He is thought to have lived some years
before the Christian era.
before the Christian era.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
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? CLAUDIAN.
CLA
acquainted, and may be regarded in the light of an
innovation. Prose panegyrics had been in use from
the second century of our era. These eulogiums in
Verse, composed by the poet, are as follows: 1st. A
Panegyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius,
which took place hi 395: 3d. Panegyrics on the third,
fourth, and sixth consulships of Honorius, which took
place in the years 396, 398, and 404: 3d. A Pane-
gyric in honour of Mallius Theodoras, A. D. 399:
4th A Eulogium on Stilicho, in three parts: 5th. A
Eulogium on Serena. In reading these productions
we are at a loss which to wonder at most, the base
flattery of the poet, or the effrontery of those who re-
ceived his gross adulation without a blush. --In epic
poetry Claudian has left us a piece in three cantos or
books, entitled "De Raptu Proserpina;" and the
commencement of a second production, entitled " Gt-
gantomaekia," the war of the Giants. As regards
the first of these works, critics have considered the
third book inferior in polish to the other two, and show-
ing less of a finishing hand. The plan of the poem,
moreover, is a defective one. Instead of hurrying us
at once into the very midst of the action, as an epic
bard should do, he recounts his fable from its very
commencement, as an historian would relate an event.
All the actors, too, being deities, and, consequently,
elevated above the level of human nature, can only in-
spire a feeble interest. This defect Claudian seeks to
remedy by a style always elevated, by striking imagery
and brilliant descriptions : but this tone pervading the
whole work, and the uniformity of the characters, nave
spread over it a monotony which becomes fatiguing in
the extreme. Notwithstanding all this, however, Clau-
dian is, perhaps, next to Statius, the Latin epic poet
that has come nearest to Virgil, especially in some of
his descriptions and comparisons, and his merit will no
doubt appear in a much more favourable light if we take
into consideration the period when he lived. --Two
other works of Claudian may be ranked in the class of
epic poems. One is entitled " De Bella Gildonico;"
the other, "De Bella Getico, tine Pollentiaco. " Gil-
don, son of a king of Mauritania, had made himself in-
dependent in Africa during the reign of Theodosius
the Great. The loss of this province, one of the gran-
aries of the empire, was severely felt. Under Hono-
rius, however, Africa was reconquered, and it is this
exploit that Claudian celebrates in a poem, of which
we have only the first canto, containing the cause and
the preparations of the war. The poem "DC Bella
Getico" turns on the war with the Visigoths, called
also the war of Pollentia, which occurred A. D. 402,
when Honorius was consul for the fifth time with his
brother Arcadius, emperor of the East. Alaric, king
of this Germanic race, having entered Italy by the way
of Pannonia, was defeated by Stilicho near Pollentia,
among the Cottian Alps. This war is the subject of a
poem by Claudian, in six hundred and forty-seven ver-
ses. Cassiodorus, it is true, and likewise Jornandes,
say directly the contrary in relation to this affair; but
in admitting the fact of the overthrow, as stated by
Claudian, we do not pretend to prejudge a question of
history. --Claudian is the author also of some poems,
which one would be tempted to rank in the class of
satires, if the manner in which he treats his subject
was not rather of an epic, or, if we may BO speak, of
a rhetorical character, and if these pieces were not
composed with the same view as his panegyrics,
? ? namely, that of pleasing Stilicho. The productions to
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? CLAUDIUS.
t<<ded to the Roman empire op the death of Caligula.
He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and,
consequently, grand-nephew to Augustus. When the
assassination of Caligula, was made known, the first
impuUe of the court party and of the foreign guards
wu to massacre all -who had participated in the raur-
ier. Several persona of distinction, who imprudently
eiposed themselves, became, in consequence, the vic-
tims of their fury. This violence subsided, however,
upon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed
himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and, being
dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their
bet in the utmost terror, and besought them to spare
bis life. The soldiers in the palace immediately sa-
luted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the
first example of paying the army for the imperial dig-
nity by a largess from the public treasury. It is dif-
ficult to assign any other motive for the choice which
the army made of Claudius than that which they them-
telves professed, " His relationship to the whole fami-
ly of the Csjsars. " Claudius, who was now fifty
years old, had never done anything to gain popularity,
Of to display those qualities which secure the attach-
men: of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child,
and the development of his faculties was retarded by
his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his
complaints, and became distinguished as a polite schol-
ar and an eloquent writer (Tacit. , Ann. , 13, 3. --M>>r-
fcw-. Vit. Claud. , c. 41), his spirits never recovered
from the effects of disease and of severe treatment,
and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of
hi* childhood. (Sue/on. , Vit. Claud. , c. 3. ) During
the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sen-
? uality, and consoled himself under this degradation
by the security whirli it brought with it. Under Ca-
ligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining
his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself
to become the butt of court parasites, and the subject
of their practical jokes. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud, c. 7. )
The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to
the throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence.
