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Final N.
N produc. -- Breviabis at -en quod -Inis breve format ;
Graecorum quartum, si sit brevis ultima recti ;
An, tamen, in cum compositis ; rectumque secundae.
Words, whether in Latin or of Greek origin, termi-
nating with n, have the final vowel generally long; as,
en, splen, quin, sin, Pan, Siren; with Actceon, Lacedce-
mdn, Platon, &c, [written with an u] ; also Greek accu-
satives in an and en, of the first declen. , from the nomi-
natives in as, es, and e long ; as, Mneun, Anchisen, Cal-
liopen ; genitives plural; as, Myrmidonbn, Cimmerion,
epigrammaton ; and Greek accusatives in on of the Attic
dialect having w in the original ; as, Athon, Androgebn.
Excep. 1. Nouns terminating with en, having inis in
the gen. , have the final vowel short; as, carmen, numen,
nomen, tegmen, flumen.
Excep. 2. The final vowel before n, is short in all
Greek accusatives of every declension, whose nomina-
tive has a short final syllable ; as, Maian, Scorpion.
* M vorat Ecthlipsis : prisci breviare solebant.
Final m, succeeded by a vowel [or the letter h. 1 is generally elided by Ecth-
TVpsis : the older poets usually shortened the preceding vowel, preserving the m
firera elision : ex. gr : --
Jnsignita,fere turn millia militum octo. Ennius.
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? 50 FINAL N.
Parin, Thetin, Ityn, Alexin, chelyn : and datives plural
in in; as, Arcasin.
Excep. 3. An, tamen, in, with their compounds, for-
san, satin 1 , veruntamen, &c, and vidert, have the final
vowel short.
Excep. 4. Greek nominatives in on, written with an
omicron, and corresponding with the second declension
in Latin, have the final syllable short; as, Pelion, llion,
Erotibn.
Observ. Greek accusatives also in on [omicron], have
the final vowel short ; as, Ceroeron, Rhodbn, Menelabn.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Splen, Titan, Siren, Salamin,Cimmerion, Athon.
Excep. 1. Pecten, flamen, crimen. Excep. 2. Ibin, iEgi-
nan, Alexin. Excep. 3. Attamen, viden', satin', nostin'.
Excep. 4. Erotion, llion, Pelion. Observ. Rhodon, Cer-
beron.
Promiscuous Examples. Timid! [5, -- fr. ttmeo -- 14,
29], ? iate [2, 15, 28], C^sare [2, 15, 28], exemplaria
[3, 3, 15, 1, 27], mulieribus [1, 17, 22], stemmata [3,
16, 27], renes [17], hymenceos [17, 2], mansueti [3,
17,29], regibus [17, 22], reflcio [11, 6, 1, 30], Inlquo-
rum [11, 6, -- fr. asquus, 29].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. De grege nbn ausim quicqua? n deponere tecum. Virg.
Finierat Titan; omnemque ref tiger at Orpheus. Ov.
Actceon ego sum ! dominum cognoscite vestrum- Id.
Amitto Anchisen, hie me, pater optime, fessum. Virg.
Cimmeribn etiam ohscuras accessit ad oras. Tibul.
Ex. 1. Tegmen habent capiti; vestigia nuda sinistri. Vir.
Ex. 2. Namqueferunt raptampatriis Mginan ab undis. St.
Ex. 3. Mittite; -- -for san et hcec olim meminisse juvabit. Vir.
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? FINAL R. 51
Ex. 4. Ilion et Tenedos, Simo'isque et Xanthus et Ide. Ov.
Obs. Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon, aut Mitylenen. Hor.
rule xxxv,
Final R.
R breve. -- Cur produc, Fur, Far, quibus ad j ice Ver, Ndr;
Et Graium quotquot longum dant eris et JEtker,
Aer, ser, et Iber. -- Sit Cor breve. -- Celtiber anceps. --
Par cum compositis, et lar, producere vulgo
Norma jubet : sed tu monitus variabis utrumque.
Words ending in ? *, have the last vowel or syllable, for
the most part, short ; as, Amilcar, mtdier, puer, ter, Hec-
tor, martyr, semper, precor, audientur.
Excep. 1. Cur, far, far, ver, and ndr, have the final
vowel long ; -- as also have all words of Greek origin,
forming the genitive sing, in eris long; as, crater, stater ;
aer, aether, Scr, and iber : -- but the compound of iber is
common ; as, Celtiber,
Obser. 1. Pater and mater, although increasing in the
genitive, have the final vowel short, agreeably to the rule.
Obser. 2. Cor has the vowel short.
Excep. 2. Par with its compounds, and Lcir have the
final vowel generally common. *
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ver, timor, turtur, Hector, amamur. Excep. 1.
Cur, ver ; stater, spinter, Kecimer ; aer, Ser, iber : --
Celtiber. Observ. Pater, mater. Excep. 2. Par, Lar.
