galileo-by-Brecht
Leave my house at once!
MUCIUS (tonelessly) You are right. (He goes out) (Galileo returns to his study) SAGREDO That's how it is, I'm afraid, He doesn't amount to
much and no one could pay any attention to him if he hadn't been your pupil. But now of course they all say: He's heard everything Galileo had to say and is forced to admit that it's all wrong.
MRS. SARTI I feel sorry for the gentleman.
VIRGINIA Father was very fond of him.
MRS. SARTI I wanted to talk to you about your marriage, Virginia. You're such a
young thing, and you have no mother, and your father just puts little pieces of ice in water. Anyway, I wouldn't ask him questions about your marriage if I were you. He would say the most dreadful things for a week, naturally at meals when the young people are there, because he hasn't half a scudo's worth of shame in him, never did have. That's not what I had in mind, I'm thinking of what the future has in store. Not that I know anything, I'm only an ignorant woman. But this is a very serious thing, you mustn't go into it blindly. I do think you should go to a real astronomer at the university and consult him about your horoscope. Then you'll know what to expect. Why are you laughing?
VIRGINIA Because I've been.
MRS. SARTI (very curious) What did he say?
VIRGINIA For three months I must be careful because the sun will be in Aries, but
then I get a very good ascendant and the clouds will part. As long as I don't lose sight of Jupiter, I can go on any journey I please, because I'm an Aries.
MRS. SARTI
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
MUCIUS (comes back) Just thought I'd bring you a book that might be of
And Ludovico?
He's a Leo. (After a little pause) That means sensual, I think. (Pause)
I know that step.
interest to you. I'll just put the book in your little hands, and disappear, on
tiptoe. (He goes out. Virginia hands the book to Sagredo) GALILEO What's it about?
SAGREDO I don't know. (Spelling it out) "De maculis in sole. "
ANDREA On the sunspots. Another one! (Sagredo hands it to him)
ANDREA Listen to this dedication! "To the greatest living authority on physics,
Galileo Galilei. " (Galileo has immersed himself once more in his book) ANDREA I've read the treatise by Fabricius in Holland. He believes the spots are
clusters of stars passing between the earth and the sun.
THE LITTLE MONK Isn't that doubtful, Mr. Galilei? (Galileo does not answer) ANDREA In Paris and Prague they think they're vapors from the sun.
SAGREDO Hm?
? ANDREA Sagredo has his doubts.
SAGREDO Kindly leave me out of it. I said "Hm," that's all.
(He gesticulates with the scales. A pan falls to the floor. Galileo walks over and silently
picks it up)
THE LITTLE MONK It's blissful to doubt; I wonder why.
ANDREA Every sunny day in the last two weeks I've climbed up to the attic, right
under the roof. A thin beam of light comes down through a tiny crack in the
42
? tiles. With that beam you can catch the reverse image of the sun on a sheet of paper. I saw a spot as big as a fly and blurred like a small cloud. It moved. Why don't we investigate those spots, Mr. Galilei?
GALILEO Because we're working on floating bodies.
ANDREA Mother has whole baskets full of letters. All Europe wants your opinion.
With the reputation you've built up, you can't be silent.
GALILEO Rome has allowed me to build up a reputation because I've kept silent. SAGREDO But you can't afford to be silent any more.
GALILEO Nor can I afford to be roasted over a wood fire like a ham. ANDREA Do you think the spots come into it?
(Galileo does not answer)
ANDREA GALILEO ANDREA
All right, let's stick to our little pieces of ice. They can't hurt you.
Exactly. --Our proposition, Andrea!
We assume that whether a body floats or not depends essentially not on its
shape, but on whether it is lighter or heavier than water.
GALILEO What does Aristotle say?
THE LITTLE MONK "Discus latus platique . . . "
GALILEO Translate, translate!
THE LITTLE MONK "A broad, flat disk of ice floats in water, whereas an iron
needle sinks. "
GALILEO Why then, according to Aristotle, doesn't ice sink?
THE LITTLE MONK Because, being broad and flat, it cannot divide the water, GALILEO Very well. (A piece of ice is handed to him and he puts it into the bucket) Now I
press the ice firmly down to the bottom of the bucket. I remove the
pressure of my hands. What happens?
THE LITTLE MONK It rises to the surface.
GALILEO Correct. In rising it seems to be able to divide the water. Fulganzio! THE LITTLE MONK But why then does it float at all? Ice is heavier than water, because
it is condensed water.
GALILEO What if it were diluted water?
ANDREA It must be lighter than water, or it wouldn't float.
GALILEO Aha!
ANDREA Just as an iron needle can't float. Everything lighter than water floats,
everything heavier sinks. Which was to be proved.
GALILEO Andrea, you must learn to think carefully. Give me the iron needle. A
sheet of paper. Is iron heavier than water? ANDREA Yes.
(Galileo places the needle on a sheet of paper and floats it in the water. Pause) GALILEO What happens?
SAGREDO The needle floats! Holy Aristotle, they never checked up on him!
(They laugh)
GALILEO One of the main reasons for the poverty of science is that it is supposed to be so rich. The aim of science is not to open the door to everlasting wisdom, but to set a limit to everlasting error. Take that down.
