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of the present tense, fall under this
exception, and are long; whereas venimus, comfiertmus, re-
fiertmus, See. of the perfect tense, have the penult short, as
has been above mentioned, according to the general rule.
Vlrg. Crssi, et sublato montem genitore petivi.
Idem. I'm ne cede malis, sed contra audientior ito.
Idem. Jungimus hospiiio dextras, et tecta subimus.
But when a vowel, and not a consonant, immediately fol-
lows the I, the latter becomes consequently short by its
position; as Audiunt, audiebam, audiam, audiar, audxensy
tec.
e The letter V, in the preterites of many Latin verbs, is one of tbe
numerous traces of the old ? fi(>lic or Tuscan digamma, with which the lan-
guage abounds. According to Priscian, it had the power of making the
preceding Yowel long, which would otherwise be short; as cupivi, cuptt;
audiveram, autktram. This remark of the ancient grammarian is con-
firmed by the authority of Vari o and Servius. From an observation made
by the first-mentioned writer, it appears probable Jhat the Romans were
accustomed, in sOme cases, to express this V in pronunciation, though it was
emitted in writing. Thus in Ennius--*' Nunc tumu' Jtomani, qui fiumus
ante Rudini/" i. e. fuvimus: and again--"Jlnnuit eete mecum decemere
fitrro," i. e. annuvit. Instances of this are also to be found in Plautus and
Phaedrus. On the other hand, the V was sometimes expressed. Thus, in
Lucilius--" Tantalus qui pcenas <<b facta nejantia lunit. " So also, "Jlu-
vida," Lucr. 2. 463; "fiuvidum," lb. 465; " incubuVerit," Phodrus, S.
Prol. 22; "plmcrat," Planum Men. Prol. S3.
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? INCREMENT OF VERBS,
With regard to the quantity of the I in RIMUS and
R. ITIS of the subjunctive mood, which has afforded so fer-
tile a theme of discussion to both ancient and modern proso-
dians, the best doctrine appears to be this: that RIMUS
and RITIS are common, both in the fircterite and the fu-
ture; and that, since the RI is common in them, it follows
by analogy, that the preterite and future RIS are also com*
mon; and consequently, that, in the examples which have
been cited by some, of the preterite RIS being made long
by caesura, the RIS is long therein by its own power, and
not by the effect of the caesura/
* VERBAL INCREMENT IN O AND U.
O incremenium produc, U corripe semper*
U fit in exlremo penultima longafutv. ro.
O, in the increase of verbs, is always long 5 as Facit$u%
hdbetote.
Ovid. Cumque loqui poterit, matremfacitote salutet.
U, in the increase of verbs, is short; as S&mus, fiassumus^
volumus.
Hor. Nos numerus sumus, etfruges constimere nati%
Idem. Si patriot volumus, si nobis vivere chari.
Virg. Dicite Pierides, non omnia possumus omnet.
Exception. --But U, in the penult of the future participle
in RUS, is always long ; as Amatiirus, fieriturus, facturys*
Virg. Si perituris abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum.
Idem. Tarda venit, $@risfactura nepotibus uinbram.
SECT. XXI.
FINAL SYLLABLES.
THE quantity of final syllables is ascertained, in some
cases, by position; as Prudens, firacox ; in others, by their
f See the point fully and ably discussed in Carey's Latin Prosody,.
p. <<r--78.
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? 34
INCREMENT OF VERBS.
containing a diphthongal sound; as Mu$m) ftenna ; b<<t>> in -
most, by special rules, which follow.
7INAL A.
A Jinita data longis. Ita, Postea, deme,
Eia, Quia, et casus filerosque : at firotrahe sextum,
Cui Grecos (quot ab AS recto) conjunge -vocandi.
A, in the end of words not declined by cases, is long; as
Memorap amd,frustrd, ergd, intrd.
Virg. Musa mihi causas memord : quo numine laso.
Idem. 2Ve quid inexpertum,frustrd moritura, relinquat.
Exceptions. --Eia, ita, fiuta, fiostea,b quia, have the A
short, though, strictly speaking, the final letter in fiostea''
and quia should be regarded as common, the former having
it long in Plautus, and the latter in Phaedrus.
Val. Flac. Ferret ad auriger* caput arboris, Eia, fier
ifisum.
Virg. Sublime exfiujsam eruerent: ita turbine nigro.