* Although the quantity of these two words is, incompliance with the authority
of some excellent Prosodians, given as common, it must not he concealed, that
many others of equal authority, agree with Alvary, in regarding it as always
long.
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? 52 FINAL AS.
Promiscuous Examples. Amaretur [23, 24, 35], setbere,
[2, 27, 28], tapetlbus [17, 22], vlrgine [3, 18, 28], Sala-
minl [Gr. 18, 29], cornice [3, 19, 28], vigoris [5,-- fr. vfgeo,
--20], gequora [2, 20, 27], doctiora [3, 1. 20, 27], me-
mori [5, -- fr. memini, -- 20, 29].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Semper er is pauper, si pauper es, Mmiliane. Mart.
Angustum formica terens iter, et bibit in gens. Virg.
Exc. 1. Multa quidem dixi, cur excusatus abirem. Hor.
Inde mare, inde aer, inde cether ignifer ipse'. Lucret.
Ob. 1. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca.
Virg.
Ob. 2. Molle mihi levibusque cor est violable telis. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Luderepdrimpdr,equitare in arundinelonga. Hor.
RULE xxxvi.
Final AS.
As produc. -- Breve Anas. -- Grsecorum tertia quartum.
Corripit -- et rectum per adis si patrius exit.
Words ending in as have the final vowel generally-
long ; as, eras, tempestas, Mneas, Pallas, (Pallantis),
mas, musas;--a)\ verbs terminating in as; such ^s,amds,
doceds, legebds ; -- gentile nouns ; as, Arpinds, Antias ; --
and antique genitives; as, vids,familias.
Excep. 1. Anas is short. *
Excep. 2. Final as is also short in Greek accusatives
plural of the third declension ; as, heroas, lampadds, del-
phinas, Hectords, Heroidds.
Excep. 3. Greek nouns in as, forming the genitive in
ados (adis, Latin), are short; as, Areas, (gen. arcados or
or cadis) ; Pallas, (gen. Pallados or Palladis) : lampds,
* In Petronius Arbiter. Burmann, however, conjectures the lection shoulil be
avis.
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? FINAL ES.
53
Ilias : -- also Latin words in as, formed in the manner of
Greek patronymics ; as, Appias, Adrias, Honorids.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WOKDS.
Rule.
Fas, terras, pietas, iEneas, Thomas, Pallas,
(Pallantis), audiebas ; Antias, Larinas ; curas, (gen. )
tristitias, (gen). Excep. 1. Anas. Excep. 2. Cyclopas,
crateras, Troas, Nai'das. Excep. 3. Lampas, Pallas,
(Pallados), Ilias; Appias, Adrias.
Promiscuous Examples. Audiebamur [2, 1, 24, 23, 35],
sol [33], nequis [12], nee [32], forsan [34], omen [34],
longe [3, 28 adv. ], lampadas [3, 16, 26], scio [1, 30],
DIa [Gr. 1, 27], extra [3, 27], vivimus [25], Alexandria
[Gr. 3, 3, 1, 27], musas [5, -- fr. ^Saa, " a muse," -- 36].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Quid meus Mneds in te committere tantum ? Virg.
Forte sua Libycis tempestds appulit oris. Id .
ILxc. l. Etpictisandsenotatapennis. (Phaloecian). Petro.
Exc. 2. Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinds Arion. Virg.
Exc. 3. Bellica Pallas adest, etprotegit cegidefratrem. Ov.
Adrias unda vadis largam procul expuit algam. A v.
rule xxxvn.
Final ES.
Es dabitur longis. -- Breviat sed tertia rectum,
Cum patrii brevis est crescens penultimates hinc
Excipitur, paries, arils, abicsque, Ceresque.
Corripe et es de sum, penes, et neutralia Graeca.
His quintum et rectum numeri dent Graeca secundi.
The final vowel in es is long ; as, res, quies, Alcides,
sermones, doces, esses, decies ; with the nomin. and vocat.
plur. of Greek nouns, (corning from the genitive sing, in
eos), originally written with etg, contracted from eeg; as,
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? 54 FINAL ES.
hereses, crises, phrases. The following also have es long:
genitives of nouns in e, of the first declen. , as, Eurydices,
Penelopes, Ides, Calliopes ; -- plural cases of Latin nouns
of the third and fifth declensions, as, Libyes, Alphes, res ;
and the antique genitive in es of the fifth declension ; as,
dies, rabies.
Excep. 1. Nouns in es of the third declension, increas-
ing short in the genitive, have es in the nominative short:
as, hospes, ales, ? niles, prcepes, limes.
Oeserv. 1. Aries, abies, paries, Ceres and pes, with its
compounds [sonipes, quadrupes, &c. ,] are long, according
to the rule.
