No More Learning

1. SS 15-19; Diod. xv. 68, 69;
the ally of Heracles. (Apollod. ii. 7. § 6, Paus. ix. 15. ) Two years after this, B. C. 366, he
&c. ) According to others, Ceyx was a nephew of was involved with Callistratus in the accusation
Hleracles, who built for him the town of Trachis. of having caused the loss of Oropus to Athens
Müller (Dor. ii. ll. § 3, comp. i. 3. & 5) supposes (CaliisTRATUS, No. 3] (comp. Dem. c. Meid.
that the marriage of Ceyx and his connexion with p. 535); and Clinton suggests, that this may
Hemcles were subjects of ancient pocms. (L. S. ) have been the occasion on which he was deſend-
CHA'BRIAS (Xabpías), the Athenian general, ed by Plato, according to the anecdote in Dia
makes his first appearance in history as the suc- genes Laërtius (iii. 2+)-a suggestion which does
cessor of Iphicrates in the coinınand of the Athe- not preclude us from supposing, that it was also
nian force at Corinth in B. C. 393, according to the occasion referred to by Aristotle. (Rhet. iii. 10.
Diodorus (xiv. 92), who places it, however, at $ 7; see Clint. Fush. ii. p. 396, note w, and sub
least a year too soon, since it was in 392 that anno 395; comp. Dict. of Ant. s. v. ouvíropos. )
Iphicrates, yet in command, defeated the Spartan On the authority of Theopompus, we hear that
Niora. (See Xen. Hell. iv. 8. § 34; Schneid. ad Chabrias was ever but too glad to enter on any
Xen. Hell. iv. 5. § 19. ) In B. c. 388, on his way foreign service, not only because it gave him more
to Cyprus to aid Evagoras against the Persians, opportunity to gratify his luxurious propensities,
Chabrias landed in Aegina, and gained by an but also from the jealousy and annoyance to which
ambuscade a decisive victory over the Spartans, men of note and wealth were exposed at Athens.
who lost their commander Gorgopas in the en- Accordingly we find him, early in B. c. 361, taking
gagement. The consequence of his success was, the command of the naval force of Tachos, king of
that the Athenians were delivered for a time from Egypt, who was in rebellion against Persia. The
the annoyance to which they had been subjected king's army of mercenaries was entrusted to Age-
from Aegina by the Spartans and Aeginetans. silaus, who however deserted his cause for that of
(Xen. Hell. v. 1. $ 10, &c. ; comp. iv. 8. § 24 ; Nectanabis, while Chabrias remained faithful to
Polyaen. iii. 10; Dem. c. Lept. p. 479, ad fin. ) his first engagement. On the course and results of
In B. c. 378 he was joined with Timotheus and the war there is a strange discrepancy between
Callistratus in the command of the forces which Xenophon and Plutarch on the one side, and
were despatched to the aid of Thebes against Diodorus on the other. (Theopomp. ap. Athen. xii.
Agesilaus, and it was in the course of this cam- p. 532, b. ; Nep. Chabr. 3; Xen. A yes. ; Plut. Ayes.
paign that he adopted for the first time that 37; Diod. xv. 92, 93; Wesseling, ad loc. ) A bout
manauvre for which he became so celebrated, - B. C. 358 Chabrias was sent to succeed Athenodorus
ordering his men to await the attack with their as commander in Thrace ; but he arrived with only
spears pointed against the enemy and their shields one ship, and the consequence was that Charidemus
resting on one knee. The attitude was a formidable renounced the treaty he had made with Atheno-
one, and the Spartans did not venture to charge. dorus, and drove Chabrias to consent to another
A statue was afterwards erected at Athens to most unfavourable to the interests of Athens.