of which none who had previously known him believed
him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too,
*e find judicious and useful enactments occasionally .
made, which -would seem to show that he was not in
reality "so silly an emperor" as historians have gen-
erally represented him to be. It is most probable,
therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some
part* of his conduct was the result, not of natural im-
becility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of
the grossest sensuality. Claudius embellished Rome
with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a
Roman province-, his armies fought successfully against
the Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently
for victories over the Britons, and obtained, together
with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But
in other respects he was wholly governed by worthless
favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate
and abandoned Messalina, whose cruelty and rapacity
were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her in-
stigation, it was but too common for the emperor to
put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of
the wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their es-
tates, with the money arising from which ahe openly
pampered her numerous paramours. When the ca-
reer of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius
was governed for a time by his frecdman Narcissus,
and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to
? ? wife bis own ritece, Agrippina, daughter of Germani-
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? CLE
and at last he became bo complete a master of the
Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to
succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed
him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his
answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better
able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote
much, but none of his writings remain except a most
beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology.
After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue
in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved
himself in his 90th year, B. C. 240. (Enfield's His-
tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, stqq. )-- II. A Co-
rinthian painter, whom some make to have been the
inventor of drawing in outline. (P/in. ,35,3. ) Athe-
nagoras mentions him among the first that practised
this branch of the art. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Clearchus, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who
was killed by Chion and Lconidas, Plato's pupils, du-
ring the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after
the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve
years, 353 B. C. (Consult Memnon, Fragm. , c. 1,
and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist. --
Compare also remarks under the article Chion. )--
II. A Lacedaemonian, one of the Greek command-
ers in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by
that prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek
leaders that were with him. A sketch of his charac-
ter and history is given by Xenophon (Anab. , 2, 6),
in which many things appear to be softened down.
He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under
the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted
himself so tyrannically that the government at home
sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, antici-
pating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and
seized upon Selyrabria, and when the Spartan forces
came he engaged in battle with them, but was de-
feated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrap-
ped along with the other Greek leaders, after the bat-
tle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to
death in common with them. (Xen. , Anab. , 3, 5, 31,
seqq. --Id. ib. , 2, 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 12. )
Clemens, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinc-
tion' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the
early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St.
Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station
he was chosen A. D. 67, or, according to some, A. D.
91. He was the author of an epistle to the church of
Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le
Clerc, Amst. , 1698. Of this work, the only manu-
script of which now extant is in the British Museum,
Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The
best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo,
Ozon. , 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at
Rome about the close of the first century. --II. An
eminent father of the church, who flourished between
A. D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexan-
drinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome.
He is supposed by some to have been a native of
Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real
origin very little is known. He early devoted himself
to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many
preceptors. (Strom. , 1, p. 274. --Euseb. , Hist. Eccl. ,
5, 2. ) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the
Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantsnus, a Jew
by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Gre-
cian with sacred learning, and was attached to the
Stoic philosophy. (Vales, ad Euseb. , 5, 10. ) Cle-
mens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to
? ? espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other
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? CLE
tain>>j to the age of seventy years, and died about the
55Ji OiyinpiaJ. By some he is ranked among the
wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was 'Apia-
? ny fUTftov, "moderation is but" i. e. , preserve a due
mean in all things. {. LHog. Laert. in Vit. )
CLEOHDROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded
his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam-
:n iis. l i- in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on
lilt occasion. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 13. )--II. A
son-in-law of Leonidas II. , king of Sparta, who usurp-
eJ the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch,
but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-
ishment. (Pint. , Vit. Ag. tt CUom. )
CLEOMKDES. a Greek writer, supposed to have been
the author of the work -which has reached us, entitled
? ? Cyclic Theory of Meteors," i. e. , Circular Theory
of the Stars.
He is thought to have lived some years
before the Christian era. (Dclamkrc, in Biogr. Univ. ,
Tol. 9, p. 54. )
CLEOXENKS I. , king of Sparta, ascended the throne
B. C. 519. At the beginning of hU reign he under-
took an expedition against the Argives, defeated them,
and destroyed a large number who had taken ref-
uge in a sacred grove. He afterward drove out the
Puistratidie from Athens. This is the same Clcome-
ncs whom Aristagoras endeavoured, but in vain, to in-
volve in a war with the Persians. He afterward man-
aged, by undue influence, to procure an oracular re-
sponse from Delphi, pronouncing his colleague Dema-
ratus illegitimate, and thus obtained his deposition.
Becoming alarmed, subsequently, lest the fraud should
be discovered, Cleomencs fled secretly to Thcssaly,
and from thence passing into Arcadia, he began to stir
up the people of this Tatter country against Sparta.
The Lacedtemonians, fearing his intrigues, recalled
kirn, but he died soon after his return, in a fit of in-
sanity, by his own hand. (Herod. , 5, 64. --Id. , 5,
49, *<<77--Id. , 5, 65, <5cc. )--II. Clcomenes II. suc-
ceeded his brother Agesipolis II. on the throne of
Sparta, B. C. 371. The power of his country was
then on the decline, and he possessed not the requisite
taienu to restore it to its former state. He reigned
? ixty years and ten months without having done any-
thin? worthy the notice of posterity. (Paus. , 3, 6. )--
III. Cleomencs III. , son of LeonidasII. , ascended the
Spartan throne B. C. 230. Dissatisfied at the prevail-
ing mariners of Sparta, he resolved to bring about a
reform, and to restore the institutions of Lycurgus,
after the example of AgU, who had lost his life in a
similar attempt. Thinking that war would furnish
the best opportunity for the execution of his design, he
led his forces against the Achteans, who wore com-
manded by Aratus. and greatly distinguished himself.
Returning after this to Sparta, with a portion of hi. -.
army, he put to death the Ephori, made anew division
of the lands, and introduced again the old Spartan
system of education. He also took his brother Eucli-
das as his colleague on the throne, and thus for the
first and only time the Spartans bad two kings of the
same family. After a long, and in many respects suc-
cessful, series of operations against the Achtcans and
Macedonians, the latter of whom had been called in
by Aratus aa allies, Cleomenes was defeated by Anti-
ponus in the battle of Sellasia, and immediately after
fled to Ptolemy Euergetes in Egypt. This monarch
treated him with some degree of generosity, but his
successor p>toleiny Philopator, a weak and suspicious
prince, soon began to look upon him with an evil eye,
? ? and at last kept him in confinement. The Spartan
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? CLEOPATRA.
OLE
married her eldest brother Ptolemy XII. , and began
to reign with him in her seventeenth year. Both she
and her husband, being minors, were placed by the
will of their father under the guardianship of Rome,
an office which the senate transferred to Pompey. An
insurrection breaking out in the Egyptian capital soon
after the commencement of this reign, Cleopatra was
compelled to yield to the tide of popular fury, and to
flee into Syria, where she sought protection in tempo-
rary exile. The flight of this princess, though mainly
arising from the tumult just mentioned, was unques-
tionably accelerated by the designs of the young king
MI i his ambitious ministers. Their object became
nrmifest when Cleopatra, after a few months' residence
in Syria, returned towards her native countryto resume
her seat on the throne. Ptolemy prepared to oppose
her by force of arms, and a civil war would inevitably
have ensued, had not Cffisar at that very juncture
sailed to the coast of Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. A
secret interview soon took place between Cleopatra
and the Roman general. She placed herself on board
a small skiff, under the protection of Apollodorus, a
Sicilian Greek, set sail from the coast of Syria, reach-
ed the harbour of Alexandrea in safety, and had herself
conveyed into the chamber of the Roman commander
in the form of a large package of goods. The strata-
gem proved completely successful. Cleopatra was
now in her twentieth year, distinguished by extraordi-
nary personal charms, and surrounded with all the
graces which give to those charms their greatest pow-
er. Her voice sounded like the sweetest music; and
she spoke a variety of languages with propriety and
ease. She could, it is said, assume all characters at
will, which all alike became her, and the impression
that was made by her beauty was confirmed by the fas-
cinating brilliancy of her conversation. The day after
this singular meeting, Cajsar summoned before him the
king, as well as the citizens of Alexandrea, and made
arrangements for the restoration of peace, procuring
Cleopatra, at the same time, her share of the throne.
Pothinus, however, one of Ptolemy's ministers, in
whose intriguing spirit all the dissensions of the court
had originated, soon stirred up a second revolt, upon
which the Alexandrcan war commenced, in which
Ptolemy was defeated, and lost his life by drowning.
Cesar now proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt; but
she was compelled to take her brother, the younger Ptol-
emy, who was only eleven years old, as her husband and
colleague on the throne. The Roman general contin-
ued for some time at her court, and she bore him a son,
called, from the name of his father, Cicsarion. During
the six years which immediately followed these events,
the reign of Cleopatra seems not to have been dis-
turbed by insurrection, nor to have been assailed by
foreign war. When her brother, at the age of fourteen,
demanded his share in the government, Cleopatra poi-
soned him, and remained sole possessor of the regal
authority. The dissensions among the rival leaders
who divided the power of Cffisar, had no doubt nearly
involved her in a contest with both parties; but the
decisive issue of the battle of Philippi relieved her
from the hesitation under which some of her measures
appear to have been adopted, and determined her in-
clinations, as well as her interests, in favour of the
conquerors. To afford her an opportunity of explain-
ing her conduct, Antony summoned her to attend him
in Cilicia, and the meeting which she gave him on the
? ? river Cydnus has employed the pen, not only of the
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? CLI
CLIMAI, a narrow passage on the coast of Lycia,
near Phaselis. ( Vid. Phaselis. )
i ? . ! v. *-. I. a Pythagorean philosopher and musi-
cian, 520 years before the Christian era. (JElian,
V. H. , 14, 23. )--II. An Athenian, said by Herodotus
(8,17) to have been the bravest of his countrymen
in the battle fought against the Persian fleet at Ar-
temisinm: and the Athenians are said by the same
writer to have conducted themselves on that occasion
with the greatest valour of any of the Greeks. --This
Clinias was the father of the celebrated Alcibiadcs.
He married Dinomache, the daughter of Megacles,
grandson to Agariste, the daughter of Clisthenes, ty-
rant of Sicyon. He fell at the battle of Coronea.
Consult the learned note of Valckenaer (ad Hcrodot. ,
I. c. ) for other particulars respecting this Clinias. --
III. The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C.
J63. (Vtd. Aratus II. )
CuTo, one of the Muses. She presided over histo-
ry, and was generally represented as holding a half-
opened roll. Tfie invention of the cithara was ascribed
to her. Having drawn on herself the anger of Venus,
by taunting her with her passion for Adonis, Clio was
inspired by the goddess with love for Pierus, the son
of Magnes, and bore him a son IM . 1 ? 1 Hyacinthus.
(Apoltod. , 1, 3, 2, x, -,>,/. > Her name (KAeiu) is de-
rived from icP-eiof (Ionic for xXtof), glory, repoicn,
&c, because she celebrates the glorious actions of the
good and brave.
CLITOMACHUS, a native of Carthage. (Diog. Li-
erl. . 4, 67, *eqq. ) In his early years he acquired a
fondness for learning, which induced him to visit
Greece for the purpose of attending the schools of tlie
philosophers. From the time of his first arrival in
Athens he attached himself to Carneades, and con-
tinued his disciple until his death, when he became
hi>> successor in the academic chair. He studied with
great industry, and made himself master of the systems
of the other schools ; but professed the doctrine of sus-
pension of assent, as it had been taught by his master.
Cicero relates, that he wrote four hundred books upon
philosophical subjects. At an advanced age he was
seized with a lethargy. Recovering in some measure
the use of his faculties; he said, "The love of life
shall deceive me no longer," and laid violent hands
upon himself. He entered, as we have said, upon the
office of preceptor in the academy immediately after the
death of Carneades, and held it thirty years. According
to Cicero, he taught that there is no certain criterion
by which to judge of the truth of those reports which
we receive from the senses, and that, therefore, a wise
man will either wholly suspend his assent,' or decline
giving a peremptory opinion; but that, nevertheless,
men are strongly impelled by nature to follow proba-
bility. His moral doctrine established a natural alli-
ance between pleasure and virtue. He was a professed
enemy to rhetoric, and thought that no place should bo
allowed in society to so dangerous an art. (Scxt.
Emp. ads. Rket. . I) 20. --Enfield'i History of P/ulos-
opky, vol. 1, p. 258. )
CUTUMXUS, a river of Umbria, rising in the vicinity
of Spoletum, and falling into the Tinia, and both to-
gether into the Tiber. The modern name of the Cli-
tumnus is Clilunno. It was famous, according to
Virgil, for its milk-white herds, selected as victims in
the celebration of the triumph. (Virg. , Georg. , 2,
146. -- Properl. , 2, el. 19, 25. -- Sil. Ital. , 8, 452. --
Jut. , 12, 13. -- Claud. , 6, Cons. Hon. , 506. ) The
? ? beautiful description which the younger Pliny (Ep. ,
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? CLO
CLY
contrary, lie expressly says, "that Tarquin made the
great subterranean cloaca to carry oil'the filth of the
city, a work so vast that even the magnificence of the
present age has not been able to equal it. " (Liv. , 1,
56. ) Pliny also, who records its repair in the reign
of Augustus, expressly says, that, after 800 years, this
opus omnium maximum continued as strong as when
first built by Tarquin. It may, indeed, seem incredi-
ble, that the Romans, in that rude age, should have
been capable of executing so noble a piece of architec-
, ture; but Livy tells us, " that Tarquin sent for artists
from every part of Etruria," for this and his other pub-
lic works. Nothing can be clearer than this evidence
of the Cloaca Maxima being the work of the Tarquins;
and its denial only affords one of the many proofs, that
antiquaries will pervert or overlook facts when they
interfere with their favourite theories. This cloaca,
therefore, is doubly interesting, not only from its ex-
traordinary grandeur and antiquity, but from being,
perhaps, the sole, and certainly the finest, remains of
rtruscan architecture that have come down lo our
times. (Rome in the 19th Century, vol. 1, p. 249,
not. --Compare Burgess, Antiquities of Home, vol. 2,
p. 223. )
Cloanthus, one of the companions of . (Eneas,
from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome claim-
ed descent. (Vtrg. , Mn. , 5, 122. )
Clodia, I. a sister of Clodius the tribune, and a
female of the most abandoned character. She married
Q. Metellus Ccler, and was suspected of having poi-
soned him. --II. The younger sister of the preceding,
and equally infamous in character. She married Lu-
cullus, but was repudiated by him for her scandalous
conduct. (Plut. , Vil. Lucull.
? CLAUDIAN.
CLA
acquainted, and may be regarded in the light of an
innovation. Prose panegyrics had been in use from
the second century of our era. These eulogiums in
Verse, composed by the poet, are as follows: 1st. A
Panegyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius,
which took place hi 395: 3d. Panegyrics on the third,
fourth, and sixth consulships of Honorius, which took
place in the years 396, 398, and 404: 3d. A Pane-
gyric in honour of Mallius Theodoras, A. D. 399:
4th A Eulogium on Stilicho, in three parts: 5th. A
Eulogium on Serena. In reading these productions
we are at a loss which to wonder at most, the base
flattery of the poet, or the effrontery of those who re-
ceived his gross adulation without a blush. --In epic
poetry Claudian has left us a piece in three cantos or
books, entitled "De Raptu Proserpina;" and the
commencement of a second production, entitled " Gt-
gantomaekia," the war of the Giants. As regards
the first of these works, critics have considered the
third book inferior in polish to the other two, and show-
ing less of a finishing hand. The plan of the poem,
moreover, is a defective one. Instead of hurrying us
at once into the very midst of the action, as an epic
bard should do, he recounts his fable from its very
commencement, as an historian would relate an event.
All the actors, too, being deities, and, consequently,
elevated above the level of human nature, can only in-
spire a feeble interest. This defect Claudian seeks to
remedy by a style always elevated, by striking imagery
and brilliant descriptions : but this tone pervading the
whole work, and the uniformity of the characters, nave
spread over it a monotony which becomes fatiguing in
the extreme. Notwithstanding all this, however, Clau-
dian is, perhaps, next to Statius, the Latin epic poet
that has come nearest to Virgil, especially in some of
his descriptions and comparisons, and his merit will no
doubt appear in a much more favourable light if we take
into consideration the period when he lived. --Two
other works of Claudian may be ranked in the class of
epic poems. One is entitled " De Bella Gildonico;"
the other, "De Bella Getico, tine Pollentiaco. " Gil-
don, son of a king of Mauritania, had made himself in-
dependent in Africa during the reign of Theodosius
the Great. The loss of this province, one of the gran-
aries of the empire, was severely felt. Under Hono-
rius, however, Africa was reconquered, and it is this
exploit that Claudian celebrates in a poem, of which
we have only the first canto, containing the cause and
the preparations of the war. The poem "DC Bella
Getico" turns on the war with the Visigoths, called
also the war of Pollentia, which occurred A. D. 402,
when Honorius was consul for the fifth time with his
brother Arcadius, emperor of the East. Alaric, king
of this Germanic race, having entered Italy by the way
of Pannonia, was defeated by Stilicho near Pollentia,
among the Cottian Alps. This war is the subject of a
poem by Claudian, in six hundred and forty-seven ver-
ses. Cassiodorus, it is true, and likewise Jornandes,
say directly the contrary in relation to this affair; but
in admitting the fact of the overthrow, as stated by
Claudian, we do not pretend to prejudge a question of
history. --Claudian is the author also of some poems,
which one would be tempted to rank in the class of
satires, if the manner in which he treats his subject
was not rather of an epic, or, if we may BO speak, of
a rhetorical character, and if these pieces were not
composed with the same view as his panegyrics,
? ? namely, that of pleasing Stilicho. The productions to
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? CLAUDIUS.
t<<ded to the Roman empire op the death of Caligula.
He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and,
consequently, grand-nephew to Augustus. When the
assassination of Caligula, was made known, the first
impuUe of the court party and of the foreign guards
wu to massacre all -who had participated in the raur-
ier. Several persona of distinction, who imprudently
eiposed themselves, became, in consequence, the vic-
tims of their fury. This violence subsided, however,
upon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed
himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and, being
dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their
bet in the utmost terror, and besought them to spare
bis life. The soldiers in the palace immediately sa-
luted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the
first example of paying the army for the imperial dig-
nity by a largess from the public treasury. It is dif-
ficult to assign any other motive for the choice which
the army made of Claudius than that which they them-
telves professed, " His relationship to the whole fami-
ly of the Csjsars. " Claudius, who was now fifty
years old, had never done anything to gain popularity,
Of to display those qualities which secure the attach-
men: of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child,
and the development of his faculties was retarded by
his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his
complaints, and became distinguished as a polite schol-
ar and an eloquent writer (Tacit. , Ann. , 13, 3. --M>>r-
fcw-. Vit. Claud. , c. 41), his spirits never recovered
from the effects of disease and of severe treatment,
and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of
hi* childhood. (Sue/on. , Vit. Claud. , c. 3. ) During
the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sen-
? uality, and consoled himself under this degradation
by the security whirli it brought with it. Under Ca-
ligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining
his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself
to become the butt of court parasites, and the subject
of their practical jokes. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud, c. 7. )
The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to
the throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence.
of which none who had previously known him believed
him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too,
*e find judicious and useful enactments occasionally .
made, which -would seem to show that he was not in
reality "so silly an emperor" as historians have gen-
erally represented him to be. It is most probable,
therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some
part* of his conduct was the result, not of natural im-
becility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of
the grossest sensuality. Claudius embellished Rome
with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a
Roman province-, his armies fought successfully against
the Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently
for victories over the Britons, and obtained, together
with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But
in other respects he was wholly governed by worthless
favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate
and abandoned Messalina, whose cruelty and rapacity
were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her in-
stigation, it was but too common for the emperor to
put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of
the wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their es-
tates, with the money arising from which ahe openly
pampered her numerous paramours. When the ca-
reer of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius
was governed for a time by his frecdman Narcissus,
and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to
? ? wife bis own ritece, Agrippina, daughter of Germani-
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? CLE
and at last he became bo complete a master of the
Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to
succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed
him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his
answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better
able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote
much, but none of his writings remain except a most
beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology.
After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue
in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved
himself in his 90th year, B. C. 240. (Enfield's His-
tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, stqq. )-- II. A Co-
rinthian painter, whom some make to have been the
inventor of drawing in outline. (P/in. ,35,3. ) Athe-
nagoras mentions him among the first that practised
this branch of the art. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Clearchus, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who
was killed by Chion and Lconidas, Plato's pupils, du-
ring the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after
the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve
years, 353 B. C. (Consult Memnon, Fragm. , c. 1,
and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist. --
Compare also remarks under the article Chion. )--
II. A Lacedaemonian, one of the Greek command-
ers in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by
that prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek
leaders that were with him. A sketch of his charac-
ter and history is given by Xenophon (Anab. , 2, 6),
in which many things appear to be softened down.
He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under
the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted
himself so tyrannically that the government at home
sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, antici-
pating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and
seized upon Selyrabria, and when the Spartan forces
came he engaged in battle with them, but was de-
feated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrap-
ped along with the other Greek leaders, after the bat-
tle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to
death in common with them. (Xen. , Anab. , 3, 5, 31,
seqq. --Id. ib. , 2, 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 12. )
Clemens, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinc-
tion' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the
early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St.
Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station
he was chosen A. D. 67, or, according to some, A. D.
91. He was the author of an epistle to the church of
Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le
Clerc, Amst. , 1698. Of this work, the only manu-
script of which now extant is in the British Museum,
Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The
best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo,
Ozon. , 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at
Rome about the close of the first century. --II. An
eminent father of the church, who flourished between
A. D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexan-
drinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome.
He is supposed by some to have been a native of
Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real
origin very little is known. He early devoted himself
to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many
preceptors. (Strom. , 1, p. 274. --Euseb. , Hist. Eccl. ,
5, 2. ) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the
Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantsnus, a Jew
by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Gre-
cian with sacred learning, and was attached to the
Stoic philosophy. (Vales, ad Euseb. , 5, 10. ) Cle-
mens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to
? ? espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other
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? CLE
tain>>j to the age of seventy years, and died about the
55Ji OiyinpiaJ. By some he is ranked among the
wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was 'Apia-
? ny fUTftov, "moderation is but" i. e. , preserve a due
mean in all things. {. LHog. Laert. in Vit. )
CLEOHDROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded
his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam-
:n iis. l i- in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on
lilt occasion. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 13. )--II. A
son-in-law of Leonidas II. , king of Sparta, who usurp-
eJ the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch,
but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-
ishment. (Pint. , Vit. Ag. tt CUom. )
CLEOMKDES. a Greek writer, supposed to have been
the author of the work -which has reached us, entitled
? ? Cyclic Theory of Meteors," i. e. , Circular Theory
of the Stars.
He is thought to have lived some years
before the Christian era. (Dclamkrc, in Biogr. Univ. ,
Tol. 9, p. 54. )
CLEOXENKS I. , king of Sparta, ascended the throne
B. C. 519. At the beginning of hU reign he under-
took an expedition against the Argives, defeated them,
and destroyed a large number who had taken ref-
uge in a sacred grove. He afterward drove out the
Puistratidie from Athens. This is the same Clcome-
ncs whom Aristagoras endeavoured, but in vain, to in-
volve in a war with the Persians. He afterward man-
aged, by undue influence, to procure an oracular re-
sponse from Delphi, pronouncing his colleague Dema-
ratus illegitimate, and thus obtained his deposition.
Becoming alarmed, subsequently, lest the fraud should
be discovered, Cleomencs fled secretly to Thcssaly,
and from thence passing into Arcadia, he began to stir
up the people of this Tatter country against Sparta.
The Lacedtemonians, fearing his intrigues, recalled
kirn, but he died soon after his return, in a fit of in-
sanity, by his own hand. (Herod. , 5, 64. --Id. , 5,
49, *<<77--Id. , 5, 65, <5cc. )--II. Clcomenes II. suc-
ceeded his brother Agesipolis II. on the throne of
Sparta, B. C. 371. The power of his country was
then on the decline, and he possessed not the requisite
taienu to restore it to its former state. He reigned
? ixty years and ten months without having done any-
thin? worthy the notice of posterity. (Paus. , 3, 6. )--
III. Cleomencs III. , son of LeonidasII. , ascended the
Spartan throne B. C. 230. Dissatisfied at the prevail-
ing mariners of Sparta, he resolved to bring about a
reform, and to restore the institutions of Lycurgus,
after the example of AgU, who had lost his life in a
similar attempt. Thinking that war would furnish
the best opportunity for the execution of his design, he
led his forces against the Achteans, who wore com-
manded by Aratus. and greatly distinguished himself.
Returning after this to Sparta, with a portion of hi. -.
army, he put to death the Ephori, made anew division
of the lands, and introduced again the old Spartan
system of education. He also took his brother Eucli-
das as his colleague on the throne, and thus for the
first and only time the Spartans bad two kings of the
same family. After a long, and in many respects suc-
cessful, series of operations against the Achtcans and
Macedonians, the latter of whom had been called in
by Aratus aa allies, Cleomenes was defeated by Anti-
ponus in the battle of Sellasia, and immediately after
fled to Ptolemy Euergetes in Egypt. This monarch
treated him with some degree of generosity, but his
successor p>toleiny Philopator, a weak and suspicious
prince, soon began to look upon him with an evil eye,
? ? and at last kept him in confinement. The Spartan
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? CLEOPATRA.
OLE
married her eldest brother Ptolemy XII. , and began
to reign with him in her seventeenth year. Both she
and her husband, being minors, were placed by the
will of their father under the guardianship of Rome,
an office which the senate transferred to Pompey. An
insurrection breaking out in the Egyptian capital soon
after the commencement of this reign, Cleopatra was
compelled to yield to the tide of popular fury, and to
flee into Syria, where she sought protection in tempo-
rary exile. The flight of this princess, though mainly
arising from the tumult just mentioned, was unques-
tionably accelerated by the designs of the young king
MI i his ambitious ministers. Their object became
nrmifest when Cleopatra, after a few months' residence
in Syria, returned towards her native countryto resume
her seat on the throne. Ptolemy prepared to oppose
her by force of arms, and a civil war would inevitably
have ensued, had not Cffisar at that very juncture
sailed to the coast of Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. A
secret interview soon took place between Cleopatra
and the Roman general. She placed herself on board
a small skiff, under the protection of Apollodorus, a
Sicilian Greek, set sail from the coast of Syria, reach-
ed the harbour of Alexandrea in safety, and had herself
conveyed into the chamber of the Roman commander
in the form of a large package of goods. The strata-
gem proved completely successful. Cleopatra was
now in her twentieth year, distinguished by extraordi-
nary personal charms, and surrounded with all the
graces which give to those charms their greatest pow-
er. Her voice sounded like the sweetest music; and
she spoke a variety of languages with propriety and
ease. She could, it is said, assume all characters at
will, which all alike became her, and the impression
that was made by her beauty was confirmed by the fas-
cinating brilliancy of her conversation. The day after
this singular meeting, Cajsar summoned before him the
king, as well as the citizens of Alexandrea, and made
arrangements for the restoration of peace, procuring
Cleopatra, at the same time, her share of the throne.
Pothinus, however, one of Ptolemy's ministers, in
whose intriguing spirit all the dissensions of the court
had originated, soon stirred up a second revolt, upon
which the Alexandrcan war commenced, in which
Ptolemy was defeated, and lost his life by drowning.
Cesar now proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt; but
she was compelled to take her brother, the younger Ptol-
emy, who was only eleven years old, as her husband and
colleague on the throne. The Roman general contin-
ued for some time at her court, and she bore him a son,
called, from the name of his father, Cicsarion. During
the six years which immediately followed these events,
the reign of Cleopatra seems not to have been dis-
turbed by insurrection, nor to have been assailed by
foreign war. When her brother, at the age of fourteen,
demanded his share in the government, Cleopatra poi-
soned him, and remained sole possessor of the regal
authority. The dissensions among the rival leaders
who divided the power of Cffisar, had no doubt nearly
involved her in a contest with both parties; but the
decisive issue of the battle of Philippi relieved her
from the hesitation under which some of her measures
appear to have been adopted, and determined her in-
clinations, as well as her interests, in favour of the
conquerors. To afford her an opportunity of explain-
ing her conduct, Antony summoned her to attend him
in Cilicia, and the meeting which she gave him on the
? ? river Cydnus has employed the pen, not only of the
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? CLI
CLIMAI, a narrow passage on the coast of Lycia,
near Phaselis. ( Vid. Phaselis. )
i ? . ! v. *-. I. a Pythagorean philosopher and musi-
cian, 520 years before the Christian era. (JElian,
V. H. , 14, 23. )--II. An Athenian, said by Herodotus
(8,17) to have been the bravest of his countrymen
in the battle fought against the Persian fleet at Ar-
temisinm: and the Athenians are said by the same
writer to have conducted themselves on that occasion
with the greatest valour of any of the Greeks. --This
Clinias was the father of the celebrated Alcibiadcs.
He married Dinomache, the daughter of Megacles,
grandson to Agariste, the daughter of Clisthenes, ty-
rant of Sicyon. He fell at the battle of Coronea.
Consult the learned note of Valckenaer (ad Hcrodot. ,
I. c. ) for other particulars respecting this Clinias. --
III. The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C.
J63. (Vtd. Aratus II. )
CuTo, one of the Muses. She presided over histo-
ry, and was generally represented as holding a half-
opened roll. Tfie invention of the cithara was ascribed
to her. Having drawn on herself the anger of Venus,
by taunting her with her passion for Adonis, Clio was
inspired by the goddess with love for Pierus, the son
of Magnes, and bore him a son IM . 1 ? 1 Hyacinthus.
(Apoltod. , 1, 3, 2, x, -,>,/. > Her name (KAeiu) is de-
rived from icP-eiof (Ionic for xXtof), glory, repoicn,
&c, because she celebrates the glorious actions of the
good and brave.
CLITOMACHUS, a native of Carthage. (Diog. Li-
erl. . 4, 67, *eqq. ) In his early years he acquired a
fondness for learning, which induced him to visit
Greece for the purpose of attending the schools of tlie
philosophers. From the time of his first arrival in
Athens he attached himself to Carneades, and con-
tinued his disciple until his death, when he became
hi>> successor in the academic chair. He studied with
great industry, and made himself master of the systems
of the other schools ; but professed the doctrine of sus-
pension of assent, as it had been taught by his master.
Cicero relates, that he wrote four hundred books upon
philosophical subjects. At an advanced age he was
seized with a lethargy. Recovering in some measure
the use of his faculties; he said, "The love of life
shall deceive me no longer," and laid violent hands
upon himself. He entered, as we have said, upon the
office of preceptor in the academy immediately after the
death of Carneades, and held it thirty years. According
to Cicero, he taught that there is no certain criterion
by which to judge of the truth of those reports which
we receive from the senses, and that, therefore, a wise
man will either wholly suspend his assent,' or decline
giving a peremptory opinion; but that, nevertheless,
men are strongly impelled by nature to follow proba-
bility. His moral doctrine established a natural alli-
ance between pleasure and virtue. He was a professed
enemy to rhetoric, and thought that no place should bo
allowed in society to so dangerous an art. (Scxt.
Emp. ads. Rket. . I) 20. --Enfield'i History of P/ulos-
opky, vol. 1, p. 258. )
CUTUMXUS, a river of Umbria, rising in the vicinity
of Spoletum, and falling into the Tinia, and both to-
gether into the Tiber. The modern name of the Cli-
tumnus is Clilunno. It was famous, according to
Virgil, for its milk-white herds, selected as victims in
the celebration of the triumph. (Virg. , Georg. , 2,
146. -- Properl. , 2, el. 19, 25. -- Sil. Ital. , 8, 452. --
Jut. , 12, 13. -- Claud. , 6, Cons. Hon. , 506. ) The
? ? beautiful description which the younger Pliny (Ep. ,
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? CLO
CLY
contrary, lie expressly says, "that Tarquin made the
great subterranean cloaca to carry oil'the filth of the
city, a work so vast that even the magnificence of the
present age has not been able to equal it. " (Liv. , 1,
56. ) Pliny also, who records its repair in the reign
of Augustus, expressly says, that, after 800 years, this
opus omnium maximum continued as strong as when
first built by Tarquin. It may, indeed, seem incredi-
ble, that the Romans, in that rude age, should have
been capable of executing so noble a piece of architec-
, ture; but Livy tells us, " that Tarquin sent for artists
from every part of Etruria," for this and his other pub-
lic works. Nothing can be clearer than this evidence
of the Cloaca Maxima being the work of the Tarquins;
and its denial only affords one of the many proofs, that
antiquaries will pervert or overlook facts when they
interfere with their favourite theories. This cloaca,
therefore, is doubly interesting, not only from its ex-
traordinary grandeur and antiquity, but from being,
perhaps, the sole, and certainly the finest, remains of
rtruscan architecture that have come down lo our
times. (Rome in the 19th Century, vol. 1, p. 249,
not. --Compare Burgess, Antiquities of Home, vol. 2,
p. 223. )
Cloanthus, one of the companions of . (Eneas,
from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome claim-
ed descent. (Vtrg. , Mn. , 5, 122. )
Clodia, I. a sister of Clodius the tribune, and a
female of the most abandoned character. She married
Q. Metellus Ccler, and was suspected of having poi-
soned him. --II. The younger sister of the preceding,
and equally infamous in character. She married Lu-
cullus, but was repudiated by him for her scandalous
conduct. (Plut. , Vil. Lucull.