Excep. 2. Es in the present tense of the verb sum,, is
short ; as are also its compounds, potes, abes, ades, pro-
des, &c. ; likewise the finales in the preposition, penes;
and in Greek neuters, as, cacoethes, hippomanes, &c. ; in
Greek nominatives and vocatives plur. of nouns in the
third declension, increasing in the genitive sing. , but not
forming that case in eos ; as, Tritones, rhetor es, d&mories,
Arcades, Troes : and Greek vocatives sing. , coming from
nominatives in es, and forming the gen. in eos ; as, De-
mosthenes, Socrates, &c.
Observ. 2. Wherever the Latin termination es repre-
sents the Greek termination ^c, it is of course long; as,
Alcides, Brontes, Palamedes.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Nubes, artes, Joannes, locuples, quoties, jubes ,
haereses, metamorphoses ; Calliopes, Ides, (both gen. ) \
syrtes, dies ; rabies, dies, (both gen. ) : Excep. 1. Dives,
pedes, seges. Obser. 1. Abies, paries, cornipes. Excep.
2. Es, potes, ades, penes ; cacoethes, hippomanes ; heroes,
Amazones, Troades ; Demosthenes, Socrates. Obser. 2.
Brontes, Palamedes.
Promiscuous Examples. Perituro [11,9, 26, 30], Area-
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? FINAL IS AND YS. 56
das [3, Gr. 16, 36], arietes [1, 17, 37], sepibus [17, 22],
Michaelis [17], velitis [verb 25], sumus [26], nisi [6 -- fr.
ne,-- 29], Perses [3, 37], habitabas [5,-- fr. habeo,-- 25,
23, 36], paUper [2, 35], ^Enean [2, Gr. 1, 34], ades [11,
37], fama [5,-- fr. Mm,-- 27].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION. #
Rule. Orbits es, et locuples et Bruto consule dignus. Mart.
Anchises alacris palmas utrasque tetendit. Virg.
Alpes Me quatit; Rhodopeia culmina lassat. Claud.
Exc. 1. Vivitur ex rapto : nan kospes ab hospite tutus. Ov.
Mtherea quos lapsa plaga Joins ales aperto. Virg.
Obs. 1. Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis. Id.
Stat sonipes et frana ferox spumantia mandit. Id.
Exc. 2. Quisquis es, amissos hincjam obliviscere Graios. Id.
Quern penes arbitrium est, etjus et norma loquendi.
Hor.
Scribendi cacoetkes, et cegro in corde senescit. Juv.
Ambo Jlorentes mtatibus, Arcades ambo. Virg.
Ob. 2. Meferus Alcides, tunc quu/n custode remoto. Stat.
rule xxxvm.
Final IS and YS.
Corripies is et ys. -- Plurales excipe casus.
Gils, sis, vis, verbum ac nomen, nolisque, velisque ;
Audis, cum sociis ; quorum et genitivus in -inis,
-entisve, aut -Itis longum, producito semper.
ris conjunctivum mos est variare poetis.
Final syllables in is and ys, have the vowel short ; as
apis, turris, Jovis, militis, aspicis, creditis, bis, is, and
quis, (nominatives), Itys, Capys, Typhys.
Excep. 1. All plural cases ending in is have the final
vowel long ; as, rnusls, viris, armis, vobls, illls, amaris,
(adject. ), quis or quels for quibus, omnls for omnes, and
6*
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? 56 FINAL IS AND YS.
urbis for urbes. Contracted plurals, as Erinnys for Erin-
nyes or Erinnyas havs ys long.
Observ. 1. The adverbs forls, gratis, and ingratls,
have the final syllable long. *
Excep. 2. Gils, sis, (with its compounds! ), vis -- whether
verb or noun -- nolis, veils, (with its compounds), audls,
and every second person singular of the fourth conjuga-
tion ; as, nescis, sentls, &c, have the final vowel long.
Excep. 3. The final is is long in all nouns forming
their genitive in entis, inis, or itis, with the penultima
long; as, Siinols, (Simoentis), Salamls, (Salaminis), Us,
(litis).
Observ. 2. The termination ris in the second future
indicative and perfect subjunctive, has the i common ; as,
amaveris, dixerh, miscuerxs.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Lapis, dulcis, ais, inquis, magis, cis, chelys,
Erinnys. Excep. 1. Puerls, glebis, siccis, quis or quels
for quibus. Observ. 1. Forls, gratis. Excep. 2. GITs,
fls, nescis, vis, quamvis, sis, adsls. Excep. 3. Lis, dis,
Pyrols, Quirls. Observ. 2. Vitaverls, egens, attulerls.
Promiscuous Examples. Profundens [11, 3, 3], procu-
ravit [11, 5 -- fr. ciira -- 23, 31], nequam [12], ubique
[12, 28], hodie [13, 1, 28], setatis [2, 15, 38], Amllcarl
[3, 15, 29], lampadis [3, 16, 38], quamvis [3, 38], Othrys
[38], tuleris [7, 24, 38], steterunt [7, 24, 3], Imber [3, 3o].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.