No More Learning

347, on which
mison, but this probably only means that they be occasion Themistius delivered the first of his extant
longed to the sect of the Methodici (Cael. Aurel. orations, tepl pilavpwrias.
It was
hot long
Dc Morb. Acut. ii. 38, De Morb. Chron. iii. 8. after that he fixed his residence at Constantinople,
pp. 171, 469). Besides the passages in ancient where he taught philosophy for twenty years. In
authors relating to Themison that are referred to A. D. 355 he was made a senator ; and the letter
by Haller, Sprengel, and Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. is still extant, in which Constantius recommends
xiii. p. 431, ed. vet. ), he is also quoted by Soranus him to the senate, and speaks in the highest terms
(De Arte Obstetr. pp. 12, 21, 210, 212, 240, 290. ) both of Themistius himself and of his father. We
2. The physician mentioned by Juvenal in his also possess the oration of thanks which Themistins
well-known line
addressed to the senate of Constantinople early in
A. D. 356, in reply to the emperor's letter (Orat. ij. ).
“Quot Themison aegros autumno occiderit uno. "
In A. D. 357 he recited in the senate of Constanti.
(Sut. x. 221. ) nople two orations in honour of Constantins, which
were intended to have been delivered before the
is by many commentators (perhaps by most) con-
sidered to be the same person as the founder of emperor himself, who was then at Rome (Orat. iii.
the Methodici. However, it seems hardly probable iv. ): As the reward of his panegyrics, Constantius
conferred
that Juvenal would have cared for satyrizing a
upon
him the honour of a bronze statue ;
physician who was not a contemporary ; and there and, in A. D. 361, he was appointed to the prae-
fore perhaps the old scholiast on Juvenal is right he is mentioned in the following terms, Themi-
torian dignity by a decree still extant, in which
in saying that he was “archiater illius temporis,"
i. e. in the first century after Christ.
stius, cujus auget scientia dignitatem (Cod. Theodos.
3. A slave of Appuleius, the author of the ri. tit. 4. s. 12; comp. Orat. xxxi. , in which The-
« Golden Ass,” who lived in the second century εαυτού βασιλείας την εμήν φιλοσοφίαν ειπών
mistius
μοι Κωνστάντιος, ο κόσμος της
after Christ. (Appul. Apol. pp. 39, 46, 55, ed.
1635. )
TOXXákis, and in which he also recites the com-
Haller mentions in his list of physicians “ The- pliments paid to him by Julian, Valens, Gratinn;
mison Macedo, Antiocho carus," and refers to
and Theodosius). Constantius died in A. D. 361 ;
Athen. vii. [$ 35. p. 289], but this appears to be but Themistius, as a philosopher and a heathen
a mistake.
(W. A. G. )
naturally retained the favour of Julian, who spoke
THEMISON (Oeuiowv) the author of a work of him as the worthy senator of the whole world,
and as the first philosopher of his age. (Themist.
Orat. xxxi. ) Suidas (s. v. ) states that Julian made
The passage quoted by Paulus Aegineta (iii. Themistius' prefect of Constantinople ; but this is
15. p. 426), from Epist. lib. x. is quoted by Caelius disproved by the speech delivered by Themistius,
Aurelianus (De Mort. Chron. i. 3. p. 288), from when he was really appointed to that office under
lib. ii.
Theodosius. (See below ) The error of -Suidas
says, åpnei
bat
Vc


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THEMISTIUS.
1025
THEMISTIUS.
simply arises from his placing together, with his princeps senatus and praefectus annonae, besides his
usual carelessness, two distinct facts in the life of embassy to Rome ; in another oration he mentions
Themistius. Shortly before the death of Julian, ten embassies on which he had been sent before
A. D. 363, Themistius delivered an oration in honour his prefecture (Orat. xvii. ); and in another, com-
of him, which is no longer extant, but which is posed probably about A. D. 387, he says that he
referred to at some length by Libanius, in a letter has been engaged for nearly forty years in public
to Themistius (Ep. 1061). In A. D. 364 he went, business and in embassies (Orut. xxi. ). So great
as one of the deputies from the senate, to meet was the confidence reposed in him by Theodosius,
Jovian at Dadastana, on the confines of Galatia that, though Themistius was a heathen, the em-
and Bithynia, and to confer the consulate upon peror, when departing for the West to oppose
him ; and on this occasion he delivered an oration, Maximus, entrusted his son Arcadius to the tutor-
which he afterwards repeated at Constantinople, in ship of the philosopher, A. D. 387–388. (Socrat.
