265, at which Paul of
Samosata
17.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
v, vi.
in Acta Sanct.
a.
d.
17 Jan.
) persecuted the Origenists, who were numerous in
and Tillemont (Mémoires, vol. viii. p. 806) have the monasteries of Palestine.
Eustochius was,
shown that there are several reasons for distinguish- however, afterwards deposed, but in what year,
ing them; and there is great difficulty in reconciling or from what cause, is not clear; and Macarius was
the known circumstances of either of these Macarii restored, after purging himself from suspicion of
with the close attendance on St. Antony given by heresy, by pronouncing an anathema on the opinions
Macarius of Pispir. To Macarius of Pispir Possin of Origen. Victor of Tunes places his restoration
ascribed the Honiliae and Opuscula of Macarius in the thirty-seventh year of Justinian (a. D. 563
the Egyptian (No. 1).
or 564), and Theophanes in the reign of Justin II. ,
6. Of Athos. [No. 13. ]
who succeeded Justinian in A. D. 567. He died
7. Of the Cells, or JUNIOR. Macarius, whom about a. D. 574, and was succeeded by Joannes.
Sozomen calls peo Cútepov TW KEMM1wv,“ presbyter A homily, De Inventione Cupitis Praecursoris, by
of the Cells," i. e. of that part of the desert of Macarius, bishop of Jerusalein, is extant in MS. ;
Nitria in Egypt which was so called, was a herd but it is not known by which it was written, though
boy, who having, while feeding his cattle by the probably by Macarius II. (Evagr. H. E. iv. 37,
Maraeotic lake, accidentally killed one of his com- 39, v. 16 ; Cyril Scyth. Sabae Vita, c. 90, apud
panions, fled into the wilderness in order to avoid Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monum. vol. iii. p. 373 ; Le
the punishment of his homicide. He was thus led Quien, Oriens Christ. rol. iii. col. 235, &c. ; Bolland.
to embrace a solitary life, which he followed for Acta Sanctor. Muii, vol. iii. Tractat. Praelim. pp.
nearly thirty years. This Macarius must not be xxvii. xxix. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 369. )
confounded with Nos. 1, 2, or 5, with whom he 12. JUNIOR. [Nos. 2, 7. ]
appears to have been contemporary. (Sozomen, 13. MACRES, or MACRA (ó Makpńs) or MacRUS
H. E. vi. 29 ; Pallad. Hist. Lausiac. c. xvii. ; Tille-|(ó Makpós), a monk of Mount Athos, and an
mont, Mémoires, vol. viii. p. 575. )
intimate friend of George Phranza (PHRANZA), by
8. CHRYSOCEPHALUS, archbishop of Phila- whose interest be was appointed Hegumenus, or
delphia. (CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
abbot of the monastery of the Almighty (Toû nav-
9. Of CoxsTANTINOPLE, patriarch of that see, torpátupos ), at Constantinople. He also obtained
from 1376 to 1379. There was another Macarius the dignity of Protosyncellus. He was a strenuous
patriarch of Constantinople, in the sixteenth cen- opponent of the Latin church ; and this involved
tury. (Fabr, Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 368. ) him in serious disputes with Joseph II. , patriarch
10. Historicus, the HISTORIAN. (MACAREUS. ) of Constantinople, who was favourable to the union
11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of Jerusalem. Two of the churches. Notwithstanding his hostility to
Macarii were bishops of Jerusalem, one in the the Latins, Macarius was sent by the emperor
## p. 877 (#893) ############################################
MACARIUS.
877
MACATUS.
1
Joannes II. Palaeologus, on a mission to the Pope 1 in the fifth century, who was one of the opponents
Martin V. , preparatory to the summoning of a of Chrysostom ; but if Crusius is correct in fixing
general council to determine the union, and died the age of our Macarius, this must bave been a
on his return in the beginning of the year 1431. different person.
It is not clear whether Macarius Macres was Macarius wrote, 1. 'ATOKpitund, Responsiones,
the same or a different person from another Ma- in five books ; inscribed to Theosthenes, and not,
carius, a monk of Xanthopulus, of Jewish origin, as Turrianus and others after him had supposed,
and spiritual fa:her to the emperor Manuel Pa- written against him, but rather against Porphyry.
laeologus (Phranza, ii. 1); but it is quite clear the work was formerly extant in the library of
that he is to be distinguished from Macarins Curu- St. Mark, at Venice, but is not there now. Some
nas (ó Koupouvas), who also was sent by Joannes extracts are, however, contained in different MSS. ,
Palaeologus to the pope, after the death of Macarius and the unpublished Antirrhetica adversus Icona
Macres (Sguropulus, Hist. Concil. Florent. ii. 15, 16). machos of Nicephorus of Constantinople, contains
Macarius Macres wrote a book against the Latin many passages. The extracts given by Turrianus
doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from were reprinted, but with some omissions, by Fa-
the Son, with this title, “OTI TÓ Néyelvval éx Toù Tioù bricius, in bis Delectus Argumentorum et Syllabus
το πνεύμα το άγιον εκπορεύεσθαι ούτε αναγκαιόν | Scriptorum de Veritate Religionis Christianae, and
dotiv drá Kalvotoula tñs òpoobótou riotews, Quod by Galland, in his Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. ij. ;
necessarium non est, sed Innoratio Fidei, dicere et and some of the fragments preserved by Nicephorus
Filio procedere Spiritum Sanctum. This work is were published by Crusius, in his Dissertations
extant in MS. , and is cited by Allatius in his De already referred to. Another work of Macarius
Eccles. Occident. et Orient. Perpetua Consens. Some Magnes, Sermones in Genesin, or Commentarius in
other works by Macarius Hieromonachus are extant Genesin, has also perished, with the exception of
in MS. , but it is not certain if the writer was our some fragments, a portion of which were also in-
Macarius ; a small piece, De Inventione et Trans- serted by Crusius. (Tillemont, l. c. ; Care, Hist.