Ovid. Posted mirabar, cur non sine litibus esset.
g In imperatives of the first conjugation, the final a is long, because
formed by contraction from ae. Thus, memorae, memord; amae, amd;
just as in the Greek contracted verbs, <<,<<<<1, o. /aix, mete; ti/itu, ti/*&,
&c.
h Puta is short only when taken adverbially; when it stands as an im-
perative, the a is long. Great doubt however, has been attempted to be
thrown upon the quantity of the final letter in puta when an adverb. It is
found in Fersius, i. 10. and in Martial, 5. 26. ; but, in both instances, the
text has been considered by many to be corrupt, and puto has been substi-
tuted. Whatever may be the opinion of critics with respect to the true
reading in these two particular instances, it is conceived that the authority
of Servius should be deemed decisive on thb general question, who, itrhis
comments on the 1AJH:\ after observing that adverbs in a are long, ex-
pressly excepts puld and ilit.
i Some prosodians maintain, that when the a in postea is short, the
word should be separated, and read post ea. This mode of writing it, is in
fact adopted toy Burmann, in the line from Ovid above quoted, Fast. 1. 105,
and also in 2. 255, though without any comment in either case. Others think
that the a in postea is always long; and thit when said to be short, the ea
is in fact made one long syllable by synseresis, as aurea, Virg. JEn. 1. 698,
It is simplest, however, to terra the a in postea common; although, if called
on'to decide merely between the two positions which have just been men-
tioned, the second would appear to be more correct than the first, the in-
stances of synxrcsis in the case of Is and its compounds being very fre-
quently met with- ,
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? Increment of verbs.
35
Plaut. St auctoritatem floated defugeris.
Horat. Et quia desfieres invicti membra Glyconis.
Phaedr. Ego firimam tollo, nominor quid leo.
The final A is likewise short in all cases of nouns, except
the ablative singular of the first declension,* and Greek vo-
catives from nominatives in AS; as Anchord, de firord,
JEned, PaUd.
Virg. Anchora de firord jacitur, at ant littore flufiflea.
Idem. Quid miserum, JEned, laceras ? jam fiarce sefiulto.
Greek nouns in ES and E, are frequently changed by the
Latins into A; as Atrida for Atrides, Oresta for Orestes,
Circa for Circe. In nouns of this class, the final A, in the
vocative, is short. Anchisa (Mti. 3. 475. ) comes from a
Doric nominative in AS, and therefore falls under the pre-
ceding rule.
Horat. JVe quia humaaae velit Ajacem, Atrida, vetas cur ?
Ovid. Feceruntfuricc, tristis Oresta, tu&.
The numerals in GINTA have the A common, but more
frequently long than short.
Virg. Trigintd cafiitum fatus enixa jacetit.
Manil. Ter trigintd quadrum fiartes fief sidcra reddant.
Petron. Sanguine Romano, sexagintdque triumfihist
Mart. Sexaginta teras cum limina mane senator.
Contra,1 and Juxta, are usually long in the more polished
writers, though sometimes found short.
Virg. Contra non ulla est oleis cultura nec ilia.
k The final a, in the ablative singular of the first declension, is long,
because contracted from ai. The ablative is a case peculiar to the Latin
language, and derived its origin from the dative. The Latins originally had
no ablative, but, like the Greeks, made use of the dative to supply its place.
In process of time, however, a division was made, and the dative retained
its name only when standing alone; whereas, when it was governed by a
p'reposition expressed or understood, it was styled the ablative. A gradual
change of termination in the latter case, contributed still farther to distin-
guish it from its parent source, until in some words the resemblance became
scarcely perceptible.
I Vossius, A. G. 2. 24, quotes the following line from ManiKus, in which
he contends that the a in contra is short: " Contra jacens cancer pauUwm
distentus in alvum. n The remark is an incorrect one. The a in contra
is elided, and jacens pronounced fScens, of three syllables. Thus Calpur.
nius, Eel. C. 50, " Genus est ut scitis equarum JVon fugale mihi;" a>>d
Seneca, Hipp. 289% " Si gua/erventi s&bfictacancro est. "
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? 36 INCREMENT OF VERBS.
Idem. Tngens arafuit,juxtdgue veterrima laurits.
Ennius. Qms fiater aut cognatu' volet vos contrS, tuerl. *i
Catull. Lamina, Callitto juxta Lycamida.
The final A is short in the names of the Greek letters;
as Alfiha, Beta, &c.
Sedul. Princifiium at Jinem hunc simul Alpha videritr
hunc tt.
Juv. Hoc discunt omnes, ante Alpha et Beta, fiuellx.
FINAL Z.
E brevia. Prim* quintteque vocabula firoduc,
Atque Ohe, Fermeque, Fereyac, F&meqve, Doceyue
Et sociot; filurale Mele, Tempe, Pelageyuf,
Et Cete ; nec non adverbia cuncta secundte,
Excefitis Inferne, Superne, Bene ac Male. Prater
Encliticat et syllabicas, monosyllaba firoduc.
