The message released in Chinese World 23
September
1954 was ''Kung is to China as water to fishes.
Ezra-Pounds-Chinese-Friends-Stories-in-Letters
.
il .
.
.
eh .
.
.
il est dedan.
''
And one also uses the word ''towards'' for ''something towards'' with indication of going well.
The simplest general term for YU ? umlaut is ''to, or toward,'' that is to say it starts from the sense of the two arms of the Y converging, in a visible number of cases.
One wd/ suppose that various primitive words have melted together, but I suspect the necessary starts are fewer than one wd/ at first suppose. The wings of the rain are in upper tone. The fish is in, and I suppose the primitive fisherman found it enough to point to the water.
The 78 YU ? umlaut need Karlgrens researches into archaic sound, that is to say, some of them do, others do not. Incidentally the idea of Cornelia's jewels seems to have preceded her.
Three YUAN mean: eyes without luster; a plant whose boiled flowers stupify fish when thrown in the water, and (3) the drake of the mandarin duck. The plant ideogram is grass over YU ? AN (No. 1) umlaut.
The moon and curl appearing as upper element of YUAN 1 and #3 occur in five cases of WAN under a cover, these rads/combined can have nothing to do with AN as the combination does not occur in any case of chan, tan, suan, san, pan, nan, luan, kuan, juan, kan, jan. An can be left till we analyze WAN, with small prospect of solving its implication. It does not occur by itself, but only in composition.
YU ? AN, umlaut, 28 cases
I don't know that these will convince the tough minded of the sense of AN suffix implying calm, calm of the yon, the far, the circumference of the heavens, the great sea turtle with cosmic associations.
YUAN in a number of cases has clearly to do with circling, enclosing, it means first, in a sign given alternate sound of WAN, it means the squirming of snakes, all of which may draw the mind to the original figuration of the encircling heaven, AN, the calm circumference. The antipathetic yu ? an might be discussed in an appendix one doesn't want to lose the main idea in too much minor detail.
YUEH, the moon, producing in graph with metal and lance YUEH No. 4 a large ax or halberd, obviously shaped like a fullish crescent, with moon
YUEH No. 1 I suppose the action of such an ax, meaning specificly to cut off the feet. Yueh 3, the name of a couple of provinces.
The YING and the MING
YING is definitely given as the ''sound of many birds. '' MING is the voice of one bird. It seems unlikely that single consonant shd/ have the general homogeneity, or say the degree of homogeneity found in Y, the sound whence both vowels and consonants branch off. And indeed the first trials of M words seem interesting, from their divergence, but discouraging. Let us see if we can sort of a few M root. Ming is bright, the sun and moon, the total light process; MEI and MENG are in certain cases dark, from definite black ink to young ignorance. MA presents several probably fortuitous to common european words, the italian ma (but) ma and old lady MA means horse, and nothing phoneticly to do with a male horse, but the sound is indubitably initial in mare.
228 appendix: ''preliminary survey''(1951)
MEI is perhaps the simplest chinese M, starting with black ink, and indicated by graph in derivative, as the black eyebrow, the connotations of female eyebrow, the door's eyebrow, the streams eyebrow (all useful for budding poets), the tree branches over the eye. And where MENG has the sense of youth or stupid, the graph indicates the young animal (rad/ pig, that can enter compound cat) say kitten with grass over it, that is before its eyes are open.
Perhaps the most elusive M connotation corresponds to the latin mag- and maj-
GLOSSARY
Adams, Brooks (1848-1927). Great-grandson of John Adams and brother of Henry Adams. He was the author of The Law of Civilization and Decay (1895) and The New Empire (1902). EP praises his ''cyclic vision of the West'' in Carta da Visita (1942) and draws on his Law of Civilization and Decay in Canto 100.
Agassiz, Louis (1807-73). Swiss-American geologist and naturalist. He was the author of Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (1833-43) and a contributor to the Natural History of the United States (1857-62). He is listed in ABC of Reading (1934) and Cantos 89, 93, 94, 100, 103, 107, and 113.
Ariga Nagao (1860-1921). Japanese scholar of international law. He served as an interpreter for Ernest Fenollosa during Mori's lectures on Chinese poetry. EP acknow- ledges that Cathay (1915) is ''For the most part. . . from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of professors Mori and Ariga'' (Personae, 130).
Benton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858). US senator (1821-51). He is listed in Cantos 88 and 89. A part of his Thirty Years' View, 1820-1850 (1854-6)--''Bank of the United States''-- appeared in the Square Dollar series.
Blackstone, William (1723-80). British jurist. In Guide to Kulchur (1938) EP lists his Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-9) as one of the essential books ''dealing with history and philosophy of law'' (352).
Bo(Bai) Juyi ? ? ? (772-846). Tang government official and poet. Fenollosa's ''Hirai and Shida'' notebook (Beinecke) records one of his masterpieces (Pipaxing or ''The Lute Ballad''), which EP marked ''Po Chu ? 'i, 9th century, 772-846. '' For Bo Juyi's career and poetry in translation, see Burton Watson's Po Chu ? -i: Selected Poems (2000).
Bynner, Witter (1881-1968). American poet and translator. He first met EP in 1910. In 1917 and 1921-2 he toured China. Among his translations from the Chinese are The Jade Mountain: A Chinese Anthology: Being Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty 618-906 (with Kiang Kang-hu, 1929) and The Way of Life According to Laotzu (1944).