latione S. Euphemii Martyris, is distinctly ascribed | Litt. ad ann. 265 and 403 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
to him. (Phrantza, ii. 9, p. 35, ed. Vienna, 1796, vol. vii. p. 296, &c. ; Galland. Biblioth. Patrum,
pp. 156, 157, ed. Bonn ; Sguropulus, l. c. ; Fabric. Proleg. ad vol. iii. c. xii. ; Ceillier, Auteurs
Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 370 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. Sacrés, vol. iv. 181, &c. )
ad ann. 1420. )
15. MAGNUS. (No. 1. ]
14. MAGNES. Some extracts from a work en- 16. MARTYRII SCRIPTOR. A supplement to
titled Apologia adversus Theosthenem Evangeliorum the Acta Proconsularia Beatorum Martyrum Tha-
Calumniatorem, by a writer whom he termed Mag- raci Probi et Andronici, of which Baronius has given
NETES, were given in a Latin version by Fran. a Latin version in his Annales Ecclesiastici, ad ann.
ciscus Turrianus, in his tract De Sanctissima 290, is said by him to have been drawn up by
Eucharistia contra Volanum Polonum, Florence, Macarius, Felix, and Verus, Christians, who were
1575; but nothing was at that time known of the spectators of the Martyrdom ; but a reference
writer, of whom there was not any ascertained to the original Acta (which were published, with a
notice in the writers of the first eight centuries Latin version, by Emericus Bigotius, Paris, 1680,
after Christ. Cave found in a MS. work of Ger- and by Ruinart in his Acta Martyrum Sincera, and
manus of Constantinople (he does not say which by the Bollandists, in the Acta Sanctorum Octobri,
Germanus), mention of “one MAGNES, a presbyter vol. v. p. 560, &c. ) shows that the name of the
of Jerusalem,” who was present at the synod of writer was Marcion (Mapkiwv), not Macarius.
Antioch, A. D.
265, at which Paul of Samosata 17. Monachus. According to Gennadius of
was deposed and excommunicated ; and he iden- Marseilles, Macarius, a Roman monk, wrote Liber
tified this Magnes, but without reason, with the adversus Muthematicos, or as it is described by
writer of the Apologia. Tillemont (Hist. des Em- Rufinus, Opuscula adversus Fatum et Mathesin, now
péreurs, vol. iv. p. 308, &c. ) has devoted a section to lost. He lived about the end of the fourth century,
this obscure writer, and Magnus Crusius of Göttingen and was the intimate friend of Rufinus, who in-
has most fully discussed the subject in two disser- scribed to him his Latin version of the Ilepl doxw
tations, Notitia Macarü Magnetis, and De Jeono- of Origen, and his Apologia pro Origene. (Gen-
govuévois Macarii Magnetis, 4to. Göttingen, 1737 vadius, De Viris Illustr. c. 28 ; Fabric. Biblioth.
and 1745. The name of the author is found in Graec. vol. viii. p. 372 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann.
the various forms of MACARIUS MAGNETES (TOû 401. )
Μακαρίου Μαγνήτου), MACARIUS MAGNES (του 18. The MONOTHELITE. [No. 4. ]
Μακαρίου Μάγνητος), and MACARIUs (του αγίου 19. PATRIARCHA. [Nos. 4, 9, 11. )
Makaplov), the last showing that Macarius is 20. Of PHILADELPHIA. [CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
a name, not a title (“ Beatus"); but it is doubt- 21. ROMANUS. (No. 17. )
ful whether Magnes is to be understood as a 22. RUFINI Amicus. (No. 17. ]
name or as a local designation," the Magnesian;" Many other Macarii are enumerated by Fabricius,
and this uncertainty existed as early as the ninth Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 367, &c. (J. C. M. ].
century, when both the writer and his work, MACATUS, M. LI'VIUS, was appointed by
which was cited by the Iconoclasts, had become the propraetor M. Valerius, in B. c. 214, com-
obscure. In a copy of his work, which was found mander of the town and citadel of Tarentum, and
with difficulty by the orthodox of that day, the defended both with success against the attacks of
author was called lepapxuls, “bishop," and was Hannibal in that year. But two years afterwards
delineated in episcopal vestments ; but his see (B. c. 212) the town was taken by a surprise, and
appears to have been altogether unknown. He is Livius fled for refuge into the citadel, which he
thought by Crusius to have lived near the end of maintained, notwithstanding all the attempts of
the third or the beginning of the fourth century. Hannibal to dislodge him. In course of time
There was a Macarius bishop of Magnesia, early the Roman troops suffered dreadfully, from want of
66
## p. 878 (#894) ############################################
878
MACCABAEI.