E final is for the most part short 5 as Mate", fuge, pane,
iiemfie, quoqui, fiotnS. ^
Virg. Heufuge, nate Ded, teq; bit, ait, erifie flammis.
Idem. Pane simul tecum solatia rafita Menalca.
Exception I. --E final is long in all cases of the first and
fifth declensions;TM as Anchisiadi, CaUiofie; re,die, with their
compounds, Quari, hodii, firidie, quotidii. Under this ex-
ception also, falls the ablative fame, the noun fames having
been, according to Aulus Gellius, (9. 14. ) originally of the
fifth declension, fames, famei, like filches, filebei.
"
m The final e is long in all cases of nouns of the first declension, because
answering to the Greek s% It is long in the ablative singular of the fifth
declension, because contracted from Hi and consequently also in the con-
tracted genitive and dative of the same declension 1 as fid*, die, for fidei,
iiiei.
n The vocatives, Ulysse and Achille, have also the final e long. These
are Greek forms. The jfcolo-Doric tribes changed the termination ? yj into
and said Og<p>>c for Og^ii/;, OSwmt for Ofvmvi, A^uxnc for
A%lkKti)f, etc. The Latins, in imitation of these, used Ulysses and Achil-
les, with some others, as nouns of tbe third declension, making in the voca-
tive Ulysse, Achille, &c. with the e final long, because answering to the
Greek >>. Another Latin form, and one of more frequent recurrence hi
poetry, is that in ettt, of. the second declension; as Ulyssetis, AehilleiiSi
making in the genitive, Ulysse'i, Achille'ii contracted into XJlyssi, Achilli.
Instances of this form may be seen in Virgil, Eel. 8. TOi Ala, 1, 30. 3, V7
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
37
Virg. Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averni.
Mart. JVon venias quart tam longo temfiore Romtttn.
Virg. Objicit; Me fame, raflida tria guttura flanderit.
Ohe,ferme, and fere, likewise make the final E long,
though fere is found short in Ausonius.
Mart. Ohejarii satis est, ohe libelle.
Juv. Mobilis et varia estferme natura malorum.
Seneca. Paries fere nox alma transierat duos.
Exception II. --Verbs of the second conjugation, have E
final long, in the second person singular of the imperative
active ; as Doce, mone, vide, resfionde, cave, &c. ?
Horat. Obsequio grassare : mone si increbuit aura.
Ovid. Nate cave, dum resque sinit tua corrige vota.
Cave, vide, vale, resfionde, are also found short; but in
these instances, we must consider them as coming from ob-
solete verbs of the third conjugation. ?
Tib. Tu cave nostra tuo contemnas carminafastu.
Ovid. Idque quod ignoti faciunt, vale dicere saltem.
Pers. Auriculas ? Vide, sis, ne majorum tibi forte.
Phaedr. Vide, ne dolone collum compungam tibi.
Mart. Si, quando veniet? dicet; responds poeta.
Exception III--E final is long in Greek neuters plural,
such as Mete, Temfie, fielage, cele, cacoetke, &c. the final
vowel in these, answering to the Eta (or long E) in Greek.
6, 839. and in Horace, Oil. 1, 6, 7. Epod. 17,14. and 16. The vocative of
>>uch a form will be UlyssU, Jtchiilii. We may suppose Jlchilll in Pro-
pertius, 4, 12, 40. to be formed from it by Apocope.
o The second person singular of the present imperative active, in verbs
of the second conjugation, is, like the corresponding tense in verbs of the
first, a contracted form. Thus, docil, dote ; monii, moni ; &c.
p Some are inclined to consider these as instances of Systole. In Ti-
bullus however, 1, 4, 73. we have caverim with a short penult, evidently
from cava, ire, of the third conjugation. Scaliger, in commenting on the
line, expressly asserts that the text had been changed by some, from an
ignorance of the conjugation to which cavtrem properly belonged, and
cantrcm substituted in its place. In like manner, Servius, JEn. 4. 409.
observes, that verbs of the second conjugation frequently drop e before o,
and puss into the third; as fulgeo, fulgo ; ferveo, fervo. He then quotes
cava, cuvis, and refers to Catullus (an error, according to Scaliger, for
Tibullus,) for an instance ^>f the use of cavtre. The strongest fact how-
ever, is the actual use of retpondere by Manilius, 5. 737.
" Sic etiam tkagno qutedam respondtre mundo
Jfac natura facit, que cwK condidit orbem. "
D
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? S3
FINAL SYLLABLES.
Lucr. Et cycnea mele, Phaeheaque, dadala chordis.
Seneca. Parvamne Iolcon, Thessala an Tempi petam ?
Lucr. At pelage mulla, et late substrata videmus.
Exception IV. --Adverbs in E, formed from adjectives
of the second declension, have the final ? long ; as Placidi,
. valde from validi, maximi, minimi, &c. except Bene,
male, inferni, sufierne.