which he claims full liberty of conscience both for H. E. iv. 32 ; Sozom. II. E. vi. 36 ; Niceph. II. E.
the Christians and the heathen. (Orat. v. ; Socrat. xi. 46. ) We have no particulars of the history of
H. E. ji. 26. ) In the sanie year he delivered an Themistius after this time ; and it may therefore
oration at Constantinople, in honour of the accession be inferred that his life did not extend much, if at
of Valentinian and Valens, in the presence of the all, beyond A. D. 390. Besides the emperors, to
latter. His next oration is addressed to Valens, whom so many references have been made, he
congratulating him on his victory over Procopius numbered among his friends the chief orators and
in June 366, and interceding for some of the rebels; philosophers of the age, Christian as well as heathen.
it was delivered in a. D. 367. (Orat. vii. ) In the Not only Libanius, but Gregory of Nazianzus also
next year he accompanied Valens to the Danube in was his friend and correspondent, and the latter, in
the second campaign of the Gothic war, and de- an epistle still extant, calls him the “ king of argu-
livered before the emperor, at Marcianopolis, a ments” (Bao la éa abyw, Greg. Naz. Epist. 140).
congratulatory oration upon his Quinquennalia, A. D. The orations (TOAITIKOI 16you) of Themistius,
363. (Orat. viii. ) His next orations are to the extant in the time of Photius, were thirty-six in
young Valentinian upon his consulship, A. 1. 369 number (Phot. Bill. Cod. 74), of which thirty-
(Oral. ix. ), and to the senate of Constantinople, in three have come down to us in the original Greek,
the presence of Valens, in honour of the peace and one in a Latin version. The other two were sup-
granted to the Goths, & c. 370 (Orat. x. ). On posed to be lost, until one of them was discovered by
March 28, A. D. 373, he addressed to Valens, who Cardinal Maio, in the Ambrosian Library at Milan,
was then in Syria, a congratulatory address upon in 1816. His philosophical works must have been
the emperor's entrance on the tenth year of his very voluminous ; for Photius (l. c. ) tells us that he
reign (Orat. xi. ). It was also while Valens was in wrote commentaries (únouvnuata) on all the books
Syria, that Themistius addressed to him an oration of Aristotle, besides useful abstracts (uetappáoels)
by which he persuaded him to cease from bis per- of the Analytics, the books on the Soul, and the
secution of the Catholic party. (Socrat. H. E. iv. Physics, and that there were exegetical labours of
32; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36. ) It is thought by the his on Plato ; "and, in a word, he is a lover and
best critics that this oration is lost, and that the eager student of philosophy" (éparths doti xal
extant oration to Valens on behalf of religious σπουδαστής φιλοσοφίας). Suidas mentions his
liberty (Orat. xii. ) was delivered at some other Paraphrase of the Physics of Aristotle, in eight
time, probably soon after the emperor's accession. books ; of the Analytics, in two books ; of the
(Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. vi. p. 797. ) In addition A podeictics, in two books ; of the treatise on the
to these numerous orations, which prove that the Soul, in seven books ; and of the Categories in one
orator was in high favour with the emperor, we book. Of these, we have the Paraphrases of the
have the testimony of Themistius himself to his Second Analytics, of the Physics, of the treatise
influence with Valens. (Orat. xxxi.
where the on the Soul, and of the works on Memory and
words, Ýttndels úd Tv ducov Abywy nodiákus, Recollection, on Sleeping and Waking, on Dreams,
seem to refer to such examples of tbe orator's power and on Divination in Sleep. Besides these, which
as that mentioned just above. )
are in the original Greek, we have two other com-
In A. D. 377 we find him at Rome, whither he mentaries in Latin, translated from Hebrew versions
appears to have gone on an embassy to Gratian, to of the originals, namely, that on the work on
whom he there delivered his oration entitled 'Epa Heaven, translated by Moses Alatinus, and that on
TIKOS (Orat. xiii. ). On the association of Theodosius the twelve books of the Metaphysics, translated
in the empire by Gratian, at Sirmium, in A. D. 379, by Moses Finzius.