MACCABAEI.
provisions. In B. c. 210, D. Quintius was sent making a certain though slow progress among the
with a fleet to convey provisions to the citadel, Jewish nation also. Under the sovereignty of the
but was defeated by the Tarentines ; this disaster, early Ptolemies and Seleucidae, who had allowed
however, was counterbalanced by a victory which the Jews liberty of religious worship, an influential
Livius gained at the same time by land. Livius party had adopted the Greek religion and Greek
continued in possession of the citadel till the town habits ; and their example would probably have
was retaken by Q. Fabius Maximus in B. c. 209. been followed by still greater numbers, had not the
In the following year there was a warm debate in attempts of Antiochus (IV. ) Epiphanes to root out
the senate respecting Livius Macatus; some main- entirely by persecution the worship of Jehovah
taining that he ought to be punished for losing the roused the religious patriotism of the great body of
town, others that he deserved to be rewarded for the people, who still remained stedfust to their
having kept the citadel for five years, and a third ancient faith.
party thinking that it was a matter which did not Antiochus IV. had sold the priesthood succes-
belong to the senate, and that if punishment was sively to Joshua, who assumed the Greek name of
deserved, it ought to be inflicted by the censorial Jason, and subsequently to Onias, who also changed
Lou. The latter view was the one adopted by the his name into that of Menelaus, under the con-
majority of the senate. Macatus was warmly dition of their introducing into Jerusalem Greek
supported on this occasion by his relative M. Livius rites and institutions. Onias, in order to obtain
Salinator ; and a saying of Q. Fabius Maximus in the money to pay for the priesthood, had purloined
the course of the debate is recorded by several the sacred vessels of the temple, and sold them at
writers. When the friends of Macatus were Tyre. This act of sacrilege, united with other
maintaining that Maximus was indebted for his circumstances, caused a formidable insurrection at
conquest of the town to Macatus, because he had Jerusalem, for which, however, the inhabitants had
possession of the citadel, Maximus replied, “ Certe, to pay dearly. Antiochus was just returning from
nam nisi ille amisisset, ego nunquam recepissem. ” his Egyptian campaign when he heard of the
(Liv. xxiv. 20, xxv. 9, 10, 11, xxvi. 39, xxvii. revolt. He forth with marched against the city,
25, 34 ; Appian, Annib. 32 ; Polyb. viii. 27, &c. , which he easily took (B. c. 170), put to death a
who calls him Caius Livius ; Cic. de Senect. 4, de vast number of the inhabitants, pillaged the temple,
Orat. ii. 67, 'who erroneously calls him Livius and profaned it by offering a sow on the altar of
Saiinator ; Plut. Fab. 21. )
burnt sacrifices. Two years afterwards, when he
MACCABAEI (Maxkabaîoi), the name gene- was forced by the Romans to retire from Egypt, he
rally given to the descendants of the family of the resolved to root out entirely the Jewish religion,
heroic Judas Maccabi or Maccabaeus, a surname and to put to death every one who still adhered to
which he obtained from his glorious victories. it. He again took possession of Jerusalem, and
(From the Hebrew 2P? , makkab, “ a hammer;" commanded a general massacre of the inhabitants
see Winer, Biblisches Realwörterbuch, vol. i. on tbe Sabbath ; he set fire to the city in many
p.
745. ) They were also called Asamonaci ('Agauw places, and built a strong fortress in the highest
valoi), from Asamonaeus, or Chasmon, the great part of Mount Sion, to command the whole of the
grandfather of Mattathias, the father of Judas surrounding country. He then published an edict,
Maccabaeus, or, in a shorter form, Asmonaei or which enjoined uniformity of worship throughout
Hasmonaci. This family, which eventually ob- his dominions ; and the most frightful cruelties
tained the kingly dignity, first occurs in history in
were perpetrated on those who refused obedience.
B. C. 167, when Mattathias raised the standard of
The barbarities committed in every part of
revolt against the Syrian kings. According to Judaea soon produced a reaction. At Modin, a
Josephus (Ant. xiv. 16) the Asmonaean dynasty town not far from Lydda, on the road which leads
lasted for 126 years ; and as he places its ter-
from Joppa to Jerusalem, lived Mattathias, a man
mination in B. c. 37, the year in which Antigonus, of the priestly line and of deep religious feeling,
king of Judaea, was put to death by M. Antony, who had five sons in the vigour of their days,
it would have commenced in B. c. 163, when Judas John, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan.
Maccabaeus took Jerusalem, and restored the wor-
When the officer of the Syrian king visited Modin,
ship of the temple. At the death of Antigonus to enforce obedience to the royal edict, Mattathias
there were only two members of the Asmonaean not only refused to desert the religion of his fore.
race surviving, namely, Aristobulus and his sister fathers, but with his own hand struck dead the
Mariamne, the former of whom was put to death first renegade who attempted to offer sacrifice on
by Herod in B. c. 35, and the latter was married the heathen altar. He then put to death the king's
to the murderer of her brother, to whom she bore officer, and retired to the mountains with his five
several children.
sons (B. c. 167). Their numbers daily increased ;
The history of the Maccabees is related at length and as opportunities occurred, they issued from
by Josephus (xii. 6—xiv. 16), and the war of their mountain fastnesses, cut off detachments of
independence against the Syrian kings down to the Syrian army, destroyed heathen altars, and
the time of Simon in the first and second books of restored in many places the synagogues and the
Maccabees. It is only necessary here to give a open worship of the Jewish religion. Within a
brief account of the founders of this family, since few months the insurrection at Modin had grown
the various members of it, who obtained the kingly into a war for national independence. But the
dignity, are given under their proper names.
å toils of such a war were too much for the aged
genealogical table of the whole family will be found frame of Mattathias, who died in the first year of
in Vol. II. p. 543.
the revolt, leaving the conduct of it to Judas, his
From the death of Alexander the Great the third son.
Greek language, religion, and civilisation, which 1. Judas, who assumed the surname of Mac-
had been spread more or less throughout the whole cabaeus, as has been mentioned above, carried on
of Asia, from the Indus to the Aegaean, had been the war with the same prudence and energy with
## p. 879 (#895) ############################################
MACCABAEI.
879
MACCABAEI.
C.
which it had been commenced. Antiochus had brother Simon carried on a harassing and desultory
collected a powerful army to put down the revolt, warfare against the Syrians. About the same
but being called to the eastern provinces of his time another of the brothers, John, fell in battle.
empire (B. c. 166), he left the conduct of it to his Jonathan, however, gradually grew in strength ;
friend and minister Lysias, who was also entrusted and Bacchides, who had met with several disasters,
with the guardianship of his son and the govern. at length concluded a peace with Jonathan, al-
ment of the provinces from the Euphrates to the though Jerusalem and several other important
sea. (LYSIAS, No. 4. ] Lysias sent against the towns still continued in the possession of the Syrian
Jews a large force under the command of Ptolemy, party: A revolution in the Syrian monarchy in
the son of Dorymenes, Nicanor, and Gorgias, but B. c. 152 gave Jonathan still greater power. In
they were entirely defeated by Judas near Em- that year an adventurer, Alexander Bulas, laid
maus in B. C. 165. In the next year (B. c. 164) claim to the throne of the Seleucidae. (ALEX-
Lysias took the field in person with a still larger ANDER Bilas, Vol. I. p. 114. ] Alexander and
army, but he met with the same fate as his the reigning monarch, Demetrius Soter, engerly
generals, and was overthrown a little to the north courted the assistance of Jonathan. He espoused
of Hebron. The death of Antiochus Epiphanes, the side of Alexander, who offered him the high-
which happened in this year at Tabae in Persia, priesthood, and various immunities and advantages.
and the struggle which arose between Lysias and As Alexander eventually drove Demetrius out of
Philip for the guardianship of the young Antiochus his kingdom, Jonathan shared in his good fortune,
Eupator and for the administration of the empire, and became recognised as the high-priest of the
paralysed for the time the exertions of the Syrians. Jewish people. After the death of Alexander,
Judas and his brothers entered Jerusalem in B. c. which followed soon after, Jonathan played a dig-
163 and purified the temple ; they then proceeded tinguished part in the struggle for the Syrian
to expel the Syrians and Hellenising Jews from throne between Demetrius Nicator, the son of
every part of Judaea. Meantime, however, Lysias, Soter, and Antiochus VI. , the youthful son of
with the aid of the apostate Jews, had again col. Alexander Balas. He first supported the former ;
lected a formidable army, with which he marched but subsequently espoused the side of Antiochus;
against Judas, accompanied by the young king. and it was mainly owing to his energy and ability
His forces were arrested by the strong fortress of that Demetrius was obliged to take to flight, and
Bethsura, which commands the narrow passes that yield the throne to his young rival. Tryphon, the
lead to Jerusalem ; and notwithstanding an heroic minister of Antiochus, wished, however, to sup-
battle near this place, in which Eleazar, the brother plant his master, and obtain the Syrian throne for
of Judas, perished, the town was obliged to ca- himself; and finding Jonathan the chief obstacle
pitulate and Judas to retire to Jerusalem. Here to his ambitious views, he treacherously got him
Judas shut himself up, and successfully resisted all into his power, B. c. 144, and put him to death in
the attempts of Lysias to take the place ; but as the following year. Jonathan was succeeded in
both parties suffered dreadfully from famine, and the high-priesthood by his brother,
the approach of Philip made Lysias anxious to be 3. Simon. Simon immediately declared for De-
at liberty to oppose his rival, a treaty was con- metrius, and was confirmed by the latter in the
cluded between Judas and Lysias, and the latter bigh-priesthood. He was the most fortunate of the
withdrew his troops.
heroic sons of Mattathias. He renewed the alliance
This peace, however, was of short duration with the Romans, fortified many towns, and ex-
Demetrius, who was the rightful heir to the throne pelled eventually the Syrian garrison from the
of Syria, had escaped from Rome, where he had fortress in Jerusalem.
and Tillemont (Mémoires, vol. viii. p. 806) have the monasteries of Palestine.
Eustochius was,
shown that there are several reasons for distinguish- however, afterwards deposed, but in what year,
ing them; and there is great difficulty in reconciling or from what cause, is not clear; and Macarius was
the known circumstances of either of these Macarii restored, after purging himself from suspicion of
with the close attendance on St. Antony given by heresy, by pronouncing an anathema on the opinions
Macarius of Pispir. To Macarius of Pispir Possin of Origen. Victor of Tunes places his restoration
ascribed the Honiliae and Opuscula of Macarius in the thirty-seventh year of Justinian (a. D. 563
the Egyptian (No. 1).
or 564), and Theophanes in the reign of Justin II. ,
6. Of Athos. [No. 13. ]
who succeeded Justinian in A. D. 567. He died
7. Of the Cells, or JUNIOR. Macarius, whom about a. D. 574, and was succeeded by Joannes.
Sozomen calls peo Cútepov TW KEMM1wv,“ presbyter A homily, De Inventione Cupitis Praecursoris, by
of the Cells," i. e. of that part of the desert of Macarius, bishop of Jerusalein, is extant in MS. ;
Nitria in Egypt which was so called, was a herd but it is not known by which it was written, though
boy, who having, while feeding his cattle by the probably by Macarius II. (Evagr. H. E. iv. 37,
Maraeotic lake, accidentally killed one of his com- 39, v. 16 ; Cyril Scyth. Sabae Vita, c. 90, apud
panions, fled into the wilderness in order to avoid Coteler. Eccles. Graec. Monum. vol. iii. p. 373 ; Le
the punishment of his homicide. He was thus led Quien, Oriens Christ. rol. iii. col. 235, &c. ; Bolland.
to embrace a solitary life, which he followed for Acta Sanctor. Muii, vol. iii. Tractat. Praelim. pp.
nearly thirty years. This Macarius must not be xxvii. xxix. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 369. )
confounded with Nos. 1, 2, or 5, with whom he 12. JUNIOR. [Nos. 2, 7. ]
appears to have been contemporary. (Sozomen, 13. MACRES, or MACRA (ó Makpńs) or MacRUS
H. E. vi. 29 ; Pallad. Hist. Lausiac. c. xvii. ; Tille-|(ó Makpós), a monk of Mount Athos, and an
mont, Mémoires, vol. viii. p. 575. )
intimate friend of George Phranza (PHRANZA), by
8. CHRYSOCEPHALUS, archbishop of Phila- whose interest be was appointed Hegumenus, or
delphia. (CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
abbot of the monastery of the Almighty (Toû nav-
9. Of CoxsTANTINOPLE, patriarch of that see, torpátupos ), at Constantinople. He also obtained
from 1376 to 1379. There was another Macarius the dignity of Protosyncellus. He was a strenuous
patriarch of Constantinople, in the sixteenth cen- opponent of the Latin church ; and this involved
tury. (Fabr, Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 368. ) him in serious disputes with Joseph II. , patriarch
10. Historicus, the HISTORIAN. (MACAREUS. ) of Constantinople, who was favourable to the union
11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of Jerusalem. Two of the churches. Notwithstanding his hostility to
Macarii were bishops of Jerusalem, one in the the Latins, Macarius was sent by the emperor
## p. 877 (#893) ############################################
MACARIUS.
877
MACATUS.
1
Joannes II. Palaeologus, on a mission to the Pope 1 in the fifth century, who was one of the opponents
Martin V. , preparatory to the summoning of a of Chrysostom ; but if Crusius is correct in fixing
general council to determine the union, and died the age of our Macarius, this must bave been a
on his return in the beginning of the year 1431. different person.
It is not clear whether Macarius Macres was Macarius wrote, 1. 'ATOKpitund, Responsiones,
the same or a different person from another Ma- in five books ; inscribed to Theosthenes, and not,
carius, a monk of Xanthopulus, of Jewish origin, as Turrianus and others after him had supposed,
and spiritual fa:her to the emperor Manuel Pa- written against him, but rather against Porphyry.
laeologus (Phranza, ii. 1); but it is quite clear the work was formerly extant in the library of
that he is to be distinguished from Macarins Curu- St. Mark, at Venice, but is not there now. Some
nas (ó Koupouvas), who also was sent by Joannes extracts are, however, contained in different MSS. ,
Palaeologus to the pope, after the death of Macarius and the unpublished Antirrhetica adversus Icona
Macres (Sguropulus, Hist. Concil. Florent. ii. 15, 16). machos of Nicephorus of Constantinople, contains
Macarius Macres wrote a book against the Latin many passages. The extracts given by Turrianus
doctrine of the procession of the Holy Spirit from were reprinted, but with some omissions, by Fa-
the Son, with this title, “OTI TÓ Néyelvval éx Toù Tioù bricius, in bis Delectus Argumentorum et Syllabus
το πνεύμα το άγιον εκπορεύεσθαι ούτε αναγκαιόν | Scriptorum de Veritate Religionis Christianae, and
dotiv drá Kalvotoula tñs òpoobótou riotews, Quod by Galland, in his Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. ij. ;
necessarium non est, sed Innoratio Fidei, dicere et and some of the fragments preserved by Nicephorus
Filio procedere Spiritum Sanctum. This work is were published by Crusius, in his Dissertations
extant in MS. , and is cited by Allatius in his De already referred to. Another work of Macarius
Eccles. Occident. et Orient. Perpetua Consens. Some Magnes, Sermones in Genesin, or Commentarius in
other works by Macarius Hieromonachus are extant Genesin, has also perished, with the exception of
in MS. , but it is not certain if the writer was our some fragments, a portion of which were also in-
Macarius ; a small piece, De Inventione et Trans- serted by Crusius. (Tillemont, l. c. ; Care, Hist.
latione S. Euphemii Martyris, is distinctly ascribed | Litt. ad ann. 265 and 403 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
to him. (Phrantza, ii. 9, p. 35, ed. Vienna, 1796, vol. vii. p. 296, &c. ; Galland. Biblioth. Patrum,
pp. 156, 157, ed. Bonn ; Sguropulus, l. c. ; Fabric. Proleg. ad vol. iii. c. xii. ; Ceillier, Auteurs
Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 370 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. Sacrés, vol. iv. 181, &c. )
ad ann. 1420. )
15. MAGNUS. (No. 1. ]
14. MAGNES. Some extracts from a work en- 16. MARTYRII SCRIPTOR. A supplement to
titled Apologia adversus Theosthenem Evangeliorum the Acta Proconsularia Beatorum Martyrum Tha-
Calumniatorem, by a writer whom he termed Mag- raci Probi et Andronici, of which Baronius has given
NETES, were given in a Latin version by Fran. a Latin version in his Annales Ecclesiastici, ad ann.
ciscus Turrianus, in his tract De Sanctissima 290, is said by him to have been drawn up by
Eucharistia contra Volanum Polonum, Florence, Macarius, Felix, and Verus, Christians, who were
1575; but nothing was at that time known of the spectators of the Martyrdom ; but a reference
writer, of whom there was not any ascertained to the original Acta (which were published, with a
notice in the writers of the first eight centuries Latin version, by Emericus Bigotius, Paris, 1680,
after Christ. Cave found in a MS. work of Ger- and by Ruinart in his Acta Martyrum Sincera, and
manus of Constantinople (he does not say which by the Bollandists, in the Acta Sanctorum Octobri,
Germanus), mention of “one MAGNES, a presbyter vol. v. p. 560, &c. ) shows that the name of the
of Jerusalem,” who was present at the synod of writer was Marcion (Mapkiwv), not Macarius.
Antioch, A. D.
265, at which Paul of Samosata 17. Monachus. According to Gennadius of
was deposed and excommunicated ; and he iden- Marseilles, Macarius, a Roman monk, wrote Liber
tified this Magnes, but without reason, with the adversus Muthematicos, or as it is described by
writer of the Apologia. Tillemont (Hist. des Em- Rufinus, Opuscula adversus Fatum et Mathesin, now
péreurs, vol. iv. p. 308, &c. ) has devoted a section to lost. He lived about the end of the fourth century,
this obscure writer, and Magnus Crusius of Göttingen and was the intimate friend of Rufinus, who in-
has most fully discussed the subject in two disser- scribed to him his Latin version of the Ilepl doxw
tations, Notitia Macarü Magnetis, and De Jeono- of Origen, and his Apologia pro Origene. (Gen-
govuévois Macarii Magnetis, 4to. Göttingen, 1737 vadius, De Viris Illustr. c. 28 ; Fabric. Biblioth.
and 1745. The name of the author is found in Graec. vol. viii. p. 372 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann.
the various forms of MACARIUS MAGNETES (TOû 401. )
Μακαρίου Μαγνήτου), MACARIUS MAGNES (του 18. The MONOTHELITE. [No. 4. ]
Μακαρίου Μάγνητος), and MACARIUs (του αγίου 19. PATRIARCHA. [Nos. 4, 9, 11. )
Makaplov), the last showing that Macarius is 20. Of PHILADELPHIA. [CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
a name, not a title (“ Beatus"); but it is doubt- 21. ROMANUS. (No. 17. )
ful whether Magnes is to be understood as a 22. RUFINI Amicus. (No. 17. ]
name or as a local designation," the Magnesian;" Many other Macarii are enumerated by Fabricius,
and this uncertainty existed as early as the ninth Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 367, &c. (J. C. M. ].
century, when both the writer and his work, MACATUS, M. LI'VIUS, was appointed by
which was cited by the Iconoclasts, had become the propraetor M. Valerius, in B. c. 214, com-
obscure. In a copy of his work, which was found mander of the town and citadel of Tarentum, and
with difficulty by the orthodox of that day, the defended both with success against the attacks of
author was called lepapxuls, “bishop," and was Hannibal in that year. But two years afterwards
delineated in episcopal vestments ; but his see (B. c. 212) the town was taken by a surprise, and
appears to have been altogether unknown. He is Livius fled for refuge into the citadel, which he
thought by Crusius to have lived near the end of maintained, notwithstanding all the attempts of
the third or the beginning of the fourth century. Hannibal to dislodge him. In course of time
There was a Macarius bishop of Magnesia, early the Roman troops suffered dreadfully, from want of
66
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878
MACCABAEI.
MACCABAEI.
provisions. In B. c. 210, D. Quintius was sent making a certain though slow progress among the
with a fleet to convey provisions to the citadel, Jewish nation also. Under the sovereignty of the
but was defeated by the Tarentines ; this disaster, early Ptolemies and Seleucidae, who had allowed
however, was counterbalanced by a victory which the Jews liberty of religious worship, an influential
Livius gained at the same time by land. Livius party had adopted the Greek religion and Greek
continued in possession of the citadel till the town habits ; and their example would probably have
was retaken by Q. Fabius Maximus in B. c. 209. been followed by still greater numbers, had not the
In the following year there was a warm debate in attempts of Antiochus (IV. ) Epiphanes to root out
the senate respecting Livius Macatus; some main- entirely by persecution the worship of Jehovah
taining that he ought to be punished for losing the roused the religious patriotism of the great body of
town, others that he deserved to be rewarded for the people, who still remained stedfust to their
having kept the citadel for five years, and a third ancient faith.
party thinking that it was a matter which did not Antiochus IV. had sold the priesthood succes-
belong to the senate, and that if punishment was sively to Joshua, who assumed the Greek name of
deserved, it ought to be inflicted by the censorial Jason, and subsequently to Onias, who also changed
Lou. The latter view was the one adopted by the his name into that of Menelaus, under the con-
majority of the senate. Macatus was warmly dition of their introducing into Jerusalem Greek
supported on this occasion by his relative M. Livius rites and institutions. Onias, in order to obtain
Salinator ; and a saying of Q. Fabius Maximus in the money to pay for the priesthood, had purloined
the course of the debate is recorded by several the sacred vessels of the temple, and sold them at
writers. When the friends of Macatus were Tyre. This act of sacrilege, united with other
maintaining that Maximus was indebted for his circumstances, caused a formidable insurrection at
conquest of the town to Macatus, because he had Jerusalem, for which, however, the inhabitants had
possession of the citadel, Maximus replied, “ Certe, to pay dearly. Antiochus was just returning from
nam nisi ille amisisset, ego nunquam recepissem. ” his Egyptian campaign when he heard of the
(Liv. xxiv. 20, xxv. 9, 10, 11, xxvi. 39, xxvii. revolt. He forth with marched against the city,
25, 34 ; Appian, Annib. 32 ; Polyb. viii. 27, &c. , which he easily took (B. c. 170), put to death a
who calls him Caius Livius ; Cic. de Senect. 4, de vast number of the inhabitants, pillaged the temple,
Orat. ii. 67, 'who erroneously calls him Livius and profaned it by offering a sow on the altar of
Saiinator ; Plut. Fab. 21. )
burnt sacrifices. Two years afterwards, when he
MACCABAEI (Maxkabaîoi), the name gene- was forced by the Romans to retire from Egypt, he
rally given to the descendants of the family of the resolved to root out entirely the Jewish religion,
heroic Judas Maccabi or Maccabaeus, a surname and to put to death every one who still adhered to
which he obtained from his glorious victories. it. He again took possession of Jerusalem, and
(From the Hebrew 2P? , makkab, “ a hammer;" commanded a general massacre of the inhabitants
see Winer, Biblisches Realwörterbuch, vol. i. on tbe Sabbath ; he set fire to the city in many
p.
745. ) They were also called Asamonaci ('Agauw places, and built a strong fortress in the highest
valoi), from Asamonaeus, or Chasmon, the great part of Mount Sion, to command the whole of the
grandfather of Mattathias, the father of Judas surrounding country. He then published an edict,
Maccabaeus, or, in a shorter form, Asmonaei or which enjoined uniformity of worship throughout
Hasmonaci. This family, which eventually ob- his dominions ; and the most frightful cruelties
tained the kingly dignity, first occurs in history in
were perpetrated on those who refused obedience.
B. C. 167, when Mattathias raised the standard of
The barbarities committed in every part of
revolt against the Syrian kings. According to Judaea soon produced a reaction. At Modin, a
Josephus (Ant. xiv. 16) the Asmonaean dynasty town not far from Lydda, on the road which leads
lasted for 126 years ; and as he places its ter-
from Joppa to Jerusalem, lived Mattathias, a man
mination in B. c. 37, the year in which Antigonus, of the priestly line and of deep religious feeling,
king of Judaea, was put to death by M. Antony, who had five sons in the vigour of their days,
it would have commenced in B. c. 163, when Judas John, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan.
Maccabaeus took Jerusalem, and restored the wor-
When the officer of the Syrian king visited Modin,
ship of the temple. At the death of Antigonus to enforce obedience to the royal edict, Mattathias
there were only two members of the Asmonaean not only refused to desert the religion of his fore.
race surviving, namely, Aristobulus and his sister fathers, but with his own hand struck dead the
Mariamne, the former of whom was put to death first renegade who attempted to offer sacrifice on
by Herod in B. c. 35, and the latter was married the heathen altar. He then put to death the king's
to the murderer of her brother, to whom she bore officer, and retired to the mountains with his five
several children.
sons (B. c. 167). Their numbers daily increased ;
The history of the Maccabees is related at length and as opportunities occurred, they issued from
by Josephus (xii. 6—xiv. 16), and the war of their mountain fastnesses, cut off detachments of
independence against the Syrian kings down to the Syrian army, destroyed heathen altars, and
the time of Simon in the first and second books of restored in many places the synagogues and the
Maccabees. It is only necessary here to give a open worship of the Jewish religion. Within a
brief account of the founders of this family, since few months the insurrection at Modin had grown
the various members of it, who obtained the kingly into a war for national independence. But the
dignity, are given under their proper names.
å toils of such a war were too much for the aged
genealogical table of the whole family will be found frame of Mattathias, who died in the first year of
in Vol. II. p. 543.
the revolt, leaving the conduct of it to Judas, his
From the death of Alexander the Great the third son.
Greek language, religion, and civilisation, which 1. Judas, who assumed the surname of Mac-
had been spread more or less throughout the whole cabaeus, as has been mentioned above, carried on
of Asia, from the Indus to the Aegaean, had been the war with the same prudence and energy with
## p. 879 (#895) ############################################
MACCABAEI.
879
MACCABAEI.
C.
which it had been commenced. Antiochus had brother Simon carried on a harassing and desultory
collected a powerful army to put down the revolt, warfare against the Syrians. About the same
but being called to the eastern provinces of his time another of the brothers, John, fell in battle.
empire (B. c. 166), he left the conduct of it to his Jonathan, however, gradually grew in strength ;
friend and minister Lysias, who was also entrusted and Bacchides, who had met with several disasters,
with the guardianship of his son and the govern. at length concluded a peace with Jonathan, al-
ment of the provinces from the Euphrates to the though Jerusalem and several other important
sea. (LYSIAS, No. 4. ] Lysias sent against the towns still continued in the possession of the Syrian
Jews a large force under the command of Ptolemy, party: A revolution in the Syrian monarchy in
the son of Dorymenes, Nicanor, and Gorgias, but B. c. 152 gave Jonathan still greater power. In
they were entirely defeated by Judas near Em- that year an adventurer, Alexander Bulas, laid
maus in B. C. 165. In the next year (B. c. 164) claim to the throne of the Seleucidae. (ALEX-
Lysias took the field in person with a still larger ANDER Bilas, Vol. I. p. 114. ] Alexander and
army, but he met with the same fate as his the reigning monarch, Demetrius Soter, engerly
generals, and was overthrown a little to the north courted the assistance of Jonathan. He espoused
of Hebron. The death of Antiochus Epiphanes, the side of Alexander, who offered him the high-
which happened in this year at Tabae in Persia, priesthood, and various immunities and advantages.
and the struggle which arose between Lysias and As Alexander eventually drove Demetrius out of
Philip for the guardianship of the young Antiochus his kingdom, Jonathan shared in his good fortune,
Eupator and for the administration of the empire, and became recognised as the high-priest of the
paralysed for the time the exertions of the Syrians. Jewish people. After the death of Alexander,
Judas and his brothers entered Jerusalem in B. c. which followed soon after, Jonathan played a dig-
163 and purified the temple ; they then proceeded tinguished part in the struggle for the Syrian
to expel the Syrians and Hellenising Jews from throne between Demetrius Nicator, the son of
every part of Judaea. Meantime, however, Lysias, Soter, and Antiochus VI. , the youthful son of
with the aid of the apostate Jews, had again col. Alexander Balas. He first supported the former ;
lected a formidable army, with which he marched but subsequently espoused the side of Antiochus;
against Judas, accompanied by the young king. and it was mainly owing to his energy and ability
His forces were arrested by the strong fortress of that Demetrius was obliged to take to flight, and
Bethsura, which commands the narrow passes that yield the throne to his young rival. Tryphon, the
lead to Jerusalem ; and notwithstanding an heroic minister of Antiochus, wished, however, to sup-
battle near this place, in which Eleazar, the brother plant his master, and obtain the Syrian throne for
of Judas, perished, the town was obliged to ca- himself; and finding Jonathan the chief obstacle
pitulate and Judas to retire to Jerusalem. Here to his ambitious views, he treacherously got him
Judas shut himself up, and successfully resisted all into his power, B. c. 144, and put him to death in
the attempts of Lysias to take the place ; but as the following year. Jonathan was succeeded in
both parties suffered dreadfully from famine, and the high-priesthood by his brother,
the approach of Philip made Lysias anxious to be 3. Simon. Simon immediately declared for De-
at liberty to oppose his rival, a treaty was con- metrius, and was confirmed by the latter in the
cluded between Judas and Lysias, and the latter bigh-priesthood. He was the most fortunate of the
withdrew his troops.
heroic sons of Mattathias. He renewed the alliance
This peace, however, was of short duration with the Romans, fortified many towns, and ex-
Demetrius, who was the rightful heir to the throne pelled eventually the Syrian garrison from the
of Syria, had escaped from Rome, where he had fortress in Jerusalem.