Chabrias in the posture above described. (Xen. (CHARIDEMUS. ) On the breaking out of the social
Hell. v. 4. § 34, &c. ; Diod. xv. 32, 33; Polyaen. war in 357, Chares was appointed to command the
ii. 1; Dem. c. Lept. l. c. ; Arist. Rhet. iii. 10. $ 7. ) Athenian army, and Chabrias was joined with him
It was perhaps in the next year that he accepted as admiral of the fleet; though, according to C.
the offer of Acoris, king of Egypt, to act as Nepos, the latter accompanied the expedition merely
general of the mercenaries in his service against in a private capacity. At the siege of Chios, which
the Persians : the Athenians, however, recalled was the first operation of the war, he advanced
him on the remonstrance of Pharnabazus. (Diod. with gallant rashness into the harbour, before the
xv. 29. ) But other distinction awaited him, of a rest of the fleet, and, when his ship was disabled,
less equivocal nature, and in the service of his own he refused to save his life by abandoning it, and
country. The Lacedaemonians had sent out Pollis fell fighting. (Diod. xvi. 7; Nep. Chalır. 4 ; Dem.
with a fleet of 60 ships to cut off from Athens her c. Lept. p. 481. ) Plutarch tells us, that Chabrias
supplies of corn. Chabrias, being appointed to act was slow in devising and somewhat rash in exe-
against him with more than 80 triremes, proceeded cuting, and that both defects were often in some
to besiege Naxos, and, the Lacedaemonians coming measure corrected and supplied by his young friend
up to relieve it, a battle ensued (Sept. 9, B. C Phocion. Yet his death seems to have been a real
376), in which the Athenians gained a decisive loss to Athens. His private qualities, notwith-
and important victory; -- the first they had won standing the tendency io profligate self-indulgence
with their own ships since the Peloponnesian war. which has been mentioned above on the authority
According to Diodorus, the whole of the Lacedae- of Theopompus, were at least such as to attract
monian fleet might have been easily destroyed, and perinanently retain the friendship of Phocion.
had not Chabrias been warned by the recollection His public services were rewarded with the privi-
of Arginusae to look before everything to the sar- lege of exemption from liturgies; and the continu-
ing of his own men from the wrecks. (Xen. Hell. ation of the privilege to his son Ctesippus, from
v. 4. &S 60, 61; Diod. xv. 34, 35; Polyaen. iii. I whom the la iv of Leptines would bave taken it,


## p. 677 (#697) ############################################

CHAEREAS.
677
CHAEREMON.
was successfully advocated by Demosthenes in B. C. CHIAE'REAS, artists. 1. A statuary in
355. (Plut. Phoc. 6, 7; Dem. c. Lept. pp. 479- bronze, who made statues of Alexander the Great
483. ) Pausanias (i. 29) speaks of the tomb of and his father Philip. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8.
Chabrias as lying between those of Pericles and 8. 19. & 14. )
Phormion on the way from the city to the Aca- 2. A goldsmith. Χαιρέας ο χρυσοτέκτων και κατά
demy.
(E. E. ] várou moriaos. (Lucian, Leriph. xxxiv. 9. ) (L. S. )
CHAE'REA, C. CA'SSIUS, the slayer of the
CHAE'REAS, C. FANNIUS, seems from his
emperor Caliguln, was tribune of the praetorian name to have been of Greek extraction, and was
cohort. He is said to have been incited to con- perhaps a freedman of some C. Fannius.
He had
spire against the emperor partly by his noble a slave whom he entrusted to Roscius the actor for
spirit and love of liberty, partly by his disgust at instruction in his art, and it was agreed that any
the cruelties which he was employed to execute, profits the man might acquire should be shared
partly by his suspicion that the confidence and between them. The slave was murdered by one
favour of Caligula was the forerunner of his des- Q. Flavius, against whom accordingly an action
truction, and most of all by the insults of the em- was brought by Chaereas and Roscius for damages.
peror, who used himself to ridicule him as if he Roscius obtained a farm for himself from the de-
were an effeminate person, and to hold him up to fendant by way of composition, and was sued by
ridicule to his fellow-soldiers, by giving through Chaereas, who insisted that he had received it for
him such watch words as Venus and Priapus. Hav- both the plaintiffs. The matter was at first referred
ing formed a conspiracy with Cornelius Sabinus to arbitration, but further disputes arose, and the
and other noble Romans, he fixed on the Palatine transaction ultimately gave occasion to the action
games in honour of Augustus for the time of ac- of Chaereas against Roscius, in which the latter
tion. On the fourth day of the games, as the em- was defended by Cicero in a speech (pro Q. Roscio)
peror was going from the theatre to his palace, the partially extant. We must form but a low opinion
conspirators attacked him in a narrow passage, and of the respectability of Chaereas if we trust the
killed him with many wounds, Chaerea striking testimony of Cicero, who certainly indulges himself
the first blow. (Jan. 24, A. D. 11. ) In the confu- in the full license of an advocate, and spares neither
sion which ensued, some of the conspirators were the character nor the personal appearance of the
killed by the German guards of Caligula ; but plaintiff. (See especially c. 7. ) [E. E. ]
others, among whom was Chaerea, escaped into the CHAERE'CRATES (Xaupexpérns), a disciple
palace. Chaerea next sent and put to death Cali- of Socrates, is honourably recorded (Xen. Mem. i.