Themistius delivered an elegant oration, congra- The earliest editions of Themistius contained
tulating the new emperor on his elevation (Orat. only the philosophical works, in the Latin version
xiv. ). Of his remaining orations some are public of Hermolaus Barbarus, which was first published
and some private ; but few of them demand special at Venice, 1481, fol. , and reprinted, Venet. 1502,
notice as connected with the events of his life. In fol. , 1520, fol. , 1527, fol. , Paris, 1528—1529, fol. ,
A. D. 384, about the first of September, he was Basil. 1530, fol. , 1533, 4to. , Venet. 1554, fol. ,
made prefect of Constantinople (Orut. xvii. ), an 1559, fol. , 1570, fol. : the last is the most complete
office which had been offered to him, but declined, of the old editions. The two commentaries which
Beveral times before (Orat. xxxiv. 13). He only only exist in Latin were published at Venice in
held the prefecture a few months, as we learn from 1574 and 1576 respectively, both in folio.
an oration delivered after he had laid down the Of the Greek text the Editio Princeps is that of
office (Orat. xxxiv. ), in which he mentions, as he Aldus, 1534, fol. , containing the Paraphrases and
had done even six years earlier (Oral. xiv. ), and eight Orations, together with the treatises of Alex-
more than once in the interval (Or. xv. xvi. ), his ander Aphrodisiensis on the Soul and on Fate.
old age and ill-health. From the 34th oration we There has been no subsequent edition of the whole
also learn that he had previously held the offices of works, or of the Paraphrases ; but the Orations
3 u
;
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1026
THEMISTOCLES.
THEMISTOCLES.
1
bare:
Aime
113:
an
have been since published, by H. Stephanus, whose others call her Euterpe, and say that she was a
edition contains thirteen of them, Paris, 1562, 8vo. ; Carian ; and Neanthes adds that she was of Hali-
by G. Remus, who reprinted, with a Lation version, carnassus. As his mother was not an Athenian,
only the six orations which Stephanus had pub Themistocles belonged to the class of nothi. (Plut.
lished for the first time, and a seventh in Latin Theinist. 1, compare Perid. c. 37. ) Themistocles
only, Amberg, 1605, 4to. '; by Petavius, who was born about B. C. 514 as it is conjectured. In
printed sixteen, in Greek and Latin, fifteen of his youth he had an impetuous character ; he dis-
which had been hitherto ascribed to Synesius, played great intellectual power combined with a lofty
besides a seventeenth, which is only extant in ambition and desire of political distinction. In his
Latin, but of which Petavius gives also a Greek hours of relaxation he did not join in the ordinary
version by himself, Paris, 1613, 8vo. ; by P. Panti- amusements of the boys, but he practised himself
nus, who printed a few orations not before edited, in making speeches on imaginary subjects. His
1614, 8vo. ; by Petavius again, who inserted in master used to say to him“ My boy, you will not
this second edition all the orations which had as be any thing little, but certainly something great,
yet appeared, to the number of nineteen, in Greek good or bad. ” He had not much taste for the usual
and Latin, several of the Latin versions being new, branches of learning and for accomplishments, but
with fuller notes than in his first edition, Paris, be showed a decided liking for all studies which
1618, 4to. ; and by Harduin, who first published strengthened the understanding and had a practical
the whole thirty-three orations, with the versions object. There is a story that his father who saw
and notes of Petavius and his own, Paris, 1684, his ambitious turn of mind, wishing to divert him
fol. Besides these thirty-three orations, another, from a political career, pointed out to him some
hitherto unknown, against certain persons who had old gallies thrown on the shore and neglected, and
attacked Themistius for accepting the prefecture of he told him that this was the way that “the many"
the city, was discovered at Milan by Cardinal Mai, treated popular leaders, when they were no longer
as mentioned above, and published by him, in of any use. The remark, though true, did not keep
Greek and Latin, in 1816, 8vo. , together with a Themistocles from his course, nor will it keep
newly-discovered fragment of the second oration, others.
and two supplements to the nineteenth and twenty- The ambition of Themistocles was to be the first
third. Dindorf also founded upon the Milan MS. man in Athens, and he began his career by setting
a new edition, first of two of the orations, Lips. himself in opposition to those who had most power,
1830, 8vo. , and afterwards of them all, Lips. 1832, among whom Aristides was the chief. We cannot
8vo.