Cairns, Huntington (1904-85). American scholar. His books include Leibniz's Theory of Law (1947) and The Limits of Art (1948). As general counsel for National Gallery of Art (1946-65), he also served on the Harvard Dumbarton Oaks administrative committee (1951-4). His correspondence with EP (1948-60) is housed at Beinecke and Lilly.
Chiang Kai-shek ? ? ? (1887-1975). President of the Nationalist Chinese govern- ment (1928-49). He assumed command on outbreak of war against Japan in 1937. EP was critical of Chiang's reliance on foreign loans, a policy, as he saw it, based not on Confucianism.
Confucius or K'ung Fu-tzu (Kong Fuzi) ? ? ? (551-479 bc). Chinese philosopher. Unsuccessful in his political career, he spent his late years editing classics and teaching disciples from all parts of China. Confucian thought appealed to EP as humanist discourse. He translated into English the first three of the Confucian Four Books: Da xue as Ta Hio (1928) and The Great Digest (1947); Zhong yong as The Unwobbling Pivot (1947);
230 glossary
and Lun yu as Confucian Analects (1951). Confucianism plays an important role in The Cantos. EP's Confucianism is treated in Mary Paterson Cheadle's Ezra Pound's Confucian Translations (1997) and Feng Lan's Ezra Pound and Confucianism (2005).
Cummings, Edward Estlin (1894-1962). American poet and prose writer. He and EP first met in 1921. Excerpts from Eimi by Cummings (1933) are included in EP's Active Anthology (1933) and poems by Cummings are presented in EP's and Marcell Spann's Confucius to Cummings (1964). The Pound/Cummings relation is detailed in Barry Ahearn's Pound/Cummings: The Correspondence of Ezra Pound and E. E. Cummings (1996).
De Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac (1669-1748). French Jesuit. EP depended mainly on his multivolume Histoire ge ? ne ? rale de la Chine (1777-85), a translation of a Qing (Manchu) expansion of the Chinese history compiled by Zhu Xi (see below), to make Cantos 52-61.
De Rachewiltz, Boris (1926-97). Italian archeologist and Egyptologist. In 1946 he married EP's daughter Mary Rudge (b. 1925). His Papiro Magico Vaticano (1954) and Massime degli antichi Egiziani (1954) play a role in Cantos 91 and 93.
De Rachewiltz, Igor (b. 1929). Brother of Boris de Rachewiltz. He studied Chinese, Mongolian, and Asian history at the University of Rome (1948-51) and the Instituto Universitario Orientale, Naples (1952-5). He worked at the Australian National Univer- sity at Caberra until retirement in 1994.
Del Mar, Alexander (1836-1926). American historian. He headed the US Bureau of Statistics from 1866 to 1869. Parts of his A History of Monetary Crimes (1899) and other works appeared in the Square Dollar series.
Du Fu (712-70). Tang poet. He and Li Bo (701-62) are often considered the two greatest poets in China's literary history. The Du Fu/Li Bo relation is treated in Sam Hamill's Endless River: Li Po and Tu Fu: A Friendship in Poetry (1993). For Du Fu's work in translation, see Burton Watson's Selected Poems of Du Fu (2002).
Fenollosa, Ernest (1853-1908). American orientalist. After a twelve-year sojourn in Japan he became the curator of oriental art in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1890-7). His Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art was published posthumously in London in 1912. In 1913 his widow Mary Fenollosa entrusted to EP his notes and manuscripts, which yielded Cathay (1915), ''Noh'' or Accomplishment (1917), and ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry'' (1919).
Frobenius, Leo (1873-1938). German anthropologist and archeologist. He led twelve expeditions to Africa between 1904 and 1935. His works include Unter den unstra ? flichen Athiopen (1913) and Erlebte Erdteile (Parts of the Earth Experienced), 7 vols. (1925-9). He and EP met in 1927. He is listed in Cantos 38, 74, 87, and 89.
Guan Zhong ? ? or Guanzi ? ? (c. 725-645 bc). Ancient Chinese statesman and economist. He served as prime minister to Duke Huan of Qi. His teachings are recorded in the work Guanzi. For its first thirty-three essays in translation, see Allyn Rickett's Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China; A Study and Trans- lation (2001).
Hawley, Willis Meeker (1896-1987). Hollywood book-seller and sinologist. He sup- plied the Stone-Classics texts of The Great Digest & The Unwobbling Pivot (1951). He also
glossary 2 3 1 provided EP characters for Rock-Drill (1955) and Thrones (1959). The EP/Hawley relation
is treated in Mary Paterson Cheadle's Ezra Pound's Confucian Translations (1997).
Horton, T. David (b. 1927). American poet and publisher. A graduate from the Catholic University of America, he was a regular visitor to EP at St Elizabeths. At EP's instigation he and John Kasper co-founded the Square Dollar series of inexpensive paperbacks.
Hu Shi ? ? (1891-1962). Chinese poet and scholar. Educated at Cornell and Columbia, he championed the modern Chinese literary language based on vernacular. His works include Outline of Chinese Philosophy (1919) and Chinese Renaissance (1934). He was ambassador to the US from 1938 to 1942.
Karlgren, Bernhard (1889-1978). Swedish sinologist. His works include Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese (1923), Glosses on the Book of Odes (1946, 1964), and Grammata Serica (1957) of which EP owned copies of the first two.
Kasper, John (b. 1929). American publisher. A graduate from Columbia he began visiting and corresponding with EP in 1950. At EP's instigation he and David Horton brought out the Square Dollar series. He later became a Nazi sympathizer and a segregationist.
Kimball, Dudley. American printer. He founded the Blue Ridge Mountain Press in Boonton, New Jersey. From 1949 to 1951 he worked on EP's Confucian Odes manuscript with an English translation, a Chinese sound key, and a seal text.
King Wen ? ? (11th century bc). Father to China's third dynasty Zhou. After capture and imprisonment, he continued to fight the Shang, a dynasty eventually overthrown in the hands of his son King Wu. As one of Confucius' ideal model rulers, he is listed in Canto 53.
Kwock, C. H. ? ? ? (b. 1920). Honolulu-born journalist. As editor of Chinese World (San Francisco) he requested a message from EP to be printed on Confucius' birthday.
The message released in Chinese World 23 September 1954 was ''Kung is to China as water to fishes. '' In 1980 he co-founded with painter Walter Leong and poet Gary Gach the Li Po Society of America. He is co-translator with Vincent McHugh of Old Friend from Far Away (1980) and translator of Tiger Rider and Other Chinese Epigrams (1986).
Laozi ? ? (6th century bc). Ancient Chinese philosopher. The Taoist classic Daode jing is attributed to him. He is listed in Canto 54. See Stephen Mitchell's Tao Te Ching (1988).
Laughlin, James (1914-99). American poet and publisher. In 1936, at EP's instigation, he founded the publishing company New Directions. For six decades he was EP's chief American publisher. The EP/Laughlin relation is chronicled in David Gordon's Ezra Pound and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1994).
Lewis, Percy Wyndham (1884-1957). English painter and writer. He and EP first met in London in 1909. Together they launched the Vorticist movement in 1914. Lewis is listed in Canto 80/526. The EP/Lewis relation is detailed in Timothy Materer's Pound/Lewis: The Correspondence of Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis (1985).
Li Bo (Bai) ? ? (701-62). Tang poet. He is often considered one of the two greatest Chinese poets along with Du Fu (712-70). Eleven of his poems are presented in EP's Cathay (1915). For his work in translation, see David Hinton's Selected Poems of Li Po (1998). For a discussion of Li Bo and Du Fu, see Sam Hamill's Endless River: Li Po and Tu Fu: A Friendship in Poetry (1993).
232 glossary
MacLeish, Archibald (1892-1982). American poet and dramatist. He first met EP in Paris about 1923. In 1944-5, he was US assistant secretary of state, and in 1949 he became a Harvard professor. He lobbied for EP's release from St Elizabeths Hospital.
McNaughton, William (b. 1933). American scholar. In 1953 he transferred from the University of Missouri to Georgetown to be close to EP with whom he studied Confucianism and edited Strike (1955-6). After taking a Ph. D. at Yale (1965), he helped found Chinese programs at Oberlin, Denison, and Wabash, and the program in trans- lation and interpretation at the City University of Hong Kong, where he taught from 1986 to 1998.
Mencius ? ? (c. 372-289bc). The greatest Confucian thinker after Confucius himself. His teachings are preserved in Mencius, the last of the Confucian Four Books. EP discusses Mencius in ''Mang Tsze'' (SP, 81-97). His abridged translation of Mencius 2, ''Mencius, or the Economist,'' appeared in New Iconograph (New York) in 1947.
Mori Kainan (1863-1911). Japanese scholar of Chinese literature. He gave Ernest Fenollosa private lessons of Chinese poetry in 1899-1901. EP calls his Cathay ''Transla- tions . . . from the notes of the late Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the professors Mori and Ariga'' (Personae, 130).
Qu Yuan ? ? (c. 340-c. 278 bc). Ancient Chinese poet. As minister to King Huai of Chu he was banished to the far south. His works include Li Sao, Nine Songs, and Nine Pieces. EP's ''After Ch'u Yuan'' (1914) is a variant on no. 9 of Nine Songs. For Qu Yuan's career and poetry in translation, see David Hawkes' The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets (1985).
Rock, Joseph F. (1884-1962). American botanist and anthropologist. He lived with the Naxi people in southwest China for twenty-seven years. His works, ''The Romance of 2K'a-2ma ? -1gyu-3mi-2gkyi'' (1939) and ''The 2Muan 1Bpo ? Ceremony'' (1948), play a role in EP's late cantos. The EP/Rock relation is treated in Emily Mitchell Wallace's '' 'Why Not Spirits? '--'The Universe Is Alive': Ezra Pound, Joseph Rock, the Na Khi, and Plotinus'' (Ezra Pound and China, ed. Zhaoming Qian, 2003).
Santayana, George (1863-1952). Spanish-American philosopher, poet, and Harvard professor. After retirement in 1912 he moved to Italy. He and EP met in Rome and Venice in 1939. He is listed in Cantos 80, 81, 95, and 100.
Scheiwiller, Vanni (1934-99). EP's Italian publisher. His father Giovanni Scheiwiller (1889-1965) issued EP's Confucius: Digest of the Analects (1937). He published the first Italian editions of Rock-Drill (1955) and Thrones (1959).
Shun ? (c. 23rd century bc). Legendary Chinese ruler after Yao and one of Confucius' ideal model kings. He is alluded to in Cantos 53, 56, 58, 74, and 106.
Sima Qian ? ? ? (c. 145-86 bc). Grand Historiographer under the Emperor Wu of Han (EP's Liu Ch'e; r. 140-87 bc). His Historical Records chronicles the Chinese history from ancient times to his own day. For Sima Qian's Chinese history in translation, see Raymond Dawson's Historical Records (1994).
Spann, Marcella (Booth) (b. 1933). American scholar. She traveled with EP and DP from Washington to Italy in 1958. In Italy she and EP co-edited Confucius to Cummings: An Anthology of Poetry (1965).
glossary 2 3 3
Stock, Noel (b. 1929). Australian journalist, poet, and university teacher in the US (University of Toledo). He founded the Poundian magazine Edge (Melbourne, 1956-8) and authored The Life of Ezra Pound (1970).
Sun, Veronica Huilan ? ? ? (b. 1927). Immigrating from China, Sun worked on an MA in English at the Catholic University of America from the fall of 1950 until the fall of 1952. In 1955 she joined the Ford Foundation in New York. Her letters to EP (1953-7, Beinecke) document when she visited St Elizabeths Hospital, left for New York, and got married.
Swabey, Reverend Henry (1916-96). Anglican vicar in England and Canada. He corresponded with EP at intervals from 1935. His translation of Thaddeus Zielinski's ''The Sibyl'' appeared in Edge, 2 (1956).
Tao Qian ? ? or Tao Yuanming ? ? ? (365-427). Chinese poet. EP presents his poem ''The Hovering Cloud'' in Cathay and alludes to his prose piece ''The Peach Blossom Fountain'' in Canto 84/558: ''T'ao Ch'ien heard the old Dynasty's music j as it might be at the Peach-blossom Fountain. '' For Tao Qian's career and work in transla- tion, see A. R. David's Tao Yuan-Ming, AD 365-427 (1983).
Tucci, Giuseppe (1894-1984). Italian orientalist. In 1933 he helped found the Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East (IsMEO). He was the author of Indo-Tibetica I (1932) and other books.
Wang Shouren ? ? ? or Wang Yangming ? ? ? (1472-1529). The most important neo-Confucian philosopher after Zhu Xi (1130-1200). For a discussion of his neo-Confucianism, see Tu Wei-ming's Neo Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming's Youth (1976).
Wang Wei ? ? (699-759). Tang government official, poet, painter, and musician. EP's ''Epigraph to 'Four poems of Departure' '' in Cathay (1915) is a variant on a short lyric by him. For Wang Wei's career and work in translation, see Pauline Yu's The Poetry of Wang Wei (1980). For the EP/Wang Wei relation, see Zhaoming Qian's Orientalism and Modernism (1995).
Wilson, Thomas James (1902-69). American publisher. Educated at University of North Carolina and Oxford, he served as the director of Harvard University Press from 1947 to 1967.
Xu Shen ? ? (c. 58-147). Ancient Chinese lexicographer. His Shuowen Jiezi Dictionary (Explication of Graphs and Analysis of Characters, ad 100-21) lists 9,353 characters under 540 radicals. It started the tradition of etymological analysis.
Yao ? (c. 23rd century bc). Legendary Chinese ruler and one of Confucius' ideal model kings. He is honored in Cantos 53, 56, 58, 74, and 106.
Zhu Xi ? ? (1130-1200). Song neo-Confucian philosopher. He prepared the Confucian Four Books. His Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror yielded De Mailla's Histoire g ? ene ? rale de la Chine, the main source of Cantos 52-61. He is listed in Cantos 80 and 99.
Zhuangzi ? ? (c. 369-286 bc). Ancient Chinese philosopher. His teachings are preserved in Zhuangzi. EP's ''Ancient Wisdom, Rather Cosmic'' (1916) is a variant on Li Bo's recreation of Zhuangzi, 2. 13. For Zhuangzi in translation, see Burton Watson's Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings (1996).
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INDEX
Items appearing as illustrations and notes are indexed in bold: e. g. 86 i, 168 n. An asterisk following a surname indicates an entry in the Glossary.
Abyssinia 30, 31
Adams*, Brooks 52, 119, 191 Adams, John (US president) 56, 155 Aeschylus 120
Agassiz*, Louis 52, 77, 87, 119, 129 Agenda (London) 161 anti-Semitism 18, 173, 181, 195 Ariga* Nagao xix, 17
Aristotle 78, 84, 218
Atatu ? rk, Mustafa Kemal 177
Atti, Isotta degli 129
Auden, W. H. 192
Avicenna, see Ibn S ? ? na ?
Babbitt, Irving 81 Baller, F. W. 81
Sacred Edict (Kangxi) 46, 172-3, 183-4, 191 Banca St Giorgio 30, 31
Baudelaire, Charles 52
BBC 142, 159
Beijing (Peking) University xxi, 1, 41, 96 Belden, Jack: China Shakes the World 51, 52, 55,
59, 60
Benton*, Thomas Hart 144
Blackstone*, William 85, 119
Blake, William 186
Bo (Bai)* Juyi (Po Chu-yi) 186, 192
Boccaccio, Giovanni 52
Book of Changes, see Yi jing
Book of History, see Shu jing
Book of Odes, see Shi jing
Book of Rites, see Li ji
Book on Filial Piety, see Xiao jing
Brancusi, Constantin 142
Bridson, D. G. 159
Brooks, Cleanth 136
Brooks, Van Wyck: America's Coming-of-Age 80 Browning, Robert 168
''Sordello'' 52
Buddhism ('Foe') xviii, 53, 75 Bunting, Basil 59
Bynner*, Witter 167 Byzantium 177, 188
Cafe ? Dante 129
Cairns*, Huntington 126, 128, 129, 130
Calvin, John 116
Cambridge University 134
Carter, Thomas 167
Catholic University of America (Washington,
DC) 192, 196-8 Catullus 186
Cavalcanti, Guido 78, 140
Cecil (Gascoyne-Cecil), Edgar Algernon
Robert 33, 34, 35
Ce ?
And one also uses the word ''towards'' for ''something towards'' with indication of going well.
The simplest general term for YU ? umlaut is ''to, or toward,'' that is to say it starts from the sense of the two arms of the Y converging, in a visible number of cases.
One wd/ suppose that various primitive words have melted together, but I suspect the necessary starts are fewer than one wd/ at first suppose. The wings of the rain are in upper tone. The fish is in, and I suppose the primitive fisherman found it enough to point to the water.
The 78 YU ? umlaut need Karlgrens researches into archaic sound, that is to say, some of them do, others do not. Incidentally the idea of Cornelia's jewels seems to have preceded her.
Three YUAN mean: eyes without luster; a plant whose boiled flowers stupify fish when thrown in the water, and (3) the drake of the mandarin duck. The plant ideogram is grass over YU ? AN (No. 1) umlaut.
The moon and curl appearing as upper element of YUAN 1 and #3 occur in five cases of WAN under a cover, these rads/combined can have nothing to do with AN as the combination does not occur in any case of chan, tan, suan, san, pan, nan, luan, kuan, juan, kan, jan. An can be left till we analyze WAN, with small prospect of solving its implication. It does not occur by itself, but only in composition.
YU ? AN, umlaut, 28 cases
I don't know that these will convince the tough minded of the sense of AN suffix implying calm, calm of the yon, the far, the circumference of the heavens, the great sea turtle with cosmic associations.
YUAN in a number of cases has clearly to do with circling, enclosing, it means first, in a sign given alternate sound of WAN, it means the squirming of snakes, all of which may draw the mind to the original figuration of the encircling heaven, AN, the calm circumference. The antipathetic yu ? an might be discussed in an appendix one doesn't want to lose the main idea in too much minor detail.
YUEH, the moon, producing in graph with metal and lance YUEH No. 4 a large ax or halberd, obviously shaped like a fullish crescent, with moon
YUEH No. 1 I suppose the action of such an ax, meaning specificly to cut off the feet. Yueh 3, the name of a couple of provinces.
The YING and the MING
YING is definitely given as the ''sound of many birds. '' MING is the voice of one bird. It seems unlikely that single consonant shd/ have the general homogeneity, or say the degree of homogeneity found in Y, the sound whence both vowels and consonants branch off. And indeed the first trials of M words seem interesting, from their divergence, but discouraging. Let us see if we can sort of a few M root. Ming is bright, the sun and moon, the total light process; MEI and MENG are in certain cases dark, from definite black ink to young ignorance. MA presents several probably fortuitous to common european words, the italian ma (but) ma and old lady MA means horse, and nothing phoneticly to do with a male horse, but the sound is indubitably initial in mare.
228 appendix: ''preliminary survey''(1951)
MEI is perhaps the simplest chinese M, starting with black ink, and indicated by graph in derivative, as the black eyebrow, the connotations of female eyebrow, the door's eyebrow, the streams eyebrow (all useful for budding poets), the tree branches over the eye. And where MENG has the sense of youth or stupid, the graph indicates the young animal (rad/ pig, that can enter compound cat) say kitten with grass over it, that is before its eyes are open.
Perhaps the most elusive M connotation corresponds to the latin mag- and maj-
GLOSSARY
Adams, Brooks (1848-1927). Great-grandson of John Adams and brother of Henry Adams. He was the author of The Law of Civilization and Decay (1895) and The New Empire (1902). EP praises his ''cyclic vision of the West'' in Carta da Visita (1942) and draws on his Law of Civilization and Decay in Canto 100.
Agassiz, Louis (1807-73). Swiss-American geologist and naturalist. He was the author of Recherches sur les poissons fossiles (1833-43) and a contributor to the Natural History of the United States (1857-62). He is listed in ABC of Reading (1934) and Cantos 89, 93, 94, 100, 103, 107, and 113.
Ariga Nagao (1860-1921). Japanese scholar of international law. He served as an interpreter for Ernest Fenollosa during Mori's lectures on Chinese poetry. EP acknow- ledges that Cathay (1915) is ''For the most part. . . from the notes of the late Ernest Fenollosa, and the decipherings of professors Mori and Ariga'' (Personae, 130).
Benton, Thomas Hart (1782-1858). US senator (1821-51). He is listed in Cantos 88 and 89. A part of his Thirty Years' View, 1820-1850 (1854-6)--''Bank of the United States''-- appeared in the Square Dollar series.
Blackstone, William (1723-80). British jurist. In Guide to Kulchur (1938) EP lists his Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-9) as one of the essential books ''dealing with history and philosophy of law'' (352).
Bo(Bai) Juyi ? ? ? (772-846). Tang government official and poet. Fenollosa's ''Hirai and Shida'' notebook (Beinecke) records one of his masterpieces (Pipaxing or ''The Lute Ballad''), which EP marked ''Po Chu ? 'i, 9th century, 772-846. '' For Bo Juyi's career and poetry in translation, see Burton Watson's Po Chu ? -i: Selected Poems (2000).
Bynner, Witter (1881-1968). American poet and translator. He first met EP in 1910. In 1917 and 1921-2 he toured China. Among his translations from the Chinese are The Jade Mountain: A Chinese Anthology: Being Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty 618-906 (with Kiang Kang-hu, 1929) and The Way of Life According to Laotzu (1944).
Cairns, Huntington (1904-85). American scholar. His books include Leibniz's Theory of Law (1947) and The Limits of Art (1948). As general counsel for National Gallery of Art (1946-65), he also served on the Harvard Dumbarton Oaks administrative committee (1951-4). His correspondence with EP (1948-60) is housed at Beinecke and Lilly.
Chiang Kai-shek ? ? ? (1887-1975). President of the Nationalist Chinese govern- ment (1928-49). He assumed command on outbreak of war against Japan in 1937. EP was critical of Chiang's reliance on foreign loans, a policy, as he saw it, based not on Confucianism.
Confucius or K'ung Fu-tzu (Kong Fuzi) ? ? ? (551-479 bc). Chinese philosopher. Unsuccessful in his political career, he spent his late years editing classics and teaching disciples from all parts of China. Confucian thought appealed to EP as humanist discourse. He translated into English the first three of the Confucian Four Books: Da xue as Ta Hio (1928) and The Great Digest (1947); Zhong yong as The Unwobbling Pivot (1947);
230 glossary
and Lun yu as Confucian Analects (1951). Confucianism plays an important role in The Cantos. EP's Confucianism is treated in Mary Paterson Cheadle's Ezra Pound's Confucian Translations (1997) and Feng Lan's Ezra Pound and Confucianism (2005).
Cummings, Edward Estlin (1894-1962). American poet and prose writer. He and EP first met in 1921. Excerpts from Eimi by Cummings (1933) are included in EP's Active Anthology (1933) and poems by Cummings are presented in EP's and Marcell Spann's Confucius to Cummings (1964). The Pound/Cummings relation is detailed in Barry Ahearn's Pound/Cummings: The Correspondence of Ezra Pound and E. E. Cummings (1996).
De Mailla, Joseph-Anne-Marie de Moyriac (1669-1748). French Jesuit. EP depended mainly on his multivolume Histoire ge ? ne ? rale de la Chine (1777-85), a translation of a Qing (Manchu) expansion of the Chinese history compiled by Zhu Xi (see below), to make Cantos 52-61.
De Rachewiltz, Boris (1926-97). Italian archeologist and Egyptologist. In 1946 he married EP's daughter Mary Rudge (b. 1925). His Papiro Magico Vaticano (1954) and Massime degli antichi Egiziani (1954) play a role in Cantos 91 and 93.
De Rachewiltz, Igor (b. 1929). Brother of Boris de Rachewiltz. He studied Chinese, Mongolian, and Asian history at the University of Rome (1948-51) and the Instituto Universitario Orientale, Naples (1952-5). He worked at the Australian National Univer- sity at Caberra until retirement in 1994.
Del Mar, Alexander (1836-1926). American historian. He headed the US Bureau of Statistics from 1866 to 1869. Parts of his A History of Monetary Crimes (1899) and other works appeared in the Square Dollar series.
Du Fu (712-70). Tang poet. He and Li Bo (701-62) are often considered the two greatest poets in China's literary history. The Du Fu/Li Bo relation is treated in Sam Hamill's Endless River: Li Po and Tu Fu: A Friendship in Poetry (1993). For Du Fu's work in translation, see Burton Watson's Selected Poems of Du Fu (2002).
Fenollosa, Ernest (1853-1908). American orientalist. After a twelve-year sojourn in Japan he became the curator of oriental art in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1890-7). His Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art was published posthumously in London in 1912. In 1913 his widow Mary Fenollosa entrusted to EP his notes and manuscripts, which yielded Cathay (1915), ''Noh'' or Accomplishment (1917), and ''The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry'' (1919).
Frobenius, Leo (1873-1938). German anthropologist and archeologist. He led twelve expeditions to Africa between 1904 and 1935. His works include Unter den unstra ? flichen Athiopen (1913) and Erlebte Erdteile (Parts of the Earth Experienced), 7 vols. (1925-9). He and EP met in 1927. He is listed in Cantos 38, 74, 87, and 89.
Guan Zhong ? ? or Guanzi ? ? (c. 725-645 bc). Ancient Chinese statesman and economist. He served as prime minister to Duke Huan of Qi. His teachings are recorded in the work Guanzi. For its first thirty-three essays in translation, see Allyn Rickett's Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China; A Study and Trans- lation (2001).
Hawley, Willis Meeker (1896-1987). Hollywood book-seller and sinologist. He sup- plied the Stone-Classics texts of The Great Digest & The Unwobbling Pivot (1951). He also
glossary 2 3 1 provided EP characters for Rock-Drill (1955) and Thrones (1959). The EP/Hawley relation
is treated in Mary Paterson Cheadle's Ezra Pound's Confucian Translations (1997).
Horton, T. David (b. 1927). American poet and publisher. A graduate from the Catholic University of America, he was a regular visitor to EP at St Elizabeths. At EP's instigation he and John Kasper co-founded the Square Dollar series of inexpensive paperbacks.
Hu Shi ? ? (1891-1962). Chinese poet and scholar. Educated at Cornell and Columbia, he championed the modern Chinese literary language based on vernacular. His works include Outline of Chinese Philosophy (1919) and Chinese Renaissance (1934). He was ambassador to the US from 1938 to 1942.
Karlgren, Bernhard (1889-1978). Swedish sinologist. His works include Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese (1923), Glosses on the Book of Odes (1946, 1964), and Grammata Serica (1957) of which EP owned copies of the first two.
Kasper, John (b. 1929). American publisher. A graduate from Columbia he began visiting and corresponding with EP in 1950. At EP's instigation he and David Horton brought out the Square Dollar series. He later became a Nazi sympathizer and a segregationist.
Kimball, Dudley. American printer. He founded the Blue Ridge Mountain Press in Boonton, New Jersey. From 1949 to 1951 he worked on EP's Confucian Odes manuscript with an English translation, a Chinese sound key, and a seal text.
King Wen ? ? (11th century bc). Father to China's third dynasty Zhou. After capture and imprisonment, he continued to fight the Shang, a dynasty eventually overthrown in the hands of his son King Wu. As one of Confucius' ideal model rulers, he is listed in Canto 53.
Kwock, C. H. ? ? ? (b. 1920). Honolulu-born journalist. As editor of Chinese World (San Francisco) he requested a message from EP to be printed on Confucius' birthday.
The message released in Chinese World 23 September 1954 was ''Kung is to China as water to fishes. '' In 1980 he co-founded with painter Walter Leong and poet Gary Gach the Li Po Society of America. He is co-translator with Vincent McHugh of Old Friend from Far Away (1980) and translator of Tiger Rider and Other Chinese Epigrams (1986).
Laozi ? ? (6th century bc). Ancient Chinese philosopher. The Taoist classic Daode jing is attributed to him. He is listed in Canto 54. See Stephen Mitchell's Tao Te Ching (1988).
Laughlin, James (1914-99). American poet and publisher. In 1936, at EP's instigation, he founded the publishing company New Directions. For six decades he was EP's chief American publisher. The EP/Laughlin relation is chronicled in David Gordon's Ezra Pound and James Laughlin: Selected Letters (1994).
Lewis, Percy Wyndham (1884-1957). English painter and writer. He and EP first met in London in 1909. Together they launched the Vorticist movement in 1914. Lewis is listed in Canto 80/526. The EP/Lewis relation is detailed in Timothy Materer's Pound/Lewis: The Correspondence of Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis (1985).
Li Bo (Bai) ? ? (701-62). Tang poet. He is often considered one of the two greatest Chinese poets along with Du Fu (712-70). Eleven of his poems are presented in EP's Cathay (1915). For his work in translation, see David Hinton's Selected Poems of Li Po (1998). For a discussion of Li Bo and Du Fu, see Sam Hamill's Endless River: Li Po and Tu Fu: A Friendship in Poetry (1993).
232 glossary
MacLeish, Archibald (1892-1982). American poet and dramatist. He first met EP in Paris about 1923. In 1944-5, he was US assistant secretary of state, and in 1949 he became a Harvard professor. He lobbied for EP's release from St Elizabeths Hospital.
McNaughton, William (b. 1933). American scholar. In 1953 he transferred from the University of Missouri to Georgetown to be close to EP with whom he studied Confucianism and edited Strike (1955-6). After taking a Ph. D. at Yale (1965), he helped found Chinese programs at Oberlin, Denison, and Wabash, and the program in trans- lation and interpretation at the City University of Hong Kong, where he taught from 1986 to 1998.
Mencius ? ? (c. 372-289bc). The greatest Confucian thinker after Confucius himself. His teachings are preserved in Mencius, the last of the Confucian Four Books. EP discusses Mencius in ''Mang Tsze'' (SP, 81-97). His abridged translation of Mencius 2, ''Mencius, or the Economist,'' appeared in New Iconograph (New York) in 1947.
Mori Kainan (1863-1911). Japanese scholar of Chinese literature. He gave Ernest Fenollosa private lessons of Chinese poetry in 1899-1901. EP calls his Cathay ''Transla- tions . . . from the notes of the late Fenollosa, and the decipherings of the professors Mori and Ariga'' (Personae, 130).
Qu Yuan ? ? (c. 340-c. 278 bc). Ancient Chinese poet. As minister to King Huai of Chu he was banished to the far south. His works include Li Sao, Nine Songs, and Nine Pieces. EP's ''After Ch'u Yuan'' (1914) is a variant on no. 9 of Nine Songs. For Qu Yuan's career and poetry in translation, see David Hawkes' The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets (1985).
Rock, Joseph F. (1884-1962). American botanist and anthropologist. He lived with the Naxi people in southwest China for twenty-seven years. His works, ''The Romance of 2K'a-2ma ? -1gyu-3mi-2gkyi'' (1939) and ''The 2Muan 1Bpo ? Ceremony'' (1948), play a role in EP's late cantos. The EP/Rock relation is treated in Emily Mitchell Wallace's '' 'Why Not Spirits? '--'The Universe Is Alive': Ezra Pound, Joseph Rock, the Na Khi, and Plotinus'' (Ezra Pound and China, ed. Zhaoming Qian, 2003).
Santayana, George (1863-1952). Spanish-American philosopher, poet, and Harvard professor. After retirement in 1912 he moved to Italy. He and EP met in Rome and Venice in 1939. He is listed in Cantos 80, 81, 95, and 100.
Scheiwiller, Vanni (1934-99). EP's Italian publisher. His father Giovanni Scheiwiller (1889-1965) issued EP's Confucius: Digest of the Analects (1937). He published the first Italian editions of Rock-Drill (1955) and Thrones (1959).
Shun ? (c. 23rd century bc). Legendary Chinese ruler after Yao and one of Confucius' ideal model kings. He is alluded to in Cantos 53, 56, 58, 74, and 106.
Sima Qian ? ? ? (c. 145-86 bc). Grand Historiographer under the Emperor Wu of Han (EP's Liu Ch'e; r. 140-87 bc). His Historical Records chronicles the Chinese history from ancient times to his own day. For Sima Qian's Chinese history in translation, see Raymond Dawson's Historical Records (1994).
Spann, Marcella (Booth) (b. 1933). American scholar. She traveled with EP and DP from Washington to Italy in 1958. In Italy she and EP co-edited Confucius to Cummings: An Anthology of Poetry (1965).
glossary 2 3 3
Stock, Noel (b. 1929). Australian journalist, poet, and university teacher in the US (University of Toledo). He founded the Poundian magazine Edge (Melbourne, 1956-8) and authored The Life of Ezra Pound (1970).
Sun, Veronica Huilan ? ? ? (b. 1927). Immigrating from China, Sun worked on an MA in English at the Catholic University of America from the fall of 1950 until the fall of 1952. In 1955 she joined the Ford Foundation in New York. Her letters to EP (1953-7, Beinecke) document when she visited St Elizabeths Hospital, left for New York, and got married.
Swabey, Reverend Henry (1916-96). Anglican vicar in England and Canada. He corresponded with EP at intervals from 1935. His translation of Thaddeus Zielinski's ''The Sibyl'' appeared in Edge, 2 (1956).
Tao Qian ? ? or Tao Yuanming ? ? ? (365-427). Chinese poet. EP presents his poem ''The Hovering Cloud'' in Cathay and alludes to his prose piece ''The Peach Blossom Fountain'' in Canto 84/558: ''T'ao Ch'ien heard the old Dynasty's music j as it might be at the Peach-blossom Fountain. '' For Tao Qian's career and work in transla- tion, see A. R. David's Tao Yuan-Ming, AD 365-427 (1983).
Tucci, Giuseppe (1894-1984). Italian orientalist. In 1933 he helped found the Italian Institute for the Middle and Far East (IsMEO). He was the author of Indo-Tibetica I (1932) and other books.
Wang Shouren ? ? ? or Wang Yangming ? ? ? (1472-1529). The most important neo-Confucian philosopher after Zhu Xi (1130-1200). For a discussion of his neo-Confucianism, see Tu Wei-ming's Neo Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming's Youth (1976).
Wang Wei ? ? (699-759). Tang government official, poet, painter, and musician. EP's ''Epigraph to 'Four poems of Departure' '' in Cathay (1915) is a variant on a short lyric by him. For Wang Wei's career and work in translation, see Pauline Yu's The Poetry of Wang Wei (1980). For the EP/Wang Wei relation, see Zhaoming Qian's Orientalism and Modernism (1995).
Wilson, Thomas James (1902-69). American publisher. Educated at University of North Carolina and Oxford, he served as the director of Harvard University Press from 1947 to 1967.
Xu Shen ? ? (c. 58-147). Ancient Chinese lexicographer. His Shuowen Jiezi Dictionary (Explication of Graphs and Analysis of Characters, ad 100-21) lists 9,353 characters under 540 radicals. It started the tradition of etymological analysis.
Yao ? (c. 23rd century bc). Legendary Chinese ruler and one of Confucius' ideal model kings. He is honored in Cantos 53, 56, 58, 74, and 106.
Zhu Xi ? ? (1130-1200). Song neo-Confucian philosopher. He prepared the Confucian Four Books. His Outline and Details of the Comprehensive Mirror yielded De Mailla's Histoire g ? ene ? rale de la Chine, the main source of Cantos 52-61. He is listed in Cantos 80 and 99.
Zhuangzi ? ? (c. 369-286 bc). Ancient Chinese philosopher. His teachings are preserved in Zhuangzi. EP's ''Ancient Wisdom, Rather Cosmic'' (1916) is a variant on Li Bo's recreation of Zhuangzi, 2. 13. For Zhuangzi in translation, see Burton Watson's Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings (1996).
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INDEX
Items appearing as illustrations and notes are indexed in bold: e. g. 86 i, 168 n. An asterisk following a surname indicates an entry in the Glossary.
Abyssinia 30, 31
Adams*, Brooks 52, 119, 191 Adams, John (US president) 56, 155 Aeschylus 120
Agassiz*, Louis 52, 77, 87, 119, 129 Agenda (London) 161 anti-Semitism 18, 173, 181, 195 Ariga* Nagao xix, 17
Aristotle 78, 84, 218
Atatu ? rk, Mustafa Kemal 177
Atti, Isotta degli 129
Auden, W. H. 192
Avicenna, see Ibn S ? ? na ?
Babbitt, Irving 81 Baller, F. W. 81
Sacred Edict (Kangxi) 46, 172-3, 183-4, 191 Banca St Giorgio 30, 31
Baudelaire, Charles 52
BBC 142, 159
Beijing (Peking) University xxi, 1, 41, 96 Belden, Jack: China Shakes the World 51, 52, 55,
59, 60
Benton*, Thomas Hart 144
Blackstone*, William 85, 119
Blake, William 186
Bo (Bai)* Juyi (Po Chu-yi) 186, 192
Boccaccio, Giovanni 52
Book of Changes, see Yi jing
Book of History, see Shu jing
Book of Odes, see Shi jing
Book of Rites, see Li ji
Book on Filial Piety, see Xiao jing
Brancusi, Constantin 142
Bridson, D. G. 159
Brooks, Cleanth 136
Brooks, Van Wyck: America's Coming-of-Age 80 Browning, Robert 168
''Sordello'' 52
Buddhism ('Foe') xviii, 53, 75 Bunting, Basil 59
Bynner*, Witter 167 Byzantium 177, 188
Cafe ? Dante 129
Cairns*, Huntington 126, 128, 129, 130
Calvin, John 116
Cambridge University 134
Carter, Thomas 167
Catholic University of America (Washington,
DC) 192, 196-8 Catullus 186
Cavalcanti, Guido 78, 140
Cecil (Gascoyne-Cecil), Edgar Algernon
Robert 33, 34, 35
Ce ?