gula's wife Caesonia and her daughter. He warmly 2. § 48) as one of those who attended his instruc
supported the scheme, which the senators at first tions with the sincere desire of deriving moral ad-
adopted, of restoring the republic, and received vantage from them, and who did not disgrace by
from the consuls the watch word for the night, their practice the lessons they had received. An
Liberty. But the next day Claudius was made inveterate quarrel between himself and his elder
emperor by the soldiers, and his first act was to brother Chaerephon serves in Xenophon as the oc-
put Chaerea and the other conspirators to death. casion of a good lecture on the subject of brotherly
Chaerea met his fate with the greatest fortitude, love from Socrates, who appears to have succeeded
the executioner using, at Chaerea's own desire, the in reconciling them. (Xen. Mem. ii. 3. ) (E. E. ]
sword with which he had wounded Caligula. A CHAERÈMON (Xaiphuwv). l. An Athenian
few days afterwards, many of the people made of tragic poet of considerable eminence. We have no
ferings to his manes. (Josephus, Ant. Jud. xix. precise information about the time at which he
1-4; Sueton. Calig. 56-58, Claud. 11; Dion Cass. lived, but he must certainly be placed later than
lix. 29 ; Zonaras, xi. 7; Seneca, de Const. 18; Aristophanes, since, though his style was remark-
Aurel. Vict. Caes. 3. )
[P. S. ] ably calculated to expose him to the ridicule of a
CHAE'REAS (Xaspéas). 1. An Athenian, son comoedian, he is nowhere mentioned by that poet,
of Archestratus, was sent by the people of Samos not even in the Frogs. On the other hand, he was
and the Athenian armament there stationed (who attacked by the comic poets, Eubulus (Athen. ii.
were ignorant of the overthrow of the democracy at p. 43, c. ) and Ephippus, of whom the latter, at
Athens by the Four Hundred) to report the defeat least, seems to speak of him as of a contemporary.
of a late attempt at an oligarchical revolution in (Athen. xi. p. 482, b. ) Aristotle frequently men-
the island, B. c. 411. The crew of the ship were tions him in a manner which, in the opinion of
arrested, on their arrival at Athens, by the new some critics, implies that Chaeremon was alive.
government; but Chaereas himself escaping, re- (Rhet. ii. 23, 24, iii. 12; Problem. iii. 16; Poet. i.
turned to Samos, and, by bis exaggerated accounts 9, xxiv. 6. ) The writers also who call him a comic
of the tyranny of the oligarchs, led to the strong poet (see below) assign him to the middle comedy
measures which ensued in favour of democracy For these and other reasons, the time when Chae-
under Thrasybulus and Thrasyllus. (Thuc. viii. remon flourished may be fixed about B. C. 380.
74, 86. )
Nothing is known of his life. It may be assumed
2. A historian, so miscalled, of whom Polybius, that he lived at Athens, and the fragments of his
speaking of his account of the proceedings at Rome poetry which remain afford abundant proofs, that
when the news arrived of the capture of Saguntum he was trained in the loose morality which marked
in B. C. 219, says that his writings contained, not Athenian society at that period, and that his taste
history, but gossip fit for barbers' shops, Koupeanñs was formed after the model of that debased and
kal tavohuov radiâs. (Polyb. iii. 20. ) We find | florid poetry which Euripides first introduced by
no record either of the place of his birth or of the his innovations on the drama of Aeschylus and
exact period at which he flourished. A writer of Sophocles, and which was carried to its height by
this name is mentioned by Athenaeus also (i. p. the dithyrambic poets of the age. Accordingly,
32, d. ), but whether he is the same person as the the fragments and even some of the titles of Chae
preceding cannot be determined. [E. E. ) remon's plays shew, that he seldom aimed at the


## p. 678 (#698) ############################################

678
CHAEREMON.
CHAEREPHON.
heroic and moral grandeur of the old tragedy. He of Dionysius of Alexandria, who succreded him,
excelled in description, not merely of objects and and who flourished from the time of Nero to that
scenes properly belonging to his subject, but de of Trajan. (Suid. s. r. Alovúolos ’Ane{avdpeus. )
scription introduced solely to afford pleasure, and This fixes his date to the first half of the first cen-
that generally of a sensual kind. He especially tury after Christ; and this is confirmed by the
luxuriates in the description of flowers and of fe mention of him in connexion with Cornutus.
male beauty. His descriptions belong to the class (Suid. s. v. 'Spıyevns ; Euseb. Ilist. Ecc. vi. 19. )
which Aristotle characterizes as apyd mépn and as He accompanied Aelius Gallus in his expedition
μήτε ηθικά μήτε διανοητικά. The approach to up Egypt (GALLUS), and made great professions
comedy, by the introduction of scenes from common of his astronomical knowledge, but incurred much
life, and that even in a burlesque manner, of which ridicule on account of his ignorance (Strab. xvii.
we have a striking example in the Alcestis of Eu- p. 806): but the suspicion of Fabricius, that this
ripides, seems to have been carried still further by account refers to a different person, is perhaps not
Chaeremon; and it is probably for this reason that altogether groundless. (Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 546. )
he is mentioned as a comic poet by Suidas, Eudocia, He was afterwards called to Rome, and became
and the Scholiast on Arist. Rhet. iii. p. 69, b. (For the preceptor of Nero, in conjunction with Alex-
a further discussion of this point, see Meineke and ander of Aegac. (Suid. s. v. 'An étavāpos Aiyaios. )
Bartsch, as quoted below. ) The question has been 1. His chief work was a history of Egypt,
raised, whether Chaeremon's tragedies were in- which embraced both its sacred and profane his-
tended for the stage. They certainly appear to tory. An interesting fragment respecting the
have been far more descriptive and lyric than dra- Egyptian priests is preserved by Porphyry (de
matic; and Aristotle mentions Chaeremon among Abstinent. iv. 6) and Jerome (c. Jorinianum, ii. ).
the poets whom he calls avayvwotiko. (Rhet. iii
. He also wrote, 2. On Hieroglyphics (iepoga upine,
12. $ 2. ) But there appears to be no reason for Suid. s. v. 'lepoyAupina and Xaspriuar). 3. On
believing that at this period dramas were written Comets (Tepl wountwv, Origen. c. Cels. i. 59: per-
without the intention of bringing them on the stage, haps in Seneca, Quaest. Nat. vii. 5, we should
though it often happened, in fact, that they were read Chaeremon for Charimander ; but this is not
not represented; nor does the passage of Aristotle certain, for Charimander is mentioned by Pappus,
refer to anything more than the comparative fitness lib. vii. p. 247). 4. A grammatical work, repi
of some dramas for acting and of others for reading. oudéouwv, which is quoted by Apollonius. (Bek-
It is by no means improbable that the plays of ker, Anecdot. Graec. ii
. 28, p. 515. 15. )
Chaeremon were never actually represented. There As an historian, Chaeremon is charged by Jo-
is no mention of his name in the 1800kalla. . The sephus with wilful falsehood (c. Apion. cc. 32, 33).
following are the plays of Chaeremon of which This charge seems to be not unfounded, for, be-
fragments are preserved : 'Anpecíbora, 'AXIMdeus sides the proofs of it alleged by Josephus, we are
EPOITOKTÓvos or Depoitos (a title which seems to informed by Tzetzes (Chil. v. 6), tbai Chaeremon
imply a satyric drama, if not one approaching still stated that the phoenix lived 7000 years !
nearer to a comedy), Διόνυσος, Θυέστης, Ιώ, Of his philosophical views we only know that
Μινύαι, Οδυσσεύς Τραυματίας, Οινεύς, and Κέν- he was a Stoic, and that he was the leader of that
ταυρος.
It is very doubtful whether the last was party which explained the Egyptian religious sys-
a tragedy at all, and indeed what sort of poem ittem as a mere allegory of the worship of nature,
was. Aristotle (Poet. i. 12, or 9, ed. Ritter) calls it as displayed in the visible world (opwuevoi koo UOL)
μικτής ραψωδίαν εξ απάντων των μέτρων (comp. in opposition to the views of IAMBLICHUs. His
xxiv.