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. pp. 790, foll. ; infer from the words of Plutarch (c. 3) whether
Clinton, Fasti Romani, under the several dates Themistocles was in the battle of Marathon (B. C.
given in this article ; Hoffmann, Lexicon Biliograph. 490) or not ; but if he was born so early as B. C. 514,
Script. Graec. s. v. )
he must have been old enough for military service
The Greek Anthology contains one epigram in B. C. 490. The fame which Miltiades acquired
ascribed to Themistius, on the subject, according to by his generalship at Marathon made a deep im-
the superscription in the Aldine edition, of his own pression on Themistocles; he became thoughtful,
appointment to the prefecture of the city by Julian. and avoided his usual company ; and in reply to
It would seem, however, that there is a mistake the remarks of his friends on the change in his
respecting both the author and the subject of this habits, he said, that the trophy of Miltiades would
epigram. In the Palatine MS. it is ascribed to not let him sleep. Others thought that the victory
Palladius, and it is quite in his style. The subject of Marathon had terminated the Persian war ; but
is explained by Maio. (Brunck, Anal, vol. ii. p. Themistocles foresaw that it was only the beginning
404 ; Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol. iii. p. 112, vol. x. of a greater struggle, and it was his policy to
p. 191, vol. xiii. p. 957 ; Maio, ad Orat. xxxiv. p. prepare Athens for it.
458, p. 471, ed. Dindorf. )
His rival Aristides was ostracized in B. C. 483,
2. There was another Greek writer of this name, to which event Themistocles contributed ; and from
who lived much later, and was the founder of the this time he was the political leader in Athens.
sect of the Agnoetae, who were so called from their In B. c. 481 he was Archon Eponymus. The
asserting that Christ's knowledge was not perfect. chronology of the early part of the life of Themis-
The little that is known of him is not worth men- tocles is uncertain. It was perhaps before his
tioning here. (See Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vi. p. archonship, or it may have been in that year that
794. )
[P. S. ] he persuaded the Athenians to employ the produce
THEMISTO (EULOT“). 1. A daughter of of the silver mines of Laurium in building ships,
Nereus and Doris. (Hes. Theog. 261. )
instead of distributing it among the Athenian
2. A daughter of the Lapithe Hypseus, and the citizens. (Herod. vii. 144 ; Plut. Themist. c. 4. ) The
wife of Athamas. (Apollod. i. 9. § 2; Athen. xiii. motive which he suggested was that the fleet of
p. 560 ; comp. ATHAMAS. )
Athens should be made a match for that of Aegina,
3. The mother of Arcas, who is commonly called with which state Athens was then at war ; but his
Callisto, and by some Megisto. (Steph. Byz. s. v. real object was to prepare Athens against a future
'Apras ; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 300; Hygin. Poet. attack from the Persians. It was the policy of
Astr. ii. 1. )
Themistocles to draw the Athenians to the sea, as
4. Of Cyprus, was said by some to be the he was convinced that it was only by their fleet
mother of Homer. (Paus. x. 24. $ 3. ) [L. S. ] that Athens could repel the Persians and obtain
THEMISTOCLEIA. [ARISTOCLEIA. ] the supremacy in Greece. The number of ships
THEMI'STOCLES (DEULOTOKAŤ), was the son which were built at the suggestion of Themistocles
of Neocles, not one of the most distinguished among was two hundred, according to Herodotus; and
the Athenians, though he was allied to the Lyco- they were not employed against Aegina,' with
medae. The name of his mother was Abrotonon, a which state Athens made peace, but against the
Thracian woman, according to some authors, but | Persians ; and thus, as Plutarch remarks, the policy
Sear
med
ase
The
AL


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