Mart. Excipe sollicitos placidi, mea dona, libellos I
Idem. Hoc valdi vitium periculosum est.
Virg. Quod minimi reris Graid pandetur ab urbe.
Mart. Nil bene cum facias, facis uttamen omnia belle.
Hor. Et male lornatos incudi reddere versus.
But adjectives neuter of the third declension, used as ad-
verbs, retain the final E short; as Sublime, suave, dulce,
facile, difficile, imftunefl Sec.
Virg. Cantantcs sublime ferent ad sidera eyeni.
Idem. Ipse sed in pratis aries, jam suave rubenti.
Exception V. --Monosyllables in E are also long; as
He, mi, ti, si, and ni (Jest or not); except the enclitics,
Que, ve, ne, and the syllabic additions, Pte, ce, te, de, as in
Sudfite, nostrdfite, fiosce, tute, quamde. "
Virg. Te veniente die, ti decedente canebat.
Idem. Ne, pueri, ni tanta animis adsuescite bella.
Idem. Arma virumque cano, Troja qui primus ab oris.
Idem. Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri ?
Ennius. 0 Tile, tute Tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti.
Terent. Nostrdpte culpa facimus, ut malos exfiediat esse.
FINAL I AND Y.
I firoduc. Brevia Nisi cum Quasi, Grtecaque cuncta.
Jure Mihi varies, T\b\que, et Sibi; queis Ibi, \Jb\que
a The adjective impunis occurs in Solinus, c. 27. " Impunis retliit. "
This reading has been controverted by many, but is defended by Salmasius.
r The lengthening of monosyllables which consist of, or terminate in a
vowel, depends upon an established principle of metrical harmony, since
they would be nearly lost in the reading, if the voice did not dwell upon
them and make them necessarily long. In tbe case of enclitics and syllables
however, this principle does not apply. These are connected so closely with
the preceilin>> word, that (hey form but one word with it in the rapidity of
pronunciation, and are no longer considered as separate monosyllables.
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? FINAL SYLLABLES.
39
Junge, et Uti. Ciii corrijiiaa dissyllabon ; atqui
Cui filerumque solet monosyllabon esse poetis.
The final I is for the most part long; as Si, clasai, fieri. ,
ettnavi, audiri. "
Mart. Si gaudet, siflet, si tacet, hanc loquitur.
Virg. Sicfatur lacrymans, classique immittit habenas.
Idem. Pastores! mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis.
Exception I. --The final I is short in Nisi and quasi.
Ovid. Quid nisi Pierides, solatia frigida restant ?
Idem. Quoque sit armento, veri quasi nescia quari.
Quasi occurs with the I long in Lucretius, 2. 291, and in
Avienus, Phaen. 554, 1465, 1567, 1654; but the final vowel,
in all these instances, is lengthened by the caesura. . Nisi
also has the I long in the following line from Statius, Silv.
4; 3, 59 :--
His parvus, Lechite nisi vetarent,
As however, in this line, the caesura cannot with equal
probability be supposed to have operated, it seems better to
adopt a different reading than make the verse as it has just
been given, a solitary instance of the I in JVisi being long.
The Bipont edition reads it thus :--
His parvus, Lecheo nihil vetante,
Exception II. --T'ie final I and Y are short in Greek
neuters ; as Gummi, sinafii, moly--in the dative singular of
Greek nouns ; as Palladi, ThttiHi, Phyllidi--in Greek vo-
catives; as Adoni, Alexia Tifihy, chelij, Tethy, (but not in
Tetliy, the contracted dative for Tethyi)--and in datives and
ablatives plural in SI; as Hero'nt, Dryasi, Troasi}
Ovid. Moly vacant superi: nigra radice tenetur.
Stat. Palladi litorea celebrabat Scyros lionorem.
Ovid. Semper, Adoni, mei, repetitaque mortis imago.
Idem. Quid tibi cum patrid, navita Tiphy, med.
Idem. Troasin invideo, que si lacrymosa suarum. "
s The long t in Latin is a contraction from EI. The old orthography
was, puerei, illei, meiles, meilitia, eironeia, &c.
t The I and Y are short in all these exceptions, because answering to the
final ( and u in Greek, which are in general short.
u In this 'example, the n added to Troasi, is placed there merely to
prevent the hiatus at the meeting of the two vowels, and makes no differ-
ence whatever in the quantity. It is like the v i*<<\xv3-t/kov of thfi
Greeks.
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? FINAL STLLABLES.
Exception III. --Mihi? tibi, sibi, ubi, and ibi, have the
final vowel common.
Tibul. Non mihi pigra nocent hibernx frig era noctis.
Horat.