No More Learning

2) Present territorial problems.
D. RUSSIA TODAY.
1. Population, racts, etc.
2. Government.
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? a. Central ("Despotism tempered by assassination. ")
1) Senate, Council of State, Ministers.
2) The Bureaucracy despotism tempered by venality
(the nobility. )
b. Local.
1) The divisions (see also Year Books) and the govern-
ment of each down to the "Mir. "
(representative institutions. )
2) The "Mir" (detailed study of economic and political
features. )
3) The towns.
4) Justice and crime the police.
5) The privileged lands and their fate (trace thro the
century. )
a) Baltic provinces.
b) Poland.
c) Finland.
3. The peasants and industry. (Annals Aw. Academy, III,
225 ; and Columbia College Studies, II, besides the biblio-
graphy.
The famine.
4. The revolutionary movement (Nihilism. )
5. Political parties.
6. Siberia and the exiles.
7. The Russian church and the Dissenters.
8. The Jews.
9. Education.
E. THE TSARS IN THIS CENTURY.
1. Alexander I, 1801-25. The Holy Alliance ; liberal domestic
policy; Poland.
2. Nicholas I, 1825-55. Change of policy ; Poland ; Crimean
War and result.
3. Alexander II, 1855-81. Policy, Count Munster, 41*43 ; em-
ancipation; war with Turkey, 1877-78, and the treaty of
Berlin ; proposed constitution.
4. Alexander III. Character and re-actionary measures.
5. Nicholas II.
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? XV. THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before: Lodge, Fyffe, McCarthy.
Lane-Poole: Turkey. (A short sketch, English, hence pro-
Turkish. )
*Laveleye: The Balkan Peninsula.
Laveleye: Primitive Propert}".
Latham: Russian and Turk.
Freeman: The Ottoman Power in Europe.
*Minchin: Rise of Freedom in the Balkan Peninsula.
Freeman: Race and Language, Essays, 3d Series.
Freeman: Medieval and Modern Greece (ib. )
Freeman: The Southern Slavs (ib. )
Ranke: Servia and the Servian Revolution.
Samuelson: Roumania, Past and Present.
Clark: The Races of European Turkey.
Seargent: New Greece.
Finlay: The Greek Revolution.
Jebb: Modern Greece.
Tukerman: Greeks of Today.
* Dicey: The Peasant State (Bulgaria. ) (Cf. Dicey in Fort-
nightly, April, 1896, on Russia and Bulgaria. )
Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES.
The Eastern Question Historically Considered, Fortnightly,
40-563.
Baron Hirsch's Railway, Fortnightly, Aug. , 1888.
The Partition of Turkey, Fortnightly, 48-862.
Reform in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, 23-276.
Fate of Roumania, Fortnightly, Dec. 1888.
Russia and Bulgaria, Contemporary, Oct. 1886, Fortnightly,
April, 1896.
Fortnightly, July, 1888.
Contemporary Greece, Fortnightly, 1890.
Russia and the Balkans, Fortnightly, Jan. 1895.
[The "Eastern Question" the Balkan Question, the Egyptian
Question, the Central Asiatic Question , the Southeastern Question.
Parties to each. Originally the Eastern Question meant what
shall be done with the lands in Southeastern Europe, from which
the Turk is or will be driven ? Three elements of difficulty : 1) the
Turk; 2) the greed of the great European powers (Russia, Austria,
England); 3) the rivalries, jealousies, and characteristics of the
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? 48
native populations. The explanation of this last to he sought in
the history of those lands. ]
A. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN LANDS DUE TO
1. Lack of amalgamation of races before the Turkish invasion
West. East.
Correspondence
of races.
Iberian \ / Albanian
Kelt / \ Greek
Roman
Teuton Slav,
due perhaps to
a. Superior Greek culture and ethnic consciousness, and
its re-action upon barbarous invaders.
b. Permanence of Greek political power at Constantinople.
c. Absence of political genius in the Slav to organize na-
tional states(? )
2. Later invasion of the Turk and his character.
B. RESULT.
All distinctions of race and creed more persistent ; aggregates
of peoples rather than nations; national type hardly formed;
enmity of neighboring states. (Austro-Hungary intermedi-
ate in character, as well as geographically, between Western
and Eastern Europe. ) .
The explanation to be sought in
C. THE HISTORY OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.
I. To the Turkish occupation.
1. Under the Greek empire: culture and wealth.
2. Enemies before whom the Greek empire fell.
a. Slavic invasions from the sixth century : Slavic states,
Servia and Bulgaria ; varying extent and varying rela-
tions to each other and to Constantinople. Constan-
tinople from this time the barrier against Asiatic con-
quest of these lands.
b. Persians.
c. Saracens: siege of Constantinople, 717.
The Greek Empire saved by
1) The Isaurian emperors.
2) The break-up of the Saracen empire.
d. Turks (Seljukian), 1071-1100, in Asia Minor. Sultan
of Roum at Nicea. (lurks : Saracens : : Teuton :
Roman : : Slav : Greek. )
Repulsed and broken by the crusades.
e. The fourth crusade. Wars of "Latins" and "Romans,"
1104-64; general disintegration of the Christian states
paving the way for
f. Ottoman Turks.
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? D. UNDER THE TURKS.
1. Appearance, 1240. Chivalrous aid to Mohammedan prince,
and reward of lands in Asia Minor ; cross into Europe ;
head of the Mohammedan empire.
2. Causes of success.
a. Line of great rulers (Orkan, enters Europe, 1346 ; Am-
urath I, Adrianople, Kassova, Servia tributary ; Baja-
zet and Tamerlane ; Mahomet I reunites the empire ;
Amurath II; Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 1453).
2. Tribute of children Janissaries; turns the strength of
the subject nations against themselves.
3. Climax, about 1550.
a. Boundaries. The Christian frontier, Venice, Austria,
and Poland. (State of Russia. )
b. Danger of Christendom Siege of Vienna, 1683. Sobi-
eski and his Poles.
4. Decay of Turkish power.
a. Nature of Turkish rule: the Christian inhabitants-
economic, social, political condition; taxation; public
works; reforms; security, and administration of justice.
b.
The Janissaries ; the Spahis.
c. Insurrections and foreign attacks.
(Lepanto, 1571; siege of Vienna, 1683. )
E. How THE SUBJECT RACES WON FREEDOM.
(Freeman; histories of the separate states ; general histories ;
Laveleye; Minchin. )
1. The Hungarians, 1699.
2. The Roumanians, 1774-1878.
3. The Greeks, 1821-29.
a. Causes of insurrection.
b. The war Navarino (1827). Freeman, 182-3.
c. Capodistrias.
d. Kingdom of Greece: boundaries, etc. Freeman, 184-5.
4. The Slavs.
a. Montenegro (Tzernagora), 1703. Gladstone, Glean-
ings, iv.
b. Servia, 1804-1878.
c. Bulgaria, 1876. (Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horrors. ")
d. Bosnians, Croats, etc.
F. THE RUSVSIAN ADVANCE (TO 1878).
(Histories of Russia).
1. Treaty of Carlowitz, 1699.
2. " " Kutschouc Kainardji, 1774.
3. " " Jassy, 1792.
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? 50
4. Treaty of Bucharest, 1812.
5. " " Adrianople, 1829. '
6. " " Paris, 1856.
7. The settlement of 1878.
a. The War of 1877-78.
b. Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878.
c. " " Berlin, July, 1878.
Q. THE BALKAN STATES SINCE 1878.
(History and present political and economic conditions consti-
tutions).
I. In common:
1. Jewish question.
2. The Greek church and the other sects.
3. Economic progress.
II. The separate states.
1. Servia (the House Communites, or Zadrugas Laveleye's
"Primitive Property. "
2. Montenegro. Gladstone, "Gleanings. "
3. Bulgaria (Great Bulgaria and the Servian War). Russian
and anti-Russian policies.
4. Bosnia and Herzegovina.
5. Roumania (peasant emancipation).
6. Greece.
7. "Turkey. " (The Armenian atrocities and Crete. )
Distinctions between these Slav peoples and especially between
the different branches of the Serbs.
H. THE BALKAN QUESTION TODAY.
1. What the question is.
2. Aims of:
a. Russia.
b. Austria.
c. England (Greece, Servia, Bulgaria).
3. Possible solutions.
a. Russian dominance.
1) Conquest.
2) Suzerainty.
b. Austrian dominance.
c. A group of independent states [Constantinople a free
Conflicting claims.
d. A Balkan confederation.
1) With Austria.
2) Without Austria.
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? XVI. ENGLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
See General Histories, etc.
*Burgess.
Wilson.
Hansard: Parliamentary History.
*May, Taswell-Langmead, Young: Constitutional Histories.
Fyffe: Annals of our Time.
*Bagehot: English Constitution.
Amos: English Constitution.
Dicey: The Law of the Constitution.
Anson: Law and Custom of the Constitution.
*Boutmy : English Constitution.
Dicey: The Privy Council.
Todd: Parliamentary Government.
Lecky: Eighteenth Century.
*McCarthy: Epoch of Reform.
*0ur Own Times.
*England Under Gladstone.
Molesworth: History of England, 3 vols.
Walpole: History of England, 3 vols.
* Bright: History of England, vol. IV.
Recollections of Lord John Russell.
*Imperial Parliament Series (valuable. )
*English Citizen Series (valuable. )
*Toynbee: Industrial Revolution.
Porritt: Englishman at Home.
Escott: England.
Morley: Life ot Cobden.
Woods: English Social Movements.
Webb: The Radical Program.
Webb: History of Trade Unionism.
Morris and Bax: Socialism, Growth and Outcome.
SchaffJe: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Shaw: Fabian Essays. t
Booth: In Darkest England.
Smalley: London Letters.
Ward: Queen Victoria.
Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vol. X. (Brougham. }
Brougham's Acts and Bills, 1811-57.
Mill's Dissertations, vols. I. Ill and IV.
The Radical Program.
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? 52
Guizot: History of England.
Cox: Reform Bills of 1866-67.
On the Eve. (Political Handbook for Campaign of 1892. )
Shaw: Municipal Government in Great Britain.
Liberal Federation Publications.
Numerous articles upon English Politics in the English Re-
views.
COLONIAL, EASTERN, AND IRISH POLICY.
Dilke: Problems of Greater Britain.
Dilke: Problems of Defense.
Seeley. Expansion of England. (Morley's Review in Miscel.
III. )
Lucas: Historical Geography of British Colonies.
Milner: England in Egypt.