) When the Athenians, in The
connection
of Iphicrates with Cotys may
B.
B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
iii.
p.
571, xiii.
p.
302, ed.
vet.
) to be the most 173 ; Diod.
xiv.
86, 91; Polyaen.
i.
9; Plat.
correct, but M. Littre, in his edition of Hippocrates | Menex. p. 245; Xen. Hel. iv. 4. $S 6–12;
(vol. i. p. 113), seems to prefer Phecianus. He was Andoc. de Pace, p. 25 ; Harpocr. and Suid. s. v.
a pupil of Quintus, and one of the tutors of Galen, Eevikóv. ) The system now adopted by the belli-
about the middle of the second century after Christ. gerent parties of mutual annoyance, by inroads on
He was a follower of the Stoic philosophy, and each other's territories, seems to have directed the
commented on part or the whole of the works of attention of Iphicrates to an important improve
Hippocrates.
[W. A. G. ] ment in military tactics - the formation of a body
IPHICLES or IPHICLUS ('Ipiriñs, "Ide of targeteers (Heltastal) possessing, to a certain
kdos, or ’IQIKA eus). 1. A son of Amphitryon and extent, the advantages of heavy and light-armed
Alcmene of Thebes, was one night younger than forces. This he effected by substituting a small
his half-brother Heracles, who strangled the snakes target for the heavy shield, adopting a longer sword
which had been sent by Hera or by Amphitryon, and spear, and replacing the old coat of mail by a
and at which Iphicles was frightened. (Apollod. ii. linen corslet, while he also made his soldiers wear
4. $ 8. ) He was first married to Automedusa, the light shoes called afterwards, from his name, '10. -
daughter of Alcathous, by whom he became the kpatides. Having thus increased the efficiency of
father of Iolaus, and afterwards to the youngest " the hands of the army,” to use his own metaphor
daughter of Creon. (Apollod. ii. 4. $ 11. ) He (Plut. Pelop. 2), he invaded with these troops the
accompanied Heracles on several expeditions, and territory of Phlins, and slew so many of the Phlia-
is also mentioned among the Calydonian hunters. sians, that they were obliged to call in the aid of
(A pollod. i. 8. $ 2. ) According to Apollodorus a Lacedaemonian garrison, which ever before they
(ii. 7. & 3), he fell in battle against the sons of had carefully avoided ; and he ravaged, too, the
Hippocoon, but according to Pausanias (viii. 14. lands of Arcadia with impunity, as the Arcadian
$ 6) he was wounded in the battle against the heavy-armed forces were afraid to face the lar-
Molionides, and being carried to Pheneus, he was geteers. (Xen. Hello iv. 4. $S 14–17; Diod. xiv
## p. 617 (#633) ############################################
IPHICRATES.
617
IPHICRATES.
91, xv. 44 ; Polyaen. iii. 9 ; Corn. Nep. Iph. 1 ; , while the orer-cautious satrap would not consent,
Suid. s. 0. lourparldes ; Strab. viii. p. 389. ). In and (much time having been lost) when the season
the spring of 392 Iphicrates with his peltasts of the Nile's inundation came on, be drew off bis
formed part of the garrison of the fortress Peiraeum, army. Iphicrates, remembering the fate of Conon,
in the Corinthian
territory, whence he was sum- and fearing for his personal safety, fled to Athens,
moned to the deſence of Corinth, against which and was denounced to the Athenians by Pharna-
Agesilaus had made a feint of marching. But the bazus as having caused the failure of the expedi-
real object of the Spartan king was Peiraeum, and, tion. The people promised to punish him as he
when it was weakened by the withdrawal of Iphic deserved ; but the next year (B. C. 373) they ap-
crates, he advanced and took it. Meanwhile pointed him to command against Mnasippus in
Iphicrates reached Corinth ; and here it was that, Corcyra, in conjunction with Callistratus and
sallying forth with his targeteers, he defeated and Chabrias, with the former of whom he also joined
nearly destroyed the Lacedaemonian Mora, which in prosecuting Timotheus, the superseded gene-
was on its way back to Lechaeum, after having ral. In getting ready the feet necessary for this
escorted for some distance homewards the Amy- service, Iphicrates exhibited great and probably not
claeans of the army of Agesilaus, returning to over-scrupulous activity; and the Athenians allowed
Laconia for the celebration of the Hyacinthian him (perbnps through the influence of Callistratus)
festival. This exploit of Iphicrates became very to make use of all the ships round the coast, even
celebrated throughout Greece, and had more im- the Paralus and Salaminia, on a promise from him
portance assigned to it than we should be inclined that he would send back a great number in return
at first to imagine possible, as is clear from the for them. The state of affairs in the West left
grief it caused in the camp of Agesilaus, from the him no time to lose, and his crews were in a very
caution with which he marched home through the imperfect state of training ; but he remedied this
Peloponnesus, and from the suspension of the by making the whole voyage an exercise of naval
Theban negotiations for terms with Sparta. Tbirl-tactics. On his way he landed in Cephallenia
wall supposes that it may have also prevented the (where he received full assurance of the death of
peace between Lacedaemon and Athens, which Mnasippus), and having brougbt over the island
ANDOCIDES with others had been commissioned to to the Athenians, he sailed on to Corcyra. De-
conclude. Iphicrates, encouraged by his success, feating here the force which Dionysius I. of Syra-
recovered Sidus and Crommyon, which Praxitas cuse had sent to the aid of the Lacedaemonians, he
had taken, as well as Oenöe, where Agesilaus had carried on the war with vigour till the peace of
placed a garrison. Soon after he retired, or was 371 put an end to operations and recalled him to
dismissed, from the command, in consequence, it Athens. (Xen. Hell. vi. 2, 3 ; Diod. xv. 29, 41-
seems, of the jealousy of the Argives ; for he bad 43, 47, xvi. 57; Nep. Iph. 2; Dem. c. Tim. pp.
shown a desire to reduce the Corinthian territory 1187, 1188. ) In B. C. 369, when the Pelopoune-
under the power of Athens, and had put to death sus was invaded by Epaminondas, Iphicrates was
some Corinthians of the Argive party. He was appointed to the command of the forces voted by
succeeded by CHABRIAS. (Xen. Hell. iv. 5, 8. & 34; Athens for the aid of Sparta ; but he did not effect,
Diod. xiv. 91, 92 ; Plut. Ages. 22; Dem. Phil. i. p. perhaps he did not wish to effect, any thing against
46 ; c. Aristoc. p. 686; Paus. iii. 10; Nep. Iph. 2; the Thebans, who made their way back in safety
Andoc. de Pace. ) In B. C. 389 he was sent to the through an unguarded pass of the Isthmus. (See
Hellespont to counteract the operations of Anaxi- Vol II. p. 22, b; Rehdantz, iv. $ 6. ) About B. C.
BIUS, who was defeated by him and slain in the 367, he was sent against Amphipolis, apparently,
following year. In spite of his victory, however, however, to observe rather than to act, so small
Iphicrates was not able to prevail against ANTAL- was the force committed to him. At this period it
CIDAS. (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. SS 34, &c. ; Polyaen. was that he listened to the entreaties of EURYDICE,
iii. 9. )
the widow of Amyntas II. (who had adopted Iphi-
On the peace of 387 Iphicrates did not return to crates as his son), and drove out from Macedonia
Athens ; but we do not know whether he acted the pretender Pausanias. But, notwithstanding
on a command of the state or on his own judgment this favour, Ptolemy of Alorus, the regent of Ma-
in aiding Seuthes, king of the Odrysae, to recover cedon, and the reputed paramour of Eurydice,
his kingdom, from which he had been expelled, supported Amphipolis against Iphicrates, who, with
possibly by Cotys (see Rehdantz, ii. $ 4 ; Senec. the aid of the adventurer CA ARIDEM US, continued
Exc. Cont. vi. 5. ). Be that as it will, we find him the war for three years, at the end of which time
not long after in alliance with the latter prince, the Amphipolitans agreed to surrender, and gave
who gave him his daughter in marriage, and per- hostages for the fulfilment of their promise ; imme-
haps enabled him to build the town of Apūs in diately after which Iphicrates was superseded by
Thrace (Dem. c. Arist. p. 663; Anaxand. ap. Timotheus. (Aesch. de Fals. Leg. pp. 31, 32 ;
Athen. iv. p. 131 ; Nep. Iph. 2, 3; Isaeus, de Nep. Iph. 3 ; Dem. c. Arist. p. 669; Suid. s. r.
Haer. Menecl. 7 ; Polyaen. iii. 9; Suid. and Kapavos. )
Harpocr. s. o. A püs.
) When the Athenians, in The connection of Iphicrates with Cotys may
B. C. 377, recalled Chabrias from the service of perhaps have led to the decree which deprived him
Acoris, king of Egypt, on the remonstrance of of the command in those parts ; and, if any alarm
Pharnabazus, they also sent Iphicrates with 20,000 was felt by the Athenians on this score, the result
Greek mercenaries to aid the satrap in reducing proved that it was not unfounded, for we find him
Egypt to obedience. Several years, however, soon after aiding his father-in-law in bis war with
wasted by the Persians in preparation, elapsed, be Athens for the possession of the Thracian Cher-
fore the allied troops set forth from Ace (Acre). sonesus. This seems, indeed, to have been the
They met with some success at first, till a dispute ground of the ypaori Sevias which Timotheus
arose between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus, the pledged himself in the strongest way to bring
former of whom was anxious to attack Memphis, I against him, though he afterwards abandoned in
## p. 618 (#634) ############################################
618
IPHICRATES.
IPHIGENEIA.
and even gave his daughter in marriage to Menes- | him by a prosecution. We do not know at what
theus, the son of Iphicrates by the daughter of period this case was tried ; but it was probably in
Cotys. Rehdantz (vi. & 7) supposes the word B. C. 371, after the return of Iphicrates from the
fevias to be used with reference to the threatened Ionian Sea (Dem. c. Arist. p. 663_665; Plut
prosecution in a wide sense and with pretty nearly Apoph. Iph. 5 ; Arist. Rhet. ii. 23. SS 6,8 ;
the meaning of apodoolas ; but it may have been Pseudo-Plut. Vit. X. Orat. Lys. ad fin. ; Rebdantz,
adopted to imply that Iphicrates had made himself vi. & 2. ) If the Athenians had a strong sense of
in fact an alien, and had no longer any claim to his value, lie appears on his part to have presumed
the privileges of Athenian citizenship. Iphicrates, upon it not a little. He had also, however, in all
however, would not go so far as to assist Cotys in probability, a strong party in Athens (for his
taking the towns which were actually in the pos- friendly connection with Lysias see above), and
session of the Athenians; and feeling that his the circumstances of the times would always throw
refusal made his residence in his father-in-law's considerable power into the hands of a leader of
dominions no longer safe, while, from his previous mercenary troops.
[E. E. )
conduct, a return to Athens would be equally dan- IPHICRATES ('10. xpárns), a son of the above,
gerous, he withdrew to Antissa first, and thence was one of the ambassadors sent from Greece to
to the city (Apūs) which he had himself built. Dareius Codomannus. With his colleagues he fell
(Dem. c. T'im. p. 1204, c. Arist. pp. 663, 664, 673, into the hands of Parmenion, at Damascus, after
&c. ; Nep. Iph. 3. ) After the death of Chabrias, the battle of Issus (B. C. 333). Alexander treated
Iphicrates, Timotheus, and Menestheus were joined him honourably, from a wish to conciliate the
with Chares as commanders in the Social War, Athenians as well as from respect to his father's
and were prosecuted by their unscrupulous col- memory: and on his death (wbich was a natural
league, either because they had refused to risk an one) he sent his bones to his relatives at Athens.
engagement (for which he was anxious) in a storm, (Arr. Anab. i. 15 ; Curt. iii. 10. ) (E. E. )
or because he wished to screen himself from the IPHICRATES, statuary. [AMPHICRATES. ]
consequences of his own rashness in actually en- IPHI'DAMAS ('1pidáuas). 1. A son of Bu-
gaging (CHARES). The prosecution was conducted siris, whom Heracles ordered to be put to death
by Aristophon, the Azenian. Iphicrates and his together with his father. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod.
son were brought to trial first, and appear to have iv. 1396. ) Apollodorus (ii. 5. § 11) calls him
endeavoured to shift the danger from Timotheus Amphidamas.
by taking all the responsibility on themselves. 2. A Trojan hero, a son of Antenor and Theano,
According to the author of the lives of the Ten the daughter of Cisseus. He was a brother of
Orators (Lys. ad fin. ), the speech in which Iphi- Coon, together with whom he was slain by Aga-
crates defended himself was written for him by memnon in the Trojan war. (Hom. Il. xi. 221,
Lysias ; but the soldierlike boldness of the oration, &c. ; Paus. iv. 36. & 2. )
as described by Dionysius (de Lys. p. 480), and 3. A son of Aleus (Orph. Arg. 148), but he is
exemplified in the extract given by Aristotle (Rhet. commonly called Amphidamas. [L. S. )
ii. 23, $ 7), seems to show that the accused was IPHIGENEIA ('ldigevela), according to the
probably himself the author of it. He does not most common tradition, a daughter of Agamemnon
seem, however, to have trusted entirely either to and Clytaemnestra (Hygin. Fub. 98), but, accord-
his eloquence or to the justice of his cause, for we ing to others, a daughter of Theseus and Helena,
hear that he introduced into the court a body of and brought up by Clytaemnestra only as a foster-
partisans armed with daggers, and that he himself child. (Anton. Lib. 27 ; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 183. )
took care that the judges should see his sword Agamemnon had once killed a stag in the grove of
during the trial. He and Menestheus were ac- Artemis, or had boasted that the goddess herself
quitted: Timotheus was arraigned afterwards, pro- could not hit better, or, according to another story,
bably in the following year (B. C. 354), and con- in the year in which Iphigeneia was born, he had
demned to a heavy fine. From the period of his vowed to sacrifice the most beautiful thing which
trial Iphicrates seems to have lived quietly at that year might produce, but had afterwards
Athens. The exact date of his death is not known, neglected to fulfil his vow. Either of these cir-
but Demosthenes (c. Veid. p. 534) speaks of him cumstances is said to have been the cause of the
as no longer alive at that time (B. C. 348). (Diod. calm which detained the Greek fleet in the port of
xvi. 21 ; Nep. Iph. 3, Tim. 3 ; Deinarch. c. Philocl. | Aulis, when the Greeks wanted to sail against
p. 110; Polyaen. iii. 9 ; Arist. Rhet. iii. 10, $ 7; Troy. The seer Calchas, or, according to others,
Quint. v. 10, § 12 ; Senec. Exc. Cat. vi. 5; Isocr. the Delphic oracle, declared that the sacrifice of
tepl’Artið. $ 137 ; Rehdantz, vii. $ 7. )
Iphigeneia was the only means of propitiating
Iphicrates has been commended for his combined Artemis. Agamemnon at first resisted the com-
prudence and energy as a general. The worst mand, but the entreaties of Menelaus at length
words, he said, that a commander could utter were, prevailed upon him to give way, and he consented
“ I should not have expected it,”.
to Iphigeneia being fetched by Odyszeus and Dio-
Bóknoa. (Plut. Apoph. Iph. 2 ; Dem. Prooem. p. medes, under the pretext that she was to be married
1457 ; Polyaen. iii. 9. ). Like Chabrias and Chares, to Achilles. When Iphigeneia had arrived, and
he was fond of residing abroad (Theopomp. ap. was on the point of being sacrificed, Artemis
Athen. xii. p. 532, b), and we have seen that he carried her in a cloud to Tauris, where she was
did not allow considerations of patriotism to stand made to serve the goddess as her priestess, while a
in the way of his advancement by a foreign service stag, or, according to others, a she-bear, a bull, or
and alliance. Yet we do not find the Athenians an old woman, was substituted in her place and
depriving him of the almost unprecedented honours sacrificed. (Eurip. Iphig. Taur. 10—30, 783,
with which they had loaded him, and of which one Iphig. Aul. 1540, &c. ; Welcker, Die Aeschyl,
Harmodius (a descendant, it seems, of the mur- Trilog. p. 408, &c. ; Suid. s. v. levdepós. ) Accord-
derer of Hipparchus) had endeavoured to striping to Dictys Cretensis (i. 19, &c. ), Iphigeneia
- ουκ αν προσε-
## p. 619 (#635) ############################################
IPHIGENEIA.
619
IPHIS.
was saved in a peal of thunder by the voice of Ar- that the Taurians considered the goddess to whom
temis and the interference of Achilles, who had they offered sacrifices, to be Iphigeneia, the daughter
been gained over by Clytaemnestra, and sent of Agamemnon. From these and other circum-
Iphigeneia to Scythia. Tzetzes (l. c. ) even states stances, it has been inferred that Iphigeneia was
that Achilles was actually married to her, and be originally not only a priestess of Artemis, or a
came by her the father of Pyrrhus.
heroine, but an attribute of Artemis, or Artemis
While Iphigeneia was serving Artemis as priest- herself. For further explanations, see Kanne,
ess in Tauris, her brother Orestes, on the advice of Mythol. p. 115, &c. ; Müller, Dor. ii. 9. § 6;
an oracle, formed the plan of fetching the image of Schwenk, Etym. Mythol.
correct, but M. Littre, in his edition of Hippocrates | Menex. p. 245; Xen. Hel. iv. 4. $S 6–12;
(vol. i. p. 113), seems to prefer Phecianus. He was Andoc. de Pace, p. 25 ; Harpocr. and Suid. s. v.
a pupil of Quintus, and one of the tutors of Galen, Eevikóv. ) The system now adopted by the belli-
about the middle of the second century after Christ. gerent parties of mutual annoyance, by inroads on
He was a follower of the Stoic philosophy, and each other's territories, seems to have directed the
commented on part or the whole of the works of attention of Iphicrates to an important improve
Hippocrates.
[W. A. G. ] ment in military tactics - the formation of a body
IPHICLES or IPHICLUS ('Ipiriñs, "Ide of targeteers (Heltastal) possessing, to a certain
kdos, or ’IQIKA eus). 1. A son of Amphitryon and extent, the advantages of heavy and light-armed
Alcmene of Thebes, was one night younger than forces. This he effected by substituting a small
his half-brother Heracles, who strangled the snakes target for the heavy shield, adopting a longer sword
which had been sent by Hera or by Amphitryon, and spear, and replacing the old coat of mail by a
and at which Iphicles was frightened. (Apollod. ii. linen corslet, while he also made his soldiers wear
4. $ 8. ) He was first married to Automedusa, the light shoes called afterwards, from his name, '10. -
daughter of Alcathous, by whom he became the kpatides. Having thus increased the efficiency of
father of Iolaus, and afterwards to the youngest " the hands of the army,” to use his own metaphor
daughter of Creon. (Apollod. ii. 4. $ 11. ) He (Plut. Pelop. 2), he invaded with these troops the
accompanied Heracles on several expeditions, and territory of Phlins, and slew so many of the Phlia-
is also mentioned among the Calydonian hunters. sians, that they were obliged to call in the aid of
(A pollod. i. 8. $ 2. ) According to Apollodorus a Lacedaemonian garrison, which ever before they
(ii. 7. & 3), he fell in battle against the sons of had carefully avoided ; and he ravaged, too, the
Hippocoon, but according to Pausanias (viii. 14. lands of Arcadia with impunity, as the Arcadian
$ 6) he was wounded in the battle against the heavy-armed forces were afraid to face the lar-
Molionides, and being carried to Pheneus, he was geteers. (Xen. Hello iv. 4. $S 14–17; Diod. xiv
## p. 617 (#633) ############################################
IPHICRATES.
617
IPHICRATES.
91, xv. 44 ; Polyaen. iii. 9 ; Corn. Nep. Iph. 1 ; , while the orer-cautious satrap would not consent,
Suid. s. 0. lourparldes ; Strab. viii. p. 389. ). In and (much time having been lost) when the season
the spring of 392 Iphicrates with his peltasts of the Nile's inundation came on, be drew off bis
formed part of the garrison of the fortress Peiraeum, army. Iphicrates, remembering the fate of Conon,
in the Corinthian
territory, whence he was sum- and fearing for his personal safety, fled to Athens,
moned to the deſence of Corinth, against which and was denounced to the Athenians by Pharna-
Agesilaus had made a feint of marching. But the bazus as having caused the failure of the expedi-
real object of the Spartan king was Peiraeum, and, tion. The people promised to punish him as he
when it was weakened by the withdrawal of Iphic deserved ; but the next year (B. C. 373) they ap-
crates, he advanced and took it. Meanwhile pointed him to command against Mnasippus in
Iphicrates reached Corinth ; and here it was that, Corcyra, in conjunction with Callistratus and
sallying forth with his targeteers, he defeated and Chabrias, with the former of whom he also joined
nearly destroyed the Lacedaemonian Mora, which in prosecuting Timotheus, the superseded gene-
was on its way back to Lechaeum, after having ral. In getting ready the feet necessary for this
escorted for some distance homewards the Amy- service, Iphicrates exhibited great and probably not
claeans of the army of Agesilaus, returning to over-scrupulous activity; and the Athenians allowed
Laconia for the celebration of the Hyacinthian him (perbnps through the influence of Callistratus)
festival. This exploit of Iphicrates became very to make use of all the ships round the coast, even
celebrated throughout Greece, and had more im- the Paralus and Salaminia, on a promise from him
portance assigned to it than we should be inclined that he would send back a great number in return
at first to imagine possible, as is clear from the for them. The state of affairs in the West left
grief it caused in the camp of Agesilaus, from the him no time to lose, and his crews were in a very
caution with which he marched home through the imperfect state of training ; but he remedied this
Peloponnesus, and from the suspension of the by making the whole voyage an exercise of naval
Theban negotiations for terms with Sparta. Tbirl-tactics. On his way he landed in Cephallenia
wall supposes that it may have also prevented the (where he received full assurance of the death of
peace between Lacedaemon and Athens, which Mnasippus), and having brougbt over the island
ANDOCIDES with others had been commissioned to to the Athenians, he sailed on to Corcyra. De-
conclude. Iphicrates, encouraged by his success, feating here the force which Dionysius I. of Syra-
recovered Sidus and Crommyon, which Praxitas cuse had sent to the aid of the Lacedaemonians, he
had taken, as well as Oenöe, where Agesilaus had carried on the war with vigour till the peace of
placed a garrison. Soon after he retired, or was 371 put an end to operations and recalled him to
dismissed, from the command, in consequence, it Athens. (Xen. Hell. vi. 2, 3 ; Diod. xv. 29, 41-
seems, of the jealousy of the Argives ; for he bad 43, 47, xvi. 57; Nep. Iph. 2; Dem. c. Tim. pp.
shown a desire to reduce the Corinthian territory 1187, 1188. ) In B. C. 369, when the Pelopoune-
under the power of Athens, and had put to death sus was invaded by Epaminondas, Iphicrates was
some Corinthians of the Argive party. He was appointed to the command of the forces voted by
succeeded by CHABRIAS. (Xen. Hell. iv. 5, 8. & 34; Athens for the aid of Sparta ; but he did not effect,
Diod. xiv. 91, 92 ; Plut. Ages. 22; Dem. Phil. i. p. perhaps he did not wish to effect, any thing against
46 ; c. Aristoc. p. 686; Paus. iii. 10; Nep. Iph. 2; the Thebans, who made their way back in safety
Andoc. de Pace. ) In B. C. 389 he was sent to the through an unguarded pass of the Isthmus. (See
Hellespont to counteract the operations of Anaxi- Vol II. p. 22, b; Rehdantz, iv. $ 6. ) About B. C.
BIUS, who was defeated by him and slain in the 367, he was sent against Amphipolis, apparently,
following year. In spite of his victory, however, however, to observe rather than to act, so small
Iphicrates was not able to prevail against ANTAL- was the force committed to him. At this period it
CIDAS. (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. SS 34, &c. ; Polyaen. was that he listened to the entreaties of EURYDICE,
iii. 9. )
the widow of Amyntas II. (who had adopted Iphi-
On the peace of 387 Iphicrates did not return to crates as his son), and drove out from Macedonia
Athens ; but we do not know whether he acted the pretender Pausanias. But, notwithstanding
on a command of the state or on his own judgment this favour, Ptolemy of Alorus, the regent of Ma-
in aiding Seuthes, king of the Odrysae, to recover cedon, and the reputed paramour of Eurydice,
his kingdom, from which he had been expelled, supported Amphipolis against Iphicrates, who, with
possibly by Cotys (see Rehdantz, ii. $ 4 ; Senec. the aid of the adventurer CA ARIDEM US, continued
Exc. Cont. vi. 5. ). Be that as it will, we find him the war for three years, at the end of which time
not long after in alliance with the latter prince, the Amphipolitans agreed to surrender, and gave
who gave him his daughter in marriage, and per- hostages for the fulfilment of their promise ; imme-
haps enabled him to build the town of Apūs in diately after which Iphicrates was superseded by
Thrace (Dem. c. Arist. p. 663; Anaxand. ap. Timotheus. (Aesch. de Fals. Leg. pp. 31, 32 ;
Athen. iv. p. 131 ; Nep. Iph. 2, 3; Isaeus, de Nep. Iph. 3 ; Dem. c. Arist. p. 669; Suid. s. r.
Haer. Menecl. 7 ; Polyaen. iii. 9; Suid. and Kapavos. )
Harpocr. s. o. A püs.
) When the Athenians, in The connection of Iphicrates with Cotys may
B. C. 377, recalled Chabrias from the service of perhaps have led to the decree which deprived him
Acoris, king of Egypt, on the remonstrance of of the command in those parts ; and, if any alarm
Pharnabazus, they also sent Iphicrates with 20,000 was felt by the Athenians on this score, the result
Greek mercenaries to aid the satrap in reducing proved that it was not unfounded, for we find him
Egypt to obedience. Several years, however, soon after aiding his father-in-law in bis war with
wasted by the Persians in preparation, elapsed, be Athens for the possession of the Thracian Cher-
fore the allied troops set forth from Ace (Acre). sonesus. This seems, indeed, to have been the
They met with some success at first, till a dispute ground of the ypaori Sevias which Timotheus
arose between Iphicrates and Pharnabazus, the pledged himself in the strongest way to bring
former of whom was anxious to attack Memphis, I against him, though he afterwards abandoned in
## p. 618 (#634) ############################################
618
IPHICRATES.
IPHIGENEIA.
and even gave his daughter in marriage to Menes- | him by a prosecution. We do not know at what
theus, the son of Iphicrates by the daughter of period this case was tried ; but it was probably in
Cotys. Rehdantz (vi. & 7) supposes the word B. C. 371, after the return of Iphicrates from the
fevias to be used with reference to the threatened Ionian Sea (Dem. c. Arist. p. 663_665; Plut
prosecution in a wide sense and with pretty nearly Apoph. Iph. 5 ; Arist. Rhet. ii. 23. SS 6,8 ;
the meaning of apodoolas ; but it may have been Pseudo-Plut. Vit. X. Orat. Lys. ad fin. ; Rebdantz,
adopted to imply that Iphicrates had made himself vi. & 2. ) If the Athenians had a strong sense of
in fact an alien, and had no longer any claim to his value, lie appears on his part to have presumed
the privileges of Athenian citizenship. Iphicrates, upon it not a little. He had also, however, in all
however, would not go so far as to assist Cotys in probability, a strong party in Athens (for his
taking the towns which were actually in the pos- friendly connection with Lysias see above), and
session of the Athenians; and feeling that his the circumstances of the times would always throw
refusal made his residence in his father-in-law's considerable power into the hands of a leader of
dominions no longer safe, while, from his previous mercenary troops.
[E. E. )
conduct, a return to Athens would be equally dan- IPHICRATES ('10. xpárns), a son of the above,
gerous, he withdrew to Antissa first, and thence was one of the ambassadors sent from Greece to
to the city (Apūs) which he had himself built. Dareius Codomannus. With his colleagues he fell
(Dem. c. T'im. p. 1204, c. Arist. pp. 663, 664, 673, into the hands of Parmenion, at Damascus, after
&c. ; Nep. Iph. 3. ) After the death of Chabrias, the battle of Issus (B. C. 333). Alexander treated
Iphicrates, Timotheus, and Menestheus were joined him honourably, from a wish to conciliate the
with Chares as commanders in the Social War, Athenians as well as from respect to his father's
and were prosecuted by their unscrupulous col- memory: and on his death (wbich was a natural
league, either because they had refused to risk an one) he sent his bones to his relatives at Athens.
engagement (for which he was anxious) in a storm, (Arr. Anab. i. 15 ; Curt. iii. 10. ) (E. E. )
or because he wished to screen himself from the IPHICRATES, statuary. [AMPHICRATES. ]
consequences of his own rashness in actually en- IPHI'DAMAS ('1pidáuas). 1. A son of Bu-
gaging (CHARES). The prosecution was conducted siris, whom Heracles ordered to be put to death
by Aristophon, the Azenian. Iphicrates and his together with his father. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod.
son were brought to trial first, and appear to have iv. 1396. ) Apollodorus (ii. 5. § 11) calls him
endeavoured to shift the danger from Timotheus Amphidamas.
by taking all the responsibility on themselves. 2. A Trojan hero, a son of Antenor and Theano,
According to the author of the lives of the Ten the daughter of Cisseus. He was a brother of
Orators (Lys. ad fin. ), the speech in which Iphi- Coon, together with whom he was slain by Aga-
crates defended himself was written for him by memnon in the Trojan war. (Hom. Il. xi. 221,
Lysias ; but the soldierlike boldness of the oration, &c. ; Paus. iv. 36. & 2. )
as described by Dionysius (de Lys. p. 480), and 3. A son of Aleus (Orph. Arg. 148), but he is
exemplified in the extract given by Aristotle (Rhet. commonly called Amphidamas. [L. S. )
ii. 23, $ 7), seems to show that the accused was IPHIGENEIA ('ldigevela), according to the
probably himself the author of it. He does not most common tradition, a daughter of Agamemnon
seem, however, to have trusted entirely either to and Clytaemnestra (Hygin. Fub. 98), but, accord-
his eloquence or to the justice of his cause, for we ing to others, a daughter of Theseus and Helena,
hear that he introduced into the court a body of and brought up by Clytaemnestra only as a foster-
partisans armed with daggers, and that he himself child. (Anton. Lib. 27 ; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 183. )
took care that the judges should see his sword Agamemnon had once killed a stag in the grove of
during the trial. He and Menestheus were ac- Artemis, or had boasted that the goddess herself
quitted: Timotheus was arraigned afterwards, pro- could not hit better, or, according to another story,
bably in the following year (B. C. 354), and con- in the year in which Iphigeneia was born, he had
demned to a heavy fine. From the period of his vowed to sacrifice the most beautiful thing which
trial Iphicrates seems to have lived quietly at that year might produce, but had afterwards
Athens. The exact date of his death is not known, neglected to fulfil his vow. Either of these cir-
but Demosthenes (c. Veid. p. 534) speaks of him cumstances is said to have been the cause of the
as no longer alive at that time (B. C. 348). (Diod. calm which detained the Greek fleet in the port of
xvi. 21 ; Nep. Iph. 3, Tim. 3 ; Deinarch. c. Philocl. | Aulis, when the Greeks wanted to sail against
p. 110; Polyaen. iii. 9 ; Arist. Rhet. iii. 10, $ 7; Troy. The seer Calchas, or, according to others,
Quint. v. 10, § 12 ; Senec. Exc. Cat. vi. 5; Isocr. the Delphic oracle, declared that the sacrifice of
tepl’Artið. $ 137 ; Rehdantz, vii. $ 7. )
Iphigeneia was the only means of propitiating
Iphicrates has been commended for his combined Artemis. Agamemnon at first resisted the com-
prudence and energy as a general. The worst mand, but the entreaties of Menelaus at length
words, he said, that a commander could utter were, prevailed upon him to give way, and he consented
“ I should not have expected it,”.
to Iphigeneia being fetched by Odyszeus and Dio-
Bóknoa. (Plut. Apoph. Iph. 2 ; Dem. Prooem. p. medes, under the pretext that she was to be married
1457 ; Polyaen. iii. 9. ). Like Chabrias and Chares, to Achilles. When Iphigeneia had arrived, and
he was fond of residing abroad (Theopomp. ap. was on the point of being sacrificed, Artemis
Athen. xii. p. 532, b), and we have seen that he carried her in a cloud to Tauris, where she was
did not allow considerations of patriotism to stand made to serve the goddess as her priestess, while a
in the way of his advancement by a foreign service stag, or, according to others, a she-bear, a bull, or
and alliance. Yet we do not find the Athenians an old woman, was substituted in her place and
depriving him of the almost unprecedented honours sacrificed. (Eurip. Iphig. Taur. 10—30, 783,
with which they had loaded him, and of which one Iphig. Aul. 1540, &c. ; Welcker, Die Aeschyl,
Harmodius (a descendant, it seems, of the mur- Trilog. p. 408, &c. ; Suid. s. v. levdepós. ) Accord-
derer of Hipparchus) had endeavoured to striping to Dictys Cretensis (i. 19, &c. ), Iphigeneia
- ουκ αν προσε-
## p. 619 (#635) ############################################
IPHIGENEIA.
619
IPHIS.
was saved in a peal of thunder by the voice of Ar- that the Taurians considered the goddess to whom
temis and the interference of Achilles, who had they offered sacrifices, to be Iphigeneia, the daughter
been gained over by Clytaemnestra, and sent of Agamemnon. From these and other circum-
Iphigeneia to Scythia. Tzetzes (l. c. ) even states stances, it has been inferred that Iphigeneia was
that Achilles was actually married to her, and be originally not only a priestess of Artemis, or a
came by her the father of Pyrrhus.
heroine, but an attribute of Artemis, or Artemis
While Iphigeneia was serving Artemis as priest- herself. For further explanations, see Kanne,
ess in Tauris, her brother Orestes, on the advice of Mythol. p. 115, &c. ; Müller, Dor. ii. 9. § 6;
an oracle, formed the plan of fetching the image of Schwenk, Etym. Mythol.
