His sup- made an
alliance
about B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Roman.
times consular tribune, namely in B.
C.
419, 416,
p. 2:27. ) With regard to the question whether 404. Livy says that Rutilus held the office a
Rufus was ever tribune of the plebs, see Clinton, second time in 404, but the Capitoline Fasti make
sub B. C. 88, and Cic. pro Planc. 21. ( W. R] it a third time ; and this is more consistent with
RUẤTILUS, CORNELIUS COSSUS. [Cos- Livy's own account, who had mentioned previously
Sus, No. 7. )
iwo tribunates of Rutilus. (Liv, iv. 44, 47, 61;
RU'TILUS, HOSTI'LIUS, praefect of the Fasti Capit. )
camp in the army of Drusus in Germany, B. c. 11. 5. C. NAUTIUS RUTILUS, consul B. c. 411,
(Obsequ. 132. )
with M. Papirius Mugillanus. (Liv. iv. 52. )
RUʻTILUS, C. MA’RCIUS, L. F. C. N. , one 6. Sp. NAUTIUS SP. F. SP. N. RUTILUS, con-
of the distinguished plebeians, who obtained the sul B. c. 316 with M. Popillius Jaenas. (Liv. ix.
highest offices of the state soon after the enactment 21 ; Fasti Capit. )
of the Licinian laws. He was consul for the first 7. Sp. Nautius (Rutilus), an officer in the
time in B. C. 357 with Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, army of the consul L. Papirius Cursor, B. C. 293,
and carried on the war against the inhabitants of distinguished himself greatly in the battle against
Privernum. He took the town, and obtained a the Samnites, and was rewarded in consequence by
triumph in consequence. In the following year, the consul. (Liv. x. 41, 44. )
B. C. 356, he was appointed dictator in order to 8. C. NAUTIUS RUTILUS, consul & c. 287 with
carry on the war against the Etruscans. This M. Claudius Marcellus. (Fasti. )
was the first time that a plebeian had attained this RU'TILUS SEMPRONIUS. 1. C. SEM-
dignity; and the patricians were so indignant PRONIUS Rutilus, tribune of the plebs B. c. 189,
at what they chose to regard as a desecration of joined his colleague P. Sempronius Gracchus in a
the office, that, notwithstanding the public danger, public prosecution of M'. Acilius Glabrio. (Liv.
they threw every obstacle in the way of the pre- xxxvii. 57. )
parations for the war. The people, however, 2. SEMPRONIUS RUTILUS, one of Caesar's le-
eagerly supplied Rutilus with every thing that gates in Gaul. (Caes. B. G. vii. 90. )
was needed, and enabled him to take the field with RU'TILUS, VIRGI NIUS TRICOSTUS.
a well appointed army. Their expectations of suc- [Tricostus. )
cess were fully realised. The plebeian dictator
defeated the Etruscans with great slaughter ; but
as the senate refused him a triumph, notwithstand-
S.
ing his brilliant victory, he celebrated one by com-
mand of the people. In B. c. 352 he obtained the SABA or SABAS (Sábas), a celebrated Greek
consulship a second time with P. Valerius Pub- ecclesiastic of the fifth century. He was a native
licola ; and in the following year, B. C. 351, he was of Mutalasca, a village in Cappadocia, where he
the first plebeian censor. He was consul for the was born, as his biographer, Cyril of Scythopolis,
third time in B. C. 344 with T. Manlius Torquatus, records, in the seventeenth consulship of the em-
and for the fourth time in B. c. 312 with Q. Ser- peror Theodosius II. , A. D. 439.
His parents,
vilius Ahala. In the latter year, which was the named Joannes and Sophia, were Christians, and
second of the Samnite war, Rutilus was stationed persons of rank. His father being engaged in
in Campania, and there discovered a formidable military service at Alexandria, he was left at Mu-
conspiracy among the Roman troops, which he talasca, under the care of Hermias, bis maternal
quelled before it broke out by his wise and prudent uncle ; but the depraved character of his uncle's
measures. (Liv. vii. 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 38, 39. ) wife led to his removal and his being placed under
The son of this Rutilus took the surname of Cen- the care of another uncle, Gregorius, his father's
borinus, which in the next generation entirely sup brother, who resided in the village of Scandus,
planted that of Rutilus, and became the name of in the same neighbourhood. His two uncles
the family. [CENSORINUS. )
having a dispute about the guardianship of the
## p. 683 (#699) ############################################
SABA
683
SABA.
five
boy, and the management of his absent father's | Palestine, by Elias I. , patriarch of Jerusalem, to
property, he was placed in a monastery, called avert the displeasure of the Eastern emperor Anas-
Flavianae, about twenty miles from Mutalasca, tasius, who, in consequence of the great monophy-
where he was trained up in the strictness of mo- site schism, was at variance with the patriarch.
vastic observance, to which he so heartily devoted | The great reputation of Saba secured for him a
himself, that when, upon his uncles' reconciliation, gracious reception at court, and several gifts and
he was invited to leave the monastery and take the favours from the emperor: the gold he distributed
charge of his father's property, he refused, quoting among the monasteries of which he was the founder
the declaration of Jesus Christ, that “no man put- or the virtual superior. His interposition, how-
ting his hand to the plough, and looking back, is ever, did not divert the imperial patronage from
fit for the Kingdom of Heaven. " His biographer the Monophysites, or prevent the ultimate deposi-
Cyril represents his removal to his uncle Gregory's tion (A. D. 513) of the patriarch Elias, who stre-
house, and afterwards to the monastery, as his own nuously opposed them. Saba, who supported the
acts, which, from his tender age (le being only some party (that of the Council of Chalcedon) as
years old at his father's departure), hardly | Eline, in conjunction with Theodosius, another
probable, though it may have been the consequence eminent archimandrite of Palestine, superior of the
of his own wish. In the monastery of Flavianae Coenobites, persuaded Joanncs, the successor of
he spent ten years.
Elias, to break the engagement to support the
When in his cighteenth year Saba was seized Monophysite party, which had been the condition
with the desire of visiting Jerusalem, and of leading of his elevation : they also supported him in defy.
a solitary life in the wilderness near that city ; and (ing the imperial mandate.
For this contumacy,
having obtained permission, though with difficulty, Joannes, Saba, and Theodosius, would probably all
from his archimandrite or abbot, he set out and have suffered banishment, had not the troubles ex-
reached Jerusalem in A. D. 457, toward the close of cited by Vitalianus the Goth (A. D. 514) diverted the
the reign of the Eastern emperor Marcianus. After emperor's attention. [Anastasius I. ] In A. D.
rejecting the invitations of several monastic com- 518, Saba, now in his eightieth year, visited the ex-
munities to settle aniong them, he withdrew to the patriarch Elias, in his place of exile, Aila, the mo-
wilderness east of the city, and would have placed dern Akaba, at the head of the gulf of Akaba, an
himself in the monastery of which Euthymius, the arm of the Red Sea. Soon after this, the accession
most eminent of the monks of Palestine, was the of Justinus I. to the empire having overthrown the
abbot ; but Euthymius rejected him, as too young, ascendancy of the Monophysites, Šaba was sent by
and recommended him to the care of another abbot, the patriarch Joannes, to publish in the cities of
Theoctistus, to be by him further trained in mo- Palestine the imperial letter, recognizing the Coun-
nastic severities. While under the care of Theoc-cil of Chalcedon. In his ninety-first year (A. D.
tistus, he was allowed to accompany one of the 529 or 530) he undertook another journey to Con-
monks who had private business at Alexandria ; stantinople, wbere he obtained from Justinianus I. ,
and in that city he was recognised by his parents. now emperor (JUSTINIANUS I. ), a remission of
who appear to have been strangely ignorant, if not taxes for Palestine, in consideration of the ravages
regardless of their child. They would have had occasioned by a revolt of the Samaritans, an inci-
him engage in military service, in which his father, dent worthy of notice, as furnishing one of the few
who had assumed the name of Conon, had risen to links in the obscure history of that remarkable
an important command. Saba, as might have been people. He received also many gifts for his mo-
expected, refused to comply with their wishes, and nasteries. Saba died in his monastery, the Magna
returned to his monastery. After a time he ac- Laura (A. D. 532), in his ninety-fourth year.
companied Euthymius into the wilderness of Ruba, Saba was a man of great energy. He acted an
near the Jordan, and then into the wilderness south important part in that turbid period of ecclesiastical
of the Dead Sea, and appears to have been present history, and fearlessly threw himself into the agi-
with him at his death, in or about A. D. 573. tation arising from the great Monophysite schism;
After the death of this eminent person, Saba nor does age seem either to have diminished bis
withdrew altogether from his monastery into the ardour or restricted his exertions.
wilderness near the Jordan ; and from thence re- Early in the seventeenth century (A. D. 1603, also
moved to a cave near the brook that flows from in 1613 and 1643) there was printed at Venice, in
the fountain of Siloam,” where in his forty-fifth folio, an office book, or Liturgy of the Greek Church,
year (A. D. 483 or 484) he began to form a com- entitled, TUTLKÒV OUN Oew ayiw rapeixov tão av triv
munity from those who now resorted to him, and | διάταξιν της εκκλησιαστικής ακολουθίας του χρό-
founded the “ Laura
or monastery, known after- vov odov, Typicum, furente Deo, continens Inteyrum
wards as Magna Laura, the inmates of which soon Officii Ecclesiastici Ordinem per totum Annum. It
amounted to a hundred and fifty. In his fifty- is a compilation, the first work in which is de-
third year, A. D. 491 or 492 (Cyrill. Scythop. Sabae scribed by Cave as, Typicom της εκκλησιαστι-
Vita, c. 19), not his forty-fifth, as Cave affirms, he kîs åkonovdias, Sanctae Laurae in Hierosolymis,
received ordination as presbyter. He was the quod et in aliis Monasteriis Hierosolymitanis aliisque
founder of some other monastic societies beside Ecclesiis obtinet ex Praescripto S. Sabue Capita lix.
that of Mayna Laura ; and was appointed by the complexum ” (Hist. Litt. Dissert. Secunda de Libris
Patriarch of Jerusalem archimandrite of the an- Eccles. Graecor. ). This Typicon he elsewhere de.
chorets of Palestine. But the peace of these soli- scribes as written by S. Saba, and used in all the
taries was disturbed by the seditious proceedings monasteries of Jerusalem ; and states that having
of some of them, and by the disputes occasioned by been corrupted and almost lost in the various in-
the revival and progress of Origenistic and other vasions and disturbances of Palestine, it was re
opinions (ORIGENES) regarded by Saba as heretical. stored by Joannes Damascenus. But Oudin con-
In his seventy-third year (A. D. 512) Saba was siders that the work is at any rate much interpu-
scut, with some other heads of the anchorets of lated, and that it probably not the work of Sala
i
## p. 684 (#700) ############################################
684
SABACON.
SABBA.
&
nt all ; but has received his name, because con- | king of Egypt, with whom Hosea king of Israel,
formed to the usage of his monastery.
His sup- made an alliance about B. c. 722 (2 Kings, xvii. 4),
position that the Typicon was a forgery of Marcus, was in all probability the same as the second king
surnamed Hamartolus (Peccator, the Sinner), is of the dynasty, Sebichus *; and the Tirhakah,
improbable (Marcus, No. 16). The title of the king of the Ethiopians, who was preparing to make
work in Greek, as given in a Vienna MS. cited by war against Sennacherib, in B. c. 711 (1s. xxxvii.
Oudin, Τυπικόν της εκκλησιαστικής ακολουθίας | 9), is evidently the same as the Taracus of Ma.
της εν Ιεροσολύμοις αγίας Λαύρας του οσίου και netho, as has been already remarked. Herodotus
Scopépou pat pos ouwv Lábbo Typicon, 6. Ordo speaks of Sethon as king of Egypt at the time of
Officii Ecclesiustici Monasterii llierosłymilani Sancti Sennacherib's invasion (SETHON); but it is evident
Putris nostri Sabae, indicates, not that the work was that the Ethiopian dynasty must have ruled at least
written by S. Saba, but only that it is conformed to over Upper Egypt at this time, for we can hardly
the practice of his monastery. (Cyrillus Scythopol. refer the statement of Isaiah to an Ethiopian king
S. Sebae Vita, apud Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monu- at Meroe.
menta, vol. iii. ; Cave, Hist. Litl. ad ann. 481, vol. i. The name of Sabacon is not found on monu-
p. 457, and vol. ii. Dissert. Secunda, p. 38, &c. , ed. ments, as Lepsius has shown, though the contrary
Oxon. 1740-1743; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. x. p. is stated by most modern writers. We find, how-
319 ; Oudin, Commentar, de Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. ever, on monuments, the name of Shelek and Tek-
i. col. 1394 ; Tillemont, Mém. vol. xvi. )
rak. Shebek is the Sebichus of Manetho, and
There were some other persons of the name of Bunsen has conjectured, with some probability,
Saba (Phot. Biblioth. cod. 52 ; Fabric. l. c. ), but that the two first kings of the dynasty both bore
they do not require notice.
(J. C. M. ) this name, and that Manetho only gave the name
SABACES (Labákns), a Persian, was satrap of of Sabacon to the first, as it was so well known
Egypt under Dareius III. , and was slain at the through the history of Ilerodotus. Sabacon and
battle of Issus, in B. C. 333 (Arr. Anab. ii. 11 ; Sebichus, however, bear so great a resemblance to
Curt. iii. 8, iv. 1). The name is otherwise written one another, that they are probably merely different
Sataces and Sathaces, and it occurs as Tasiaces in forms of the same name. (Bunsen, Aegyptens Stelle
Diod. xvii. 34, according to the common reading in der Weltgeschichte, vol. iii. pp. 137, 138. )
(Wess. ad loc. ; Freinsh. ad Curt. ll. cc. ) [E. E. ) SABAʼZIUS (Palácios), a Phrygian divinity,
SABACON (Zabakwv), a king of Ethiopia, who commonly described as a son of Rhea or Cybele ;
invaded Egypt in the reign of the blind king Any. but in later times he was identified with the
sis, whom he dethroned and drove into the marshes. mystic Dionysus, who hence is sometimes called
The Ethiopian conqueror then reigned over Egypt Dionysus Sabazius. (Aristoph. Av. 873 ; Hesych.
for 50 years, but at length quitted the country in s. v. ) For the same reason Sa bazius is called a son
consequence of a dream, whereupon Anysis regained of Zeus by Persephone, and is said to have been
his kingdom. This is the account which Herodotus reared by a nymph Nyssa ; though others, by philo-
received from the priests (ii. 137–140 ; comp. sophical speculations, were led to consider him a son
Diod. i. 65) ; but it appears from Manetho, that of Cabeirus, Dionysus, or Cronos. He was tom
there were three Ethiopian kings who reigned over by the Titans into seven pieces. (Joan. Lydus, De
Egypt, named Sabacon, Sebrichus, and Taracus, and Mens. p. 82 ; Orph. Fragm. vii. 46, p. 469, ed.
who form the twenty-fifth dynasty of that writer. Herm. , Hymn. 47 ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23. )
According to his account Sabacon reigned eight | The connection of Sabazius with the Phrygian
years, Sebichus fourteen, and Taracus eighteen ; or, mother of the gods accounts for the fact that he
according to the conjecture of Bunsen, twenty- was identified, to a certain extent, with Zeus him-
eight ; their collective reigns being thus 40 or 50 self, who is mentioned as Zeus Sabazius, both
years. The account of Manetho, which is in itself Zeus and Dionysus having been brought up by
more probable than that of Herodotus, is also con- Cybele or Rhea. (Val. Max. i. 3. $ 4. ) His wor-
firmed by the fact that Taracus is mentioned by ship and festivals (Sabazia) were also introduced
Isaiah (xxxvii. 9), under the name of Tirhakah. into Greece ; but, at least in the time of Demos-
The time at which this dynasty of Ethiopian kings thenes, it was not thought reputable to take part
governed Egypt has occasioned some dispute, in in them, for they were celebrated at night by both
consequence of the statement of Herodotus (ii. sexes with purifications, initiations, and immora-
140), that it was more than 700 years from the lities. (Diod. iv. 4 ; Demosth. de Coron. p. 313 ;
time of Anysis to that of Amyrtaeus. Now as Strab. x. p. 471 ; Aristoph. Vesp. 9, Lysistr.
Amyrtaeus reigned over Egypt about B. C. 455, it 389. ) Serpents, which were sacred to him, acted
would follow from this account that the invasion of a prominent part at the Sabazia and in the pro-
the Ethiopians took place about B. c. 1150. But cessions (Clemens Alex. Protrept. p. 6; Theo
this high date is not only in opposition to the state- phrast. Char. 16): the god himself was repre-
ments of all other writers, but is at variance with sented with horns, because, it is said, he was the
the narrative of Herodotus himself, who says that first that yoked oxen to the plough for agriculture.
Psammitichus fied into Syria when his father (Diod. iv. 4. ]
(L. S. ]
Necho was put to death by Sabacon (ii. 152), and SABBA (Láben), a daughter of Berosus and
who represents Sabacon as followed in close suc- Erymanthe, is mentioned among the Sibyls ; but
cession by Sethon, Sethon by the Dodecarchia and it is uncertain as to whether she was the Baby-
Psammitichus, the latter of whom began to reign lonian, Egyptian, Chaldaean, or Jewish Sibyl
about B. c. 671. There is, therefore, probably some
corruption in the numbers in the passage of Hero-
dotus. There can be little doubt that the Ethiopian * So is in Hebrew NID, which may have been
dynasty reigned over Egypt in the latter half of pronounced originally Sova or Seva, and which
the eighth century before the Christian era. They would then bear a still stronger resemblance to
are mentioned in the Jewish records. The So, Scbichus.
:
## p. 685 (#701) ############################################
SABELLIUS.
685
SABELLIUS.
man.
-
1
(Paus z. 12. & 5; Aelian, V. II. xii. 35, with paring it to the union of body, soul, and spirit, in
Perizonius' note. )
(L. S. ) man, 60 that the Father, so to speak, was the
L SABE'LLÍUS, accused by L. Caesulenus. body, the Son the soul, and the Spirit the spirit, of
(Cic. Brut. 34. )
He appears not to give this as an illus-
SABEʼLLIUS, an heresiarch of the third cen- tration of his own, but as one employed by the
tury. Of this man, who has given name to one of Sabellians themselves, who also compared the
the most enduring modifications of belief in the Deity to the Sun," which is one hypostasis, but
Christian Church, hardly anything is known. Phi- has three operations (evepyelas):--that of impart-
lastrius (De Haeres
. c. 26) and Asterius of Amascia ing light (id PWOTIKÓV), which they compared to
(npud Phot. Bibl. cod. 271), call him a Libyan, the Son ; of imparting warmth (od Sátor), which
and Theodoret repeats the statement, with the they compared to the Spirit ; and its orbicular
addition that he was a native of the Libyan Penta form, the form of its whole substance (rò eloos
polis (Haeretic. Fabul. Compend. lib. ii. 9). Diony. raons tñs UroOTÁO ews), which they compared to
sius of Alexandria (apud Euseb. H. E.
p. 2:27. ) With regard to the question whether 404. Livy says that Rutilus held the office a
Rufus was ever tribune of the plebs, see Clinton, second time in 404, but the Capitoline Fasti make
sub B. C. 88, and Cic. pro Planc. 21. ( W. R] it a third time ; and this is more consistent with
RUẤTILUS, CORNELIUS COSSUS. [Cos- Livy's own account, who had mentioned previously
Sus, No. 7. )
iwo tribunates of Rutilus. (Liv, iv. 44, 47, 61;
RU'TILUS, HOSTI'LIUS, praefect of the Fasti Capit. )
camp in the army of Drusus in Germany, B. c. 11. 5. C. NAUTIUS RUTILUS, consul B. c. 411,
(Obsequ. 132. )
with M. Papirius Mugillanus. (Liv. iv. 52. )
RUʻTILUS, C. MA’RCIUS, L. F. C. N. , one 6. Sp. NAUTIUS SP. F. SP. N. RUTILUS, con-
of the distinguished plebeians, who obtained the sul B. c. 316 with M. Popillius Jaenas. (Liv. ix.
highest offices of the state soon after the enactment 21 ; Fasti Capit. )
of the Licinian laws. He was consul for the first 7. Sp. Nautius (Rutilus), an officer in the
time in B. C. 357 with Cn. Manlius Capitolinus, army of the consul L. Papirius Cursor, B. C. 293,
and carried on the war against the inhabitants of distinguished himself greatly in the battle against
Privernum. He took the town, and obtained a the Samnites, and was rewarded in consequence by
triumph in consequence. In the following year, the consul. (Liv. x. 41, 44. )
B. C. 356, he was appointed dictator in order to 8. C. NAUTIUS RUTILUS, consul & c. 287 with
carry on the war against the Etruscans. This M. Claudius Marcellus. (Fasti. )
was the first time that a plebeian had attained this RU'TILUS SEMPRONIUS. 1. C. SEM-
dignity; and the patricians were so indignant PRONIUS Rutilus, tribune of the plebs B. c. 189,
at what they chose to regard as a desecration of joined his colleague P. Sempronius Gracchus in a
the office, that, notwithstanding the public danger, public prosecution of M'. Acilius Glabrio. (Liv.
they threw every obstacle in the way of the pre- xxxvii. 57. )
parations for the war. The people, however, 2. SEMPRONIUS RUTILUS, one of Caesar's le-
eagerly supplied Rutilus with every thing that gates in Gaul. (Caes. B. G. vii. 90. )
was needed, and enabled him to take the field with RU'TILUS, VIRGI NIUS TRICOSTUS.
a well appointed army. Their expectations of suc- [Tricostus. )
cess were fully realised. The plebeian dictator
defeated the Etruscans with great slaughter ; but
as the senate refused him a triumph, notwithstand-
S.
ing his brilliant victory, he celebrated one by com-
mand of the people. In B. c. 352 he obtained the SABA or SABAS (Sábas), a celebrated Greek
consulship a second time with P. Valerius Pub- ecclesiastic of the fifth century. He was a native
licola ; and in the following year, B. C. 351, he was of Mutalasca, a village in Cappadocia, where he
the first plebeian censor. He was consul for the was born, as his biographer, Cyril of Scythopolis,
third time in B. C. 344 with T. Manlius Torquatus, records, in the seventeenth consulship of the em-
and for the fourth time in B. c. 312 with Q. Ser- peror Theodosius II. , A. D. 439.
His parents,
vilius Ahala. In the latter year, which was the named Joannes and Sophia, were Christians, and
second of the Samnite war, Rutilus was stationed persons of rank. His father being engaged in
in Campania, and there discovered a formidable military service at Alexandria, he was left at Mu-
conspiracy among the Roman troops, which he talasca, under the care of Hermias, bis maternal
quelled before it broke out by his wise and prudent uncle ; but the depraved character of his uncle's
measures. (Liv. vii. 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 38, 39. ) wife led to his removal and his being placed under
The son of this Rutilus took the surname of Cen- the care of another uncle, Gregorius, his father's
borinus, which in the next generation entirely sup brother, who resided in the village of Scandus,
planted that of Rutilus, and became the name of in the same neighbourhood. His two uncles
the family. [CENSORINUS. )
having a dispute about the guardianship of the
## p. 683 (#699) ############################################
SABA
683
SABA.
five
boy, and the management of his absent father's | Palestine, by Elias I. , patriarch of Jerusalem, to
property, he was placed in a monastery, called avert the displeasure of the Eastern emperor Anas-
Flavianae, about twenty miles from Mutalasca, tasius, who, in consequence of the great monophy-
where he was trained up in the strictness of mo- site schism, was at variance with the patriarch.
vastic observance, to which he so heartily devoted | The great reputation of Saba secured for him a
himself, that when, upon his uncles' reconciliation, gracious reception at court, and several gifts and
he was invited to leave the monastery and take the favours from the emperor: the gold he distributed
charge of his father's property, he refused, quoting among the monasteries of which he was the founder
the declaration of Jesus Christ, that “no man put- or the virtual superior. His interposition, how-
ting his hand to the plough, and looking back, is ever, did not divert the imperial patronage from
fit for the Kingdom of Heaven. " His biographer the Monophysites, or prevent the ultimate deposi-
Cyril represents his removal to his uncle Gregory's tion (A. D. 513) of the patriarch Elias, who stre-
house, and afterwards to the monastery, as his own nuously opposed them. Saba, who supported the
acts, which, from his tender age (le being only some party (that of the Council of Chalcedon) as
years old at his father's departure), hardly | Eline, in conjunction with Theodosius, another
probable, though it may have been the consequence eminent archimandrite of Palestine, superior of the
of his own wish. In the monastery of Flavianae Coenobites, persuaded Joanncs, the successor of
he spent ten years.
Elias, to break the engagement to support the
When in his cighteenth year Saba was seized Monophysite party, which had been the condition
with the desire of visiting Jerusalem, and of leading of his elevation : they also supported him in defy.
a solitary life in the wilderness near that city ; and (ing the imperial mandate.
For this contumacy,
having obtained permission, though with difficulty, Joannes, Saba, and Theodosius, would probably all
from his archimandrite or abbot, he set out and have suffered banishment, had not the troubles ex-
reached Jerusalem in A. D. 457, toward the close of cited by Vitalianus the Goth (A. D. 514) diverted the
the reign of the Eastern emperor Marcianus. After emperor's attention. [Anastasius I. ] In A. D.
rejecting the invitations of several monastic com- 518, Saba, now in his eightieth year, visited the ex-
munities to settle aniong them, he withdrew to the patriarch Elias, in his place of exile, Aila, the mo-
wilderness east of the city, and would have placed dern Akaba, at the head of the gulf of Akaba, an
himself in the monastery of which Euthymius, the arm of the Red Sea. Soon after this, the accession
most eminent of the monks of Palestine, was the of Justinus I. to the empire having overthrown the
abbot ; but Euthymius rejected him, as too young, ascendancy of the Monophysites, Šaba was sent by
and recommended him to the care of another abbot, the patriarch Joannes, to publish in the cities of
Theoctistus, to be by him further trained in mo- Palestine the imperial letter, recognizing the Coun-
nastic severities. While under the care of Theoc-cil of Chalcedon. In his ninety-first year (A. D.
tistus, he was allowed to accompany one of the 529 or 530) he undertook another journey to Con-
monks who had private business at Alexandria ; stantinople, wbere he obtained from Justinianus I. ,
and in that city he was recognised by his parents. now emperor (JUSTINIANUS I. ), a remission of
who appear to have been strangely ignorant, if not taxes for Palestine, in consideration of the ravages
regardless of their child. They would have had occasioned by a revolt of the Samaritans, an inci-
him engage in military service, in which his father, dent worthy of notice, as furnishing one of the few
who had assumed the name of Conon, had risen to links in the obscure history of that remarkable
an important command. Saba, as might have been people. He received also many gifts for his mo-
expected, refused to comply with their wishes, and nasteries. Saba died in his monastery, the Magna
returned to his monastery. After a time he ac- Laura (A. D. 532), in his ninety-fourth year.
companied Euthymius into the wilderness of Ruba, Saba was a man of great energy. He acted an
near the Jordan, and then into the wilderness south important part in that turbid period of ecclesiastical
of the Dead Sea, and appears to have been present history, and fearlessly threw himself into the agi-
with him at his death, in or about A. D. 573. tation arising from the great Monophysite schism;
After the death of this eminent person, Saba nor does age seem either to have diminished bis
withdrew altogether from his monastery into the ardour or restricted his exertions.
wilderness near the Jordan ; and from thence re- Early in the seventeenth century (A. D. 1603, also
moved to a cave near the brook that flows from in 1613 and 1643) there was printed at Venice, in
the fountain of Siloam,” where in his forty-fifth folio, an office book, or Liturgy of the Greek Church,
year (A. D. 483 or 484) he began to form a com- entitled, TUTLKÒV OUN Oew ayiw rapeixov tão av triv
munity from those who now resorted to him, and | διάταξιν της εκκλησιαστικής ακολουθίας του χρό-
founded the “ Laura
or monastery, known after- vov odov, Typicum, furente Deo, continens Inteyrum
wards as Magna Laura, the inmates of which soon Officii Ecclesiastici Ordinem per totum Annum. It
amounted to a hundred and fifty. In his fifty- is a compilation, the first work in which is de-
third year, A. D. 491 or 492 (Cyrill. Scythop. Sabae scribed by Cave as, Typicom της εκκλησιαστι-
Vita, c. 19), not his forty-fifth, as Cave affirms, he kîs åkonovdias, Sanctae Laurae in Hierosolymis,
received ordination as presbyter. He was the quod et in aliis Monasteriis Hierosolymitanis aliisque
founder of some other monastic societies beside Ecclesiis obtinet ex Praescripto S. Sabue Capita lix.
that of Mayna Laura ; and was appointed by the complexum ” (Hist. Litt. Dissert. Secunda de Libris
Patriarch of Jerusalem archimandrite of the an- Eccles. Graecor. ). This Typicon he elsewhere de.
chorets of Palestine. But the peace of these soli- scribes as written by S. Saba, and used in all the
taries was disturbed by the seditious proceedings monasteries of Jerusalem ; and states that having
of some of them, and by the disputes occasioned by been corrupted and almost lost in the various in-
the revival and progress of Origenistic and other vasions and disturbances of Palestine, it was re
opinions (ORIGENES) regarded by Saba as heretical. stored by Joannes Damascenus. But Oudin con-
In his seventy-third year (A. D. 512) Saba was siders that the work is at any rate much interpu-
scut, with some other heads of the anchorets of lated, and that it probably not the work of Sala
i
## p. 684 (#700) ############################################
684
SABACON.
SABBA.
&
nt all ; but has received his name, because con- | king of Egypt, with whom Hosea king of Israel,
formed to the usage of his monastery.
His sup- made an alliance about B. c. 722 (2 Kings, xvii. 4),
position that the Typicon was a forgery of Marcus, was in all probability the same as the second king
surnamed Hamartolus (Peccator, the Sinner), is of the dynasty, Sebichus *; and the Tirhakah,
improbable (Marcus, No. 16). The title of the king of the Ethiopians, who was preparing to make
work in Greek, as given in a Vienna MS. cited by war against Sennacherib, in B. c. 711 (1s. xxxvii.
Oudin, Τυπικόν της εκκλησιαστικής ακολουθίας | 9), is evidently the same as the Taracus of Ma.
της εν Ιεροσολύμοις αγίας Λαύρας του οσίου και netho, as has been already remarked. Herodotus
Scopépou pat pos ouwv Lábbo Typicon, 6. Ordo speaks of Sethon as king of Egypt at the time of
Officii Ecclesiustici Monasterii llierosłymilani Sancti Sennacherib's invasion (SETHON); but it is evident
Putris nostri Sabae, indicates, not that the work was that the Ethiopian dynasty must have ruled at least
written by S. Saba, but only that it is conformed to over Upper Egypt at this time, for we can hardly
the practice of his monastery. (Cyrillus Scythopol. refer the statement of Isaiah to an Ethiopian king
S. Sebae Vita, apud Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monu- at Meroe.
menta, vol. iii. ; Cave, Hist. Litl. ad ann. 481, vol. i. The name of Sabacon is not found on monu-
p. 457, and vol. ii. Dissert. Secunda, p. 38, &c. , ed. ments, as Lepsius has shown, though the contrary
Oxon. 1740-1743; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. x. p. is stated by most modern writers. We find, how-
319 ; Oudin, Commentar, de Scriptorib. Eccles. vol. ever, on monuments, the name of Shelek and Tek-
i. col. 1394 ; Tillemont, Mém. vol. xvi. )
rak. Shebek is the Sebichus of Manetho, and
There were some other persons of the name of Bunsen has conjectured, with some probability,
Saba (Phot. Biblioth. cod. 52 ; Fabric. l. c. ), but that the two first kings of the dynasty both bore
they do not require notice.
(J. C. M. ) this name, and that Manetho only gave the name
SABACES (Labákns), a Persian, was satrap of of Sabacon to the first, as it was so well known
Egypt under Dareius III. , and was slain at the through the history of Ilerodotus. Sabacon and
battle of Issus, in B. C. 333 (Arr. Anab. ii. 11 ; Sebichus, however, bear so great a resemblance to
Curt. iii. 8, iv. 1). The name is otherwise written one another, that they are probably merely different
Sataces and Sathaces, and it occurs as Tasiaces in forms of the same name. (Bunsen, Aegyptens Stelle
Diod. xvii. 34, according to the common reading in der Weltgeschichte, vol. iii. pp. 137, 138. )
(Wess. ad loc. ; Freinsh. ad Curt. ll. cc. ) [E. E. ) SABAʼZIUS (Palácios), a Phrygian divinity,
SABACON (Zabakwv), a king of Ethiopia, who commonly described as a son of Rhea or Cybele ;
invaded Egypt in the reign of the blind king Any. but in later times he was identified with the
sis, whom he dethroned and drove into the marshes. mystic Dionysus, who hence is sometimes called
The Ethiopian conqueror then reigned over Egypt Dionysus Sabazius. (Aristoph. Av. 873 ; Hesych.
for 50 years, but at length quitted the country in s. v. ) For the same reason Sa bazius is called a son
consequence of a dream, whereupon Anysis regained of Zeus by Persephone, and is said to have been
his kingdom. This is the account which Herodotus reared by a nymph Nyssa ; though others, by philo-
received from the priests (ii. 137–140 ; comp. sophical speculations, were led to consider him a son
Diod. i. 65) ; but it appears from Manetho, that of Cabeirus, Dionysus, or Cronos. He was tom
there were three Ethiopian kings who reigned over by the Titans into seven pieces. (Joan. Lydus, De
Egypt, named Sabacon, Sebrichus, and Taracus, and Mens. p. 82 ; Orph. Fragm. vii. 46, p. 469, ed.
who form the twenty-fifth dynasty of that writer. Herm. , Hymn. 47 ; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23. )
According to his account Sabacon reigned eight | The connection of Sabazius with the Phrygian
years, Sebichus fourteen, and Taracus eighteen ; or, mother of the gods accounts for the fact that he
according to the conjecture of Bunsen, twenty- was identified, to a certain extent, with Zeus him-
eight ; their collective reigns being thus 40 or 50 self, who is mentioned as Zeus Sabazius, both
years. The account of Manetho, which is in itself Zeus and Dionysus having been brought up by
more probable than that of Herodotus, is also con- Cybele or Rhea. (Val. Max. i. 3. $ 4. ) His wor-
firmed by the fact that Taracus is mentioned by ship and festivals (Sabazia) were also introduced
Isaiah (xxxvii. 9), under the name of Tirhakah. into Greece ; but, at least in the time of Demos-
The time at which this dynasty of Ethiopian kings thenes, it was not thought reputable to take part
governed Egypt has occasioned some dispute, in in them, for they were celebrated at night by both
consequence of the statement of Herodotus (ii. sexes with purifications, initiations, and immora-
140), that it was more than 700 years from the lities. (Diod. iv. 4 ; Demosth. de Coron. p. 313 ;
time of Anysis to that of Amyrtaeus. Now as Strab. x. p. 471 ; Aristoph. Vesp. 9, Lysistr.
Amyrtaeus reigned over Egypt about B. C. 455, it 389. ) Serpents, which were sacred to him, acted
would follow from this account that the invasion of a prominent part at the Sabazia and in the pro-
the Ethiopians took place about B. c. 1150. But cessions (Clemens Alex. Protrept. p. 6; Theo
this high date is not only in opposition to the state- phrast. Char. 16): the god himself was repre-
ments of all other writers, but is at variance with sented with horns, because, it is said, he was the
the narrative of Herodotus himself, who says that first that yoked oxen to the plough for agriculture.
Psammitichus fied into Syria when his father (Diod. iv. 4. ]
(L. S. ]
Necho was put to death by Sabacon (ii. 152), and SABBA (Láben), a daughter of Berosus and
who represents Sabacon as followed in close suc- Erymanthe, is mentioned among the Sibyls ; but
cession by Sethon, Sethon by the Dodecarchia and it is uncertain as to whether she was the Baby-
Psammitichus, the latter of whom began to reign lonian, Egyptian, Chaldaean, or Jewish Sibyl
about B. c. 671. There is, therefore, probably some
corruption in the numbers in the passage of Hero-
dotus. There can be little doubt that the Ethiopian * So is in Hebrew NID, which may have been
dynasty reigned over Egypt in the latter half of pronounced originally Sova or Seva, and which
the eighth century before the Christian era. They would then bear a still stronger resemblance to
are mentioned in the Jewish records. The So, Scbichus.
:
## p. 685 (#701) ############################################
SABELLIUS.
685
SABELLIUS.
man.
-
1
(Paus z. 12. & 5; Aelian, V. II. xii. 35, with paring it to the union of body, soul, and spirit, in
Perizonius' note. )
(L. S. ) man, 60 that the Father, so to speak, was the
L SABE'LLÍUS, accused by L. Caesulenus. body, the Son the soul, and the Spirit the spirit, of
(Cic. Brut. 34. )
He appears not to give this as an illus-
SABEʼLLIUS, an heresiarch of the third cen- tration of his own, but as one employed by the
tury. Of this man, who has given name to one of Sabellians themselves, who also compared the
the most enduring modifications of belief in the Deity to the Sun," which is one hypostasis, but
Christian Church, hardly anything is known. Phi- has three operations (evepyelas):--that of impart-
lastrius (De Haeres
. c. 26) and Asterius of Amascia ing light (id PWOTIKÓV), which they compared to
(npud Phot. Bibl. cod. 271), call him a Libyan, the Son ; of imparting warmth (od Sátor), which
and Theodoret repeats the statement, with the they compared to the Spirit ; and its orbicular
addition that he was a native of the Libyan Penta form, the form of its whole substance (rò eloos
polis (Haeretic. Fabul. Compend. lib. ii. 9). Diony. raons tñs UroOTÁO ews), which they compared to
sius of Alexandria (apud Euseb. H. E.