VIRGINIA What's the matter?
MRS. SARTI Every time they laugh, a fright comes over me. I wonder what
they're laughing about.
VIRGINIA Father says theologians have their church bells and physicists have
their laughter.
MRS. SARTI At least I'm glad he doesn't look through his tube so much any
43
? more. That was much worse.
VIRGINIA No, he only puts pieces of ice in water. No harm can come of that. MRS. SARTI Who knows?
(Enter Ludovico Marsili in traveling garb, followed by a manservant
with luggage. Virginia runs toward him and embraces him]
VIRGINIA Why didn't you let us know you were coming?
LUDOVICO I was near here inspecting our vineyards, and I just couldn't stay
away.
GALILEO (as though nearsighted) Who's that? VIRGINIA Ludovico.
THE LITTLE MONK Can't you see him?
GALILEO LUDOVICO GALILEO
Oh yes, Ludovico. (Goes toward him) How are the horses? They're fine, sir.
Sarti, let's celebrate. Bring us a jug of that old Sicilian wine!
(Mrs. Sarti goes out with Andrea)
LUDOVICO (to Virginia) You look pale. Country life will do you good. Mother is
expecting you in September.
VIRGINIA Wait, I want to show you my wedding dress. (Runs out)
GALILEO Sit down.
LUDOVICO I hear you have more than a thousand students in your lectures at
the university, sir. What are you working on at the moment?
GALILEO Routine stuff. Did you come through Rome?
LUDOVICO Yes. --Before I forget, mother congratulates you on your admirable tact in connection with all that fuss over the sunspots in Holland.
GALILEO (dryly) That's kind of her.
(Mrs. Sarti and Andrea bring wine and glasses. All gather around the table)
LUDOVICO Rome has found a topic of conversation for February. Christopher Clavius said he was afraid the whole earth-around-the-sun circus would flare up again because of those sunspots.
ANDREA Don't let it worry you.
GALILEO Any other news from the Holy City, apart from hopes for new sins on
my part?
LUDOVICO You heard, of course, that the Holy Father is dying?
THE LITTLE MONK Oh.
? GALILEO Who's mentioned as successor?
LUDOVICO Mostly Barberini.
GALILEO Barberini.
ANDREA Mr. Galilei knows Barberini personally.
THE LITTLE MONK Cardinal Barberini is a mathematician. SAGREDO A scientist in the chair of St. Peter!
(Pause)
GALILEO I see, now they need men like Barberini who've read a little mathematics. Things will start moving, FecterToni, we may live to see the day when we won't have to glance over our shoulders like criminals every time we say that two times two is four. (To Ludovico) I like this wine, Ludovico. What do you think of it?
LUDOVICO It's good.
GALILEO I know the vineyard. The slope is steep and stony, the grapes are almost
blue. I love this wine. LUDOVICO Yes, sir.
GALILEO There are little shadows in it. And it's almost sweet, but stops at the
44
? "almost. "--Andrea, put the stuff away, the ice and bucket and needle. --I value the consolations of the flesh. I have no patience with cowardly souls who speak of weakness. I say: To enjoy yourself is an achievement.
THE LITTLE MONK What are you taking up next?
SAGREDO We're starting in again on the earth-around-the-sun circus. ANDREA (singing in an undertone]
The Book says it stands still. And so
? Each learned doctor proves.
? The Holy Father takes it by the ears
? And holds it fast. And yet it moves.
? ? (Andrea, Federzoni and the little monk hurry to the workbench and
? clear it)
ANDREA We might even find out that the sun revolves too. How would you like that, Marsili?
? What's the excitement about?
You're not going back to those abominations, Mr. Galilei?
LUDOVICO MRS. SARTI GALILEO
LUDOVICO I said I did, sir.
GALILEO You really like it?
LUDOVICO (stiffly) I like it.
GALILEO Would you go so far as to accept a man's wine or his daughter without
asking him to give up his profession?
What has my astronomy got to do with
my daughter? The phases of Venus don't affect my daughter's rear end. MRS. SARTI Don't be vulgar. I'll go get Virginia.
LUDOVICO (holds her back) In families like mine marriages are not decided by
sexual considerations alone.
GALILEO Did they prevent you from marrying my daughter for the last eight years
because I was on probation?
LUDOVICO My wife will also have to cut a figure in our village church.
GALILEO You mean, your peasants won't pay their rent if the lady of the manor is
insufficiently saintly? LUDOVICO In a way.
GALILEO Andrea. Sagredo, get the brass mirror and the screen! We'll project the sun's image on it to protect our eyes. That's your method, Andrea.
(Andrea and the little monk get mirror and screen)
LUDOVICO Years ago in Rome, sir, you signed a pledge to stay away from this earth- around-the-sun business.
GALILEO Oh well. We had a reactionary pope in those days.
MRS. SARTI Had! His Holiness isn't even dead yet!
GALILEO Pretty near, pretty near! --Put a grid over the screen. We'll proceed
methodically. And we'll be able to answer all those letters, won't we,
Andrea?
MRS. SARTI "Pretty near! " Fifty times that man weighs his pieces of ice, but
when something happens that suits his purposes he believes it blindly! (The
screen is put up)
LUDOVICO Mr. Galilei, if His Holiness should die, the next pope--no matter who he is or how much he loves science-- will have to take account of how much the country's leading families love him.
THE LITTLE MONK God made the physical world, Ludovico; God made the human brain; God will allow physics.
MRS. SARTI Galileo, let me tell you something. I've watched my son fall into sin for the sake of these "experiments" and "theories" and "observations," and I
Now I know why your mother sent you here. Barberini is on the rise. Knowledge will be a passion and research a delight. Clavius is right, these sunspots do interest me. You like my wine, Ludovico?
45
haven't been able to do anything about it. You set yourself against the authorities and they gave you a warning. The greatest cardinals spoke to you the way you'd speak to a sick horse. It worked for a while, but two months ago, right after the Immaculate Conception, I caught you sneaking back to your "observations. " In the attic! I didn't say anything, but I knew. I ran out and lit a candle for St. Joseph. It's more than I can bear. When we're alone you show some sense, you say you've got to behave because it's dangerous, but two days of "experiments" and you're as bad as ever. If I lose my eternal salvation because I stand by a heretic, that's my business, but you have no right to trample your daughter's happiness with your big feet!
? GALILEO (gruffly) Get the telescope!
? (They uncover the telescope)
LUDOVICO Giuseppe, put the luggage back in the coach. (The manservant goes out) MRS. SARTI She'll never get over this. You can tel! her yourself.
(She runs out, still holding the pitcher)
LUDOVICO I see you've made up your mind. Mr. Galilei, three quarters of the year mother and I live on our estate in the Campagna and I can assure you that our peasants lose no sleep over your treatises on the moons of Jupiter. They work too hard in the fields. It might upset them, though, if they heard that attacks on the holy doctrine of the church were going unpunished. Don't forget that those poor brutalized wretches get everything mixed up. They really are brutes, you have no idea. A rumor that somebody's seen a pear growing on an apple tree makes them run away from their work to gab about it.
GALILEO (with interest) Really?
LUDOVICO Animals. When they come to the manor with a trifling complaint, mother has
to have a dog whipped in front of them to remind them of discipline and order and good manners. You, Mr. Galilei, you may occasionally see flowering corn fields from your traveling coach, or absent-mindedly eat our olives and our cheese, but you have no idea how much effort it takes to raise all these things -- all the supervision!
GALILEO Young man, I never eat my olives absent-mindedly. (Rudely) You're wasting my time. (Calls toward outside) Is the screen ready?
ANDREA Yes. Are you coming?
GALILEO You whip more than dogs to keep discipline, don't you, Marsili?
LUDOVICO Mr. Galilei, you have a marvelous brain. Too bad.
THE LITTLE MONK (amazed) He's threatening you.
GALILEO Yes, I might stir up his peasants to think new thoughts. And his servants
and his overseers.
SAGREDO How? They don't know Latin.
GALILEO I could write in the vernacular for the many instead of in Latin for the few. For
our new ideas we need people who work with their hands. Who else wants to know the causes of everything? People who never see bread except on their tables have no desire to know how it's baked; those bastards would rather thank God than the baker. But the men who make the bread will understand that nothing can move unless something moves it. Fulganzio, your sister at the olive press won't be much surprised -- she'll probably laugh -- when she hears that the sun is not a gold escutcheon, but a lever: The earth moves because the sun moves it.
LUDOVICO You'll always be a slave to your passions. Convey my apologies to Virginia. It's better, I think, if I don't see hernow.
GALILEO The dowry is at your disposal. At any time.
LUDOVICO Good day. (He goes) ANDREA Our regards to all the Marsilis!
? 46
? SAGREDO Who tell the earth to stand still so their castles won't fall off. ANDREA And to the Cencis and Villanis!
SAGREDO The Cervillis!
ANDREA The Lecchis!
SAGREDO The Pierleonis!
ANDREA Who'll only kiss the pope's foot as long as he tramples the people with it.
THE LITTLE MONK (also at the instruments) The new pope will be an enlightened man. GALILEO And now let's start observing these spots in the sun which interest us--at our
own risk, not counting too much on the protection of a new pope . . . ANDREA (interrupting) But fully confident of dispelling Mr. Fabricius' star shadows and the solar vapors of Prague and Paris, and proving that the sun rotates.
GALILEO Reasonably confident that the sun rotates. My aim is not to prove that I've been right, but to find out whether or not I have been. I say: Abandon hope, all ye who enter upon observation. Maybe it's vapors, maybe it's spots, but before we assume that they're spots, though it would suit us if they were, we'd do better to assume they're fishtails. Yes, we shall start all over again from scratch. And we won't rush ahead with seven-league boots, but crawl at a snail's pace. And what we find today we'll wipe from the blackboard tomorrow, and not write it down again until we find it a second time. And if there's something we hope to find, we'll regard it with particular distrust when we do find it. Accordingly let us approach our observation of the sun with the inexorable resolve to prove that the earth stands still! Only after we have failed, after we have been totally and hopelessly defeated and are licking our wounds in utter dejection, only then shall we begin to ask whether the earth does not indeed move! (With a twinkle) But then, when every other hypothesis has gone up in smoke, then no mercy for those who have never observed anything, yet go on talking. Take the cloth off the tube and focus it on the sun!
(He adjusts the brass mirror)
THE LITTLE MONK I knew you had taken up your work again. I knew it when you didn't recognize Mr. Marsili. (
(In silence they begin their examinations. When the flaming image of the sun appears on the screen Virginia in her bridal gown runs in)
VIRGINIA You've sent him away! (She faints. Andrea and the little monk rush to her aid) GALILEO I've got to know.
47
? 10
In the course of the next ten years Galileo's doctrine is disseminated among the common people. Pamphleteers and ballad singers everywhere seize upon the new ideas. In the carnival of 1632 the guilds in many Italian cities take astronomy as the theme for their carnival processions.
A half-starved couple of show people with a five-year-old girl and an infant enter a market place where many people, some with masks, are awaiting the carnival procession. They carry bundles, a drum and other props.
THE BALLAD SINGER (drumming) Citizens, ladies and gentlemen! Before the great carnival procession of the guilds arrives we bring you the latest Florentine song which is being sung all over northern Italy. We've imported it at great expense. The title is: The horrendous doctrine and teaching of Mr. Galileo Galilei, court physicist, or, A Foretaste of the Future. (He sings) When the Almighty made the universe He made the earth and then he made the sun. Then round the earth he bade the sun to turn-- That's in the Bible, Genesis, Chapter One. And from that time all beings here below Were in obedient circles meant to go.
They all began to turn around The little fellows round the big shots And the hindmost round the foremost On earth as it is in heaven. Around the popes the cardinals Around the cardinals the bishops Around the bishops the secretaries Around the secretaries the aldermen Around the aldermen the craftsmen Around the craftsmen the servants Around the servants the dogs, the chickens and the beggars.
That, my friends, is the great order, ordo ordinum, as the theologians call it, regula aeternis, the rule of rules. And then, my friends, what happened then? (He sings)
Up stood the learned Galileo
(Chucked the Bible, pulled out his telescope, and took a look at the universe)
And told the sun: Stand still!
From this time on, the wheels
Shall turn the other way.
Henceforth the mistress, ho!
Shall turn around the maid.
Now that was rash, my friends, it is no matter small: For heresy will spread today like foul diseases. Change Holy Writ, forsooth? What will be left at all? Why: each of us would say and do just what he pleases!
Esteemed citizens, such doctrines are utterly impossible. (He sings)
48
? Good people, what will come to pass
If Galileo's teachings spread?
The server will not serve at mass
No servant girl will make the bed. Now that is grave, my friends, it is no matter small: For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is, for once, to do just as one pleases!
Now, my good friends, here, look to the future and see what the most learned doctor Galileo Galilei predicts. (He sings)
Two ladies at a fishwife's stall
Are in for quite a shock
The fishwife takes a loaf of bread And gobbles up all her stock.
The carpenters take wood and build Houses for themselves, not pews And members of the cobblers' guild Now walk around in shoes!
Is this permitted? No, it is no matter small:
For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is, for once, to do just as one pleases!
The tenant kicks his noble master
Smack in the ass like that
The tenant's wife now gives her children
Milk that made the parson fat. No, no my friends, for the Bible is no matter small: For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is for once to do just as one pleases!
THE SINGER'S WIFE
The other day I tried it too And did my husband frankly tell Let's see now if what you can do Other stars can do as well.
BALLAD SINGER
No, no, no, no, no, no, stop, Galileo, stop!
For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases.
People must keep their place, some down and some on top! Though it is nice for once to do just as one pleases.
BOTH
Good people who have trouble here below
In serving cruel lords and gentle Jesus
Who bids you turn the other cheek just so While they prepare to strike the second blow: Obedience will never cure your woe
So each of you wake up and do just as he pleases!
THE BALLAD SINGER Esteemed citizens, behold Galileo Galilei's phenomenal discovery: The earth revolving around the sun!
49
? A DEEP VOICE (calls out) The procession!
(Enter two men in rags drawing a little cart. The "Grand Duke of Florence," a figure in sackcloth with a cardboard crown, sits on a ridiculous throne and peers through a telescope. Over the throne a painted sign "Looking for trouble. " Next, four masked men march in carrying a huge tarpaulin. They stop and bounce a large doll representing a cardinal. A dwarf has posted himself to one side with a sign "The New Age. "Among the crowd a beggar raises himself by his crutches and stomps the ground in a dance until he collapses. Enter a stuffed figure, more than life-size, Galileo Galilei, which bows to the audience. In front of it a child displays a giant open Bible with crossed-out pages.
THE BALLAD SINGER Galileo Galilei, the Bible-smasher!
50
? 11
1633. The inquisition summons the world-famous scholar to Rome.
The depths are hot, the heights are chill The streets are loud, the court is still.
Antechamber and staircase of the Medici Palace, Florence. Galileo and his daughter are waiting to be admitted to the grand duke.
It's been a long wait. Y es.
VIRGINIA GALILEO VIRGINIA
GALILEO (whose eyesight is impaired) I don't know him.
VIRGINIA I've seen him several times lately. He gives me the shivers. GALILEO Nonsense.
MUCIUS (tonelessly) You are right. (He goes out) (Galileo returns to his study) SAGREDO That's how it is, I'm afraid, He doesn't amount to
much and no one could pay any attention to him if he hadn't been your pupil. But now of course they all say: He's heard everything Galileo had to say and is forced to admit that it's all wrong.
MRS. SARTI I feel sorry for the gentleman.
VIRGINIA Father was very fond of him.
MRS. SARTI I wanted to talk to you about your marriage, Virginia. You're such a
young thing, and you have no mother, and your father just puts little pieces of ice in water. Anyway, I wouldn't ask him questions about your marriage if I were you. He would say the most dreadful things for a week, naturally at meals when the young people are there, because he hasn't half a scudo's worth of shame in him, never did have. That's not what I had in mind, I'm thinking of what the future has in store. Not that I know anything, I'm only an ignorant woman. But this is a very serious thing, you mustn't go into it blindly. I do think you should go to a real astronomer at the university and consult him about your horoscope. Then you'll know what to expect. Why are you laughing?
VIRGINIA Because I've been.
MRS. SARTI (very curious) What did he say?
VIRGINIA For three months I must be careful because the sun will be in Aries, but
then I get a very good ascendant and the clouds will part. As long as I don't lose sight of Jupiter, I can go on any journey I please, because I'm an Aries.
MRS. SARTI
VIRGINIA
VIRGINIA
MUCIUS (comes back) Just thought I'd bring you a book that might be of
And Ludovico?
He's a Leo. (After a little pause) That means sensual, I think. (Pause)
I know that step.
interest to you. I'll just put the book in your little hands, and disappear, on
tiptoe. (He goes out. Virginia hands the book to Sagredo) GALILEO What's it about?
SAGREDO I don't know. (Spelling it out) "De maculis in sole. "
ANDREA On the sunspots. Another one! (Sagredo hands it to him)
ANDREA Listen to this dedication! "To the greatest living authority on physics,
Galileo Galilei. " (Galileo has immersed himself once more in his book) ANDREA I've read the treatise by Fabricius in Holland. He believes the spots are
clusters of stars passing between the earth and the sun.
THE LITTLE MONK Isn't that doubtful, Mr. Galilei? (Galileo does not answer) ANDREA In Paris and Prague they think they're vapors from the sun.
SAGREDO Hm?
? ANDREA Sagredo has his doubts.
SAGREDO Kindly leave me out of it. I said "Hm," that's all.
(He gesticulates with the scales. A pan falls to the floor. Galileo walks over and silently
picks it up)
THE LITTLE MONK It's blissful to doubt; I wonder why.
ANDREA Every sunny day in the last two weeks I've climbed up to the attic, right
under the roof. A thin beam of light comes down through a tiny crack in the
42
? tiles. With that beam you can catch the reverse image of the sun on a sheet of paper. I saw a spot as big as a fly and blurred like a small cloud. It moved. Why don't we investigate those spots, Mr. Galilei?
GALILEO Because we're working on floating bodies.
ANDREA Mother has whole baskets full of letters. All Europe wants your opinion.
With the reputation you've built up, you can't be silent.
GALILEO Rome has allowed me to build up a reputation because I've kept silent. SAGREDO But you can't afford to be silent any more.
GALILEO Nor can I afford to be roasted over a wood fire like a ham. ANDREA Do you think the spots come into it?
(Galileo does not answer)
ANDREA GALILEO ANDREA
All right, let's stick to our little pieces of ice. They can't hurt you.
Exactly. --Our proposition, Andrea!
We assume that whether a body floats or not depends essentially not on its
shape, but on whether it is lighter or heavier than water.
GALILEO What does Aristotle say?
THE LITTLE MONK "Discus latus platique . . . "
GALILEO Translate, translate!
THE LITTLE MONK "A broad, flat disk of ice floats in water, whereas an iron
needle sinks. "
GALILEO Why then, according to Aristotle, doesn't ice sink?
THE LITTLE MONK Because, being broad and flat, it cannot divide the water, GALILEO Very well. (A piece of ice is handed to him and he puts it into the bucket) Now I
press the ice firmly down to the bottom of the bucket. I remove the
pressure of my hands. What happens?
THE LITTLE MONK It rises to the surface.
GALILEO Correct. In rising it seems to be able to divide the water. Fulganzio! THE LITTLE MONK But why then does it float at all? Ice is heavier than water, because
it is condensed water.
GALILEO What if it were diluted water?
ANDREA It must be lighter than water, or it wouldn't float.
GALILEO Aha!
ANDREA Just as an iron needle can't float. Everything lighter than water floats,
everything heavier sinks. Which was to be proved.
GALILEO Andrea, you must learn to think carefully. Give me the iron needle. A
sheet of paper. Is iron heavier than water? ANDREA Yes.
(Galileo places the needle on a sheet of paper and floats it in the water. Pause) GALILEO What happens?
SAGREDO The needle floats! Holy Aristotle, they never checked up on him!
(They laugh)
GALILEO One of the main reasons for the poverty of science is that it is supposed to be so rich. The aim of science is not to open the door to everlasting wisdom, but to set a limit to everlasting error. Take that down.
VIRGINIA What's the matter?
MRS. SARTI Every time they laugh, a fright comes over me. I wonder what
they're laughing about.
VIRGINIA Father says theologians have their church bells and physicists have
their laughter.
MRS. SARTI At least I'm glad he doesn't look through his tube so much any
43
? more. That was much worse.
VIRGINIA No, he only puts pieces of ice in water. No harm can come of that. MRS. SARTI Who knows?
(Enter Ludovico Marsili in traveling garb, followed by a manservant
with luggage. Virginia runs toward him and embraces him]
VIRGINIA Why didn't you let us know you were coming?
LUDOVICO I was near here inspecting our vineyards, and I just couldn't stay
away.
GALILEO (as though nearsighted) Who's that? VIRGINIA Ludovico.
THE LITTLE MONK Can't you see him?
GALILEO LUDOVICO GALILEO
Oh yes, Ludovico. (Goes toward him) How are the horses? They're fine, sir.
Sarti, let's celebrate. Bring us a jug of that old Sicilian wine!
(Mrs. Sarti goes out with Andrea)
LUDOVICO (to Virginia) You look pale. Country life will do you good. Mother is
expecting you in September.
VIRGINIA Wait, I want to show you my wedding dress. (Runs out)
GALILEO Sit down.
LUDOVICO I hear you have more than a thousand students in your lectures at
the university, sir. What are you working on at the moment?
GALILEO Routine stuff. Did you come through Rome?
LUDOVICO Yes. --Before I forget, mother congratulates you on your admirable tact in connection with all that fuss over the sunspots in Holland.
GALILEO (dryly) That's kind of her.
(Mrs. Sarti and Andrea bring wine and glasses. All gather around the table)
LUDOVICO Rome has found a topic of conversation for February. Christopher Clavius said he was afraid the whole earth-around-the-sun circus would flare up again because of those sunspots.
ANDREA Don't let it worry you.
GALILEO Any other news from the Holy City, apart from hopes for new sins on
my part?
LUDOVICO You heard, of course, that the Holy Father is dying?
THE LITTLE MONK Oh.
? GALILEO Who's mentioned as successor?
LUDOVICO Mostly Barberini.
GALILEO Barberini.
ANDREA Mr. Galilei knows Barberini personally.
THE LITTLE MONK Cardinal Barberini is a mathematician. SAGREDO A scientist in the chair of St. Peter!
(Pause)
GALILEO I see, now they need men like Barberini who've read a little mathematics. Things will start moving, FecterToni, we may live to see the day when we won't have to glance over our shoulders like criminals every time we say that two times two is four. (To Ludovico) I like this wine, Ludovico. What do you think of it?
LUDOVICO It's good.
GALILEO I know the vineyard. The slope is steep and stony, the grapes are almost
blue. I love this wine. LUDOVICO Yes, sir.
GALILEO There are little shadows in it. And it's almost sweet, but stops at the
44
? "almost. "--Andrea, put the stuff away, the ice and bucket and needle. --I value the consolations of the flesh. I have no patience with cowardly souls who speak of weakness. I say: To enjoy yourself is an achievement.
THE LITTLE MONK What are you taking up next?
SAGREDO We're starting in again on the earth-around-the-sun circus. ANDREA (singing in an undertone]
The Book says it stands still. And so
? Each learned doctor proves.
? The Holy Father takes it by the ears
? And holds it fast. And yet it moves.
? ? (Andrea, Federzoni and the little monk hurry to the workbench and
? clear it)
ANDREA We might even find out that the sun revolves too. How would you like that, Marsili?
? What's the excitement about?
You're not going back to those abominations, Mr. Galilei?
LUDOVICO MRS. SARTI GALILEO
LUDOVICO I said I did, sir.
GALILEO You really like it?
LUDOVICO (stiffly) I like it.
GALILEO Would you go so far as to accept a man's wine or his daughter without
asking him to give up his profession?
What has my astronomy got to do with
my daughter? The phases of Venus don't affect my daughter's rear end. MRS. SARTI Don't be vulgar. I'll go get Virginia.
LUDOVICO (holds her back) In families like mine marriages are not decided by
sexual considerations alone.
GALILEO Did they prevent you from marrying my daughter for the last eight years
because I was on probation?
LUDOVICO My wife will also have to cut a figure in our village church.
GALILEO You mean, your peasants won't pay their rent if the lady of the manor is
insufficiently saintly? LUDOVICO In a way.
GALILEO Andrea. Sagredo, get the brass mirror and the screen! We'll project the sun's image on it to protect our eyes. That's your method, Andrea.
(Andrea and the little monk get mirror and screen)
LUDOVICO Years ago in Rome, sir, you signed a pledge to stay away from this earth- around-the-sun business.
GALILEO Oh well. We had a reactionary pope in those days.
MRS. SARTI Had! His Holiness isn't even dead yet!
GALILEO Pretty near, pretty near! --Put a grid over the screen. We'll proceed
methodically. And we'll be able to answer all those letters, won't we,
Andrea?
MRS. SARTI "Pretty near! " Fifty times that man weighs his pieces of ice, but
when something happens that suits his purposes he believes it blindly! (The
screen is put up)
LUDOVICO Mr. Galilei, if His Holiness should die, the next pope--no matter who he is or how much he loves science-- will have to take account of how much the country's leading families love him.
THE LITTLE MONK God made the physical world, Ludovico; God made the human brain; God will allow physics.
MRS. SARTI Galileo, let me tell you something. I've watched my son fall into sin for the sake of these "experiments" and "theories" and "observations," and I
Now I know why your mother sent you here. Barberini is on the rise. Knowledge will be a passion and research a delight. Clavius is right, these sunspots do interest me. You like my wine, Ludovico?
45
haven't been able to do anything about it. You set yourself against the authorities and they gave you a warning. The greatest cardinals spoke to you the way you'd speak to a sick horse. It worked for a while, but two months ago, right after the Immaculate Conception, I caught you sneaking back to your "observations. " In the attic! I didn't say anything, but I knew. I ran out and lit a candle for St. Joseph. It's more than I can bear. When we're alone you show some sense, you say you've got to behave because it's dangerous, but two days of "experiments" and you're as bad as ever. If I lose my eternal salvation because I stand by a heretic, that's my business, but you have no right to trample your daughter's happiness with your big feet!
? GALILEO (gruffly) Get the telescope!
? (They uncover the telescope)
LUDOVICO Giuseppe, put the luggage back in the coach. (The manservant goes out) MRS. SARTI She'll never get over this. You can tel! her yourself.
(She runs out, still holding the pitcher)
LUDOVICO I see you've made up your mind. Mr. Galilei, three quarters of the year mother and I live on our estate in the Campagna and I can assure you that our peasants lose no sleep over your treatises on the moons of Jupiter. They work too hard in the fields. It might upset them, though, if they heard that attacks on the holy doctrine of the church were going unpunished. Don't forget that those poor brutalized wretches get everything mixed up. They really are brutes, you have no idea. A rumor that somebody's seen a pear growing on an apple tree makes them run away from their work to gab about it.
GALILEO (with interest) Really?
LUDOVICO Animals. When they come to the manor with a trifling complaint, mother has
to have a dog whipped in front of them to remind them of discipline and order and good manners. You, Mr. Galilei, you may occasionally see flowering corn fields from your traveling coach, or absent-mindedly eat our olives and our cheese, but you have no idea how much effort it takes to raise all these things -- all the supervision!
GALILEO Young man, I never eat my olives absent-mindedly. (Rudely) You're wasting my time. (Calls toward outside) Is the screen ready?
ANDREA Yes. Are you coming?
GALILEO You whip more than dogs to keep discipline, don't you, Marsili?
LUDOVICO Mr. Galilei, you have a marvelous brain. Too bad.
THE LITTLE MONK (amazed) He's threatening you.
GALILEO Yes, I might stir up his peasants to think new thoughts. And his servants
and his overseers.
SAGREDO How? They don't know Latin.
GALILEO I could write in the vernacular for the many instead of in Latin for the few. For
our new ideas we need people who work with their hands. Who else wants to know the causes of everything? People who never see bread except on their tables have no desire to know how it's baked; those bastards would rather thank God than the baker. But the men who make the bread will understand that nothing can move unless something moves it. Fulganzio, your sister at the olive press won't be much surprised -- she'll probably laugh -- when she hears that the sun is not a gold escutcheon, but a lever: The earth moves because the sun moves it.
LUDOVICO You'll always be a slave to your passions. Convey my apologies to Virginia. It's better, I think, if I don't see hernow.
GALILEO The dowry is at your disposal. At any time.
LUDOVICO Good day. (He goes) ANDREA Our regards to all the Marsilis!
? 46
? SAGREDO Who tell the earth to stand still so their castles won't fall off. ANDREA And to the Cencis and Villanis!
SAGREDO The Cervillis!
ANDREA The Lecchis!
SAGREDO The Pierleonis!
ANDREA Who'll only kiss the pope's foot as long as he tramples the people with it.
THE LITTLE MONK (also at the instruments) The new pope will be an enlightened man. GALILEO And now let's start observing these spots in the sun which interest us--at our
own risk, not counting too much on the protection of a new pope . . . ANDREA (interrupting) But fully confident of dispelling Mr. Fabricius' star shadows and the solar vapors of Prague and Paris, and proving that the sun rotates.
GALILEO Reasonably confident that the sun rotates. My aim is not to prove that I've been right, but to find out whether or not I have been. I say: Abandon hope, all ye who enter upon observation. Maybe it's vapors, maybe it's spots, but before we assume that they're spots, though it would suit us if they were, we'd do better to assume they're fishtails. Yes, we shall start all over again from scratch. And we won't rush ahead with seven-league boots, but crawl at a snail's pace. And what we find today we'll wipe from the blackboard tomorrow, and not write it down again until we find it a second time. And if there's something we hope to find, we'll regard it with particular distrust when we do find it. Accordingly let us approach our observation of the sun with the inexorable resolve to prove that the earth stands still! Only after we have failed, after we have been totally and hopelessly defeated and are licking our wounds in utter dejection, only then shall we begin to ask whether the earth does not indeed move! (With a twinkle) But then, when every other hypothesis has gone up in smoke, then no mercy for those who have never observed anything, yet go on talking. Take the cloth off the tube and focus it on the sun!
(He adjusts the brass mirror)
THE LITTLE MONK I knew you had taken up your work again. I knew it when you didn't recognize Mr. Marsili. (
(In silence they begin their examinations. When the flaming image of the sun appears on the screen Virginia in her bridal gown runs in)
VIRGINIA You've sent him away! (She faints. Andrea and the little monk rush to her aid) GALILEO I've got to know.
47
? 10
In the course of the next ten years Galileo's doctrine is disseminated among the common people. Pamphleteers and ballad singers everywhere seize upon the new ideas. In the carnival of 1632 the guilds in many Italian cities take astronomy as the theme for their carnival processions.
A half-starved couple of show people with a five-year-old girl and an infant enter a market place where many people, some with masks, are awaiting the carnival procession. They carry bundles, a drum and other props.
THE BALLAD SINGER (drumming) Citizens, ladies and gentlemen! Before the great carnival procession of the guilds arrives we bring you the latest Florentine song which is being sung all over northern Italy. We've imported it at great expense. The title is: The horrendous doctrine and teaching of Mr. Galileo Galilei, court physicist, or, A Foretaste of the Future. (He sings) When the Almighty made the universe He made the earth and then he made the sun. Then round the earth he bade the sun to turn-- That's in the Bible, Genesis, Chapter One. And from that time all beings here below Were in obedient circles meant to go.
They all began to turn around The little fellows round the big shots And the hindmost round the foremost On earth as it is in heaven. Around the popes the cardinals Around the cardinals the bishops Around the bishops the secretaries Around the secretaries the aldermen Around the aldermen the craftsmen Around the craftsmen the servants Around the servants the dogs, the chickens and the beggars.
That, my friends, is the great order, ordo ordinum, as the theologians call it, regula aeternis, the rule of rules. And then, my friends, what happened then? (He sings)
Up stood the learned Galileo
(Chucked the Bible, pulled out his telescope, and took a look at the universe)
And told the sun: Stand still!
From this time on, the wheels
Shall turn the other way.
Henceforth the mistress, ho!
Shall turn around the maid.
Now that was rash, my friends, it is no matter small: For heresy will spread today like foul diseases. Change Holy Writ, forsooth? What will be left at all? Why: each of us would say and do just what he pleases!
Esteemed citizens, such doctrines are utterly impossible. (He sings)
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? Good people, what will come to pass
If Galileo's teachings spread?
The server will not serve at mass
No servant girl will make the bed. Now that is grave, my friends, it is no matter small: For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is, for once, to do just as one pleases!
Now, my good friends, here, look to the future and see what the most learned doctor Galileo Galilei predicts. (He sings)
Two ladies at a fishwife's stall
Are in for quite a shock
The fishwife takes a loaf of bread And gobbles up all her stock.
The carpenters take wood and build Houses for themselves, not pews And members of the cobblers' guild Now walk around in shoes!
Is this permitted? No, it is no matter small:
For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is, for once, to do just as one pleases!
The tenant kicks his noble master
Smack in the ass like that
The tenant's wife now gives her children
Milk that made the parson fat. No, no my friends, for the Bible is no matter small: For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases! Yet life is sweet and man is weak and after all-- How nice it is for once to do just as one pleases!
THE SINGER'S WIFE
The other day I tried it too And did my husband frankly tell Let's see now if what you can do Other stars can do as well.
BALLAD SINGER
No, no, no, no, no, no, stop, Galileo, stop!
For independent spirit spreads like foul diseases.
People must keep their place, some down and some on top! Though it is nice for once to do just as one pleases.
BOTH
Good people who have trouble here below
In serving cruel lords and gentle Jesus
Who bids you turn the other cheek just so While they prepare to strike the second blow: Obedience will never cure your woe
So each of you wake up and do just as he pleases!
THE BALLAD SINGER Esteemed citizens, behold Galileo Galilei's phenomenal discovery: The earth revolving around the sun!
49
? A DEEP VOICE (calls out) The procession!
(Enter two men in rags drawing a little cart. The "Grand Duke of Florence," a figure in sackcloth with a cardboard crown, sits on a ridiculous throne and peers through a telescope. Over the throne a painted sign "Looking for trouble. " Next, four masked men march in carrying a huge tarpaulin. They stop and bounce a large doll representing a cardinal. A dwarf has posted himself to one side with a sign "The New Age. "Among the crowd a beggar raises himself by his crutches and stomps the ground in a dance until he collapses. Enter a stuffed figure, more than life-size, Galileo Galilei, which bows to the audience. In front of it a child displays a giant open Bible with crossed-out pages.
THE BALLAD SINGER Galileo Galilei, the Bible-smasher!
50
? 11
1633. The inquisition summons the world-famous scholar to Rome.
The depths are hot, the heights are chill The streets are loud, the court is still.
Antechamber and staircase of the Medici Palace, Florence. Galileo and his daughter are waiting to be admitted to the grand duke.
It's been a long wait. Y es.
VIRGINIA GALILEO VIRGINIA
GALILEO (whose eyesight is impaired) I don't know him.
VIRGINIA I've seen him several times lately. He gives me the shivers. GALILEO Nonsense